|
Combined Effects of High-Intensity Interval Training and Vitamin D Supplementation on the Levels of Inflammatory Markers, Transforming Growth Factor Beta 1 (TGF-β1) and Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha (TNF-α), in Young Women with Vitamin D Deficiency: A Clinical Trial
|
Marzieh Noshirvanpour Kochaksaraie1    , Hossain Arabzadeh2 , Masoumeh Habibian *3 |
1- M.Sc in Exercise Physiology, Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, QaS.C., Islamic Azad University, Qaemshahr, Iran.
2- M.Sc in Exercise Biomechanic, Department of Motor Behavior and Sports Biomechanics, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Mazandaran, Mazandaran, Iran.
3- Associate Professor, Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, QaS.C., Islamic Azad University, Qaemshahr, Iran. , habibian_m@yahoo.com |
|
|
Abstract: (537 Views) |
Background and Objective: Vitamin D deficiency is highly prevalent among obese individuals, with multiple underlying mechanisms contributing to this condition. This study aimed to determine the combined effects of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and vitamin D supplementation on the levels of inflammatory markers, transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β1) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), in young women with vitamin D deficiency.
Methods: In this clinical trial, 39 sedentary women with vitamin D deficiency were randomly assigned to three groups: A control group, a HIIT-based running group, and a combined group (training + vitamin D). The training program included 12 one-minute repetitions of running at 80% to 90% of maximum heart rate (HRmax) and one minute of active rest at 50% HRmax, performed three sessions per week. Vitamin D supplementation was used weekly at a dose of 50,000 IU. TGF-β1 and TNF-α levels were measured and compared before and after the intervention.
Results: After 8 weeks of HIIT-based running, with and without vitamin D supplementation, the levels of inflammatory markers, TGF-β1 and TNF-α, showed a statistically significant decrease compared to the control group (P<0.05). The mean percentage change in TGF-β1 and TNF-α was also significantly greater in the combined group than in the training group without vitamin D supplementation (P<0.05).
Conclusion: Following 8 weeks of HIIT-based running, both inflammatory markers, TGF-β1 and TNF-α decreased in the study subjects, and this reduction was more pronounced in the vitamin D-receiving group. |
|
Keywords: High-Intensity Interval Training [MeSH], Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha [MeSH], Transforming Growth Factor beta1 [MeSH], Vitamin D Deficiency [MeSH]
Article ID: Vol27-22 |
|
|
Full-Text [PDF 1155 kb]
(118 Downloads)
| | Abstract (HTML) (6 Views)
|
|
Type of Study: Original Articles |
Subject:
Exercise Physiology
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| References |
1. Felicidade I, Bocchi M, Ramos MRZ, Carlos LO, Wagner NRF, Campos ACL, et al. Transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGFβ1) plasmatic levels and haplotype structures in obesity: a role for TGFβ1 in steatosis development. Mol Biol Rep. 2021 Sep;48(9):6401-11. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11033-021-06640-2. [ DOI] [ PubMed] 2. Kralisch S, Bluher M, Paschke R, Stumvoll M, Fasshauer M. Adipokines and adipocyte targets in the future management of obesity and the metabolic syndrome. Mini Rev Med Chem. 2007 Jan;7(1):39-45. https://doi.org/10.2174/138955707779317821. [ DOI] [ PubMed] 3. Feng XH, Derynck R. Specificity and versatility in tgf-beta signaling through Smads. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol. 2005;21:659-93. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.cellbio.21.022404.142018. [ DOI] [ PubMed] 4. Maharjan BR, McLennan SV, Twigg SM, Williams PF. The Effect of TGFβ1 in Adipocyte on Inflammatory and Fibrotic Markers at Different Stages of Adipocyte Differentiation. Pathophysiology. 2022 Nov;29(4):640-49. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathophysiology29040050. [ DOI] [ PubMed] 5. Yadav H, Quijano C, Kamaraju AK, Gavrilova O, Malek R, Chen W, et al. Protection from obesity and diabetes by blockade of TGF-β/Smad3 signaling. Cell Metab. 2011 Jul;14(1):67-79. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmet.2011.04.013. [ DOI] [ PubMed] 6. Sethi JK, Hotamisligil GS. Metabolic Messengers: tumour necrosis factor. Nat Metab. 2021 Oct;3(10):1302-12. https://doi.org/10.1038/s42255-021-00470-z. [ DOI] [ PubMed] 7. Cawthorn WP, Sethi JK. TNF-alpha and adipocyte biology. FEBS Lett. 2008 Jan;582(1):117-31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.febslet.2007.11.051. [ DOI] [ PubMed] 8. de Souza Dantas Oliveira SH, de Souza Aarão TL, da Silva Barbosa L, Souza Lisbôa PG, Tavares Dutra CD, Margalho Sousa L, et al. Immunohistochemical analysis of the expression of TNF-alpha, TGF-beta, and caspase-3 in subcutaneous tissue of patients with HIV lipodystrophy syndrome. Microb Pathog. 2014 Feb-Mar;67-68:41-47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micpath.2014.02.004. [ DOI] [ PubMed] 9. Eswar S, Rajagopalan B, Ete K, Nageswara Rao Gattem S. Serum Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha (TNF-α) Levels in Obese and Overweight Adults: Correlations With Metabolic Syndrome and Inflammatory Markers. Cureus. 2024 Jul;16(7):e64619. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.64619. [ DOI] [ PubMed] 10. Park CY, Han SN. Vitamin D and obesity. Adv Food Nutr Res. 2024;109:221-47. https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.afnr.2023.12.006. [ DOI] [ PubMed] 11. Ngo DT, Sverdlov AL, McNeil JJ, Horowitz JD. Does vitamin D modulate asymmetric dimethylarginine and C-reactive protein concentrations? Am J Med. 2010 Apr;123(4):335-41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjmed.2009.09.024. [ DOI] [ PubMed] 12. Faraji S, Alizadeh M. Mechanistic Effects of Vitamin D Supplementation on Metabolic Syndrome Components in Patients with or without Vitamin D Deficiency. J Obes Metab Syndr. 2020 Dec;29(4):270-80. https://doi.org/10.7570/jomes20003. [ DOI] [ PubMed] 13. Karonova T, Belyaeva O, Jude EB, Tsiberkin A, Andreeva A, Grineva E, et al. Serum 25(OH)D and adipokines levels in people with abdominal obesity. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2018 Jan;175:170-76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsbmb.2016.09.005. [ DOI] [ PubMed] 14. Darban M, Doustmohamadian S. Vitamin D reduces TGF-β levels in advanced Fibrosis. (The role of vitamin D in reducing TGF-β levels in advanced Fibrosis). P J M H S. 2021;15(1): 598-602. [ Link] 15. Dadaei T, Safapoor MH, Asadzadeh Aghdaei H, Balaii H, Pourhoseingholi MA, Naderi N, et al. Effect of vitamin D3 supplementation on TNF-α serum level and disease activity index in Iranian IBD patients. Gastroenterol Hepatol Bed Bench. 2015 Winter;8(1):49-55. [ PubMed] 16. Jamka M, Woźniewicz M, Walkowiak J, Bogdański P, Jeszka J, Stelmach-Mardas M. The effect of vitamin D supplementation on selected inflammatory biomarkers in obese and overweight subjects: a systematic review with meta-analysis. Eur J Nutr. 2016 Sep;55(6):2163-76. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00394-015-1089-5. [ DOI] [ PubMed] 17. Mohseni H, Amani R, Hosseini SA, Ekrami A, Ahmadzadeh A, Latifi SM. Genetic Variations in VDR could Modulate the Efficacy of Vitamin D3 Supplementation on Inflammatory Markers and Total Antioxidant Capacity among Breast Cancer Women: A Randomized Double Blind Controlled Trial. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 2019 Jul;20(7):2065-2072. https://doi.org/10.31557/apjcp.2019.20.7.2065. [ DOI] [ PubMed] 18. Susanti S, Subandiyah K, Khotimah H. The role of vitamin D3 supplementation to transforming growth factor β1 and tumor necrosis factor α levels in steroid resistant nephrotic syndrome. AIP Conf Proc. 2021; 2353(1): 030064. https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0052610. [ Link] [ DOI] 19. Barry VW, Baruth M, Beets MW, Durstine JL, Liu J, Blair SN. Fitness vs. fatness on all-cause mortality: a meta-analysis. Prog Cardiovasc Dis. 2014 Jan-Feb;56(4):382-90. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pcad.2013.09.002. [ DOI] [ PubMed] 20. Docherty S, Harley R, McAuley JJ, Crowe LAN, Pedret C, Kirwan PD, et al. The effect of exercise on cytokines: implications for musculoskeletal health: a narrative review. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil. 2022 Jan;14(1):5. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13102-022-00397-2. [ DOI] [ PubMed] 21. Hamedinia, MR, Khademosharie M, Ghaderisahi F. [The Effect of Combined Exercise Training on TNF-α and TGF-β1 Levels in Women with Multiple Sclerosis Patients]. JAEP. 2019;15(30):63-76. https://doi.org/10.22080/jaep.2019.14693.1794. [Article in Persian] [ Link] [ DOI] 22. Rjabi A, akbarnejad A, Siahkohian M, Yari M. [The response of TNF-α, IL-6 serum levels and lipid profiles to two aerobic training frequencies with the same volume in obese middle-aged women with type 2 diabetic]. J Sport Exerc Physiol. 2021;14(1):59-72. https://doi.org/10.52547/joeppa.14.1.59. [Article in Persian] [ Link] [ DOI] 23. Fayyazi S, Gharakhanlou R, Molanouri M, Kordi M. [The effect of a period of high-intensity interval training on gene expression of transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β1) and the size of cells in subcutaneous adipose tissue of rats fed with high-fat diet]. Daneshvar Medicine. 2023;31(2):83-94. https://doi.org/10.22070/daneshmed.2023.17577.1341. [Article in Persian] [ Link] [ DOI] 24. Fico BG, Garten RS, Zourdos MC, Whitehurst M, Ferrandi PJ, Dodge KM, et al. The Impact of Obesity on C1q/TNF-Related Protein-9 Expression and Endothelial Function following Acute High-Intensity Interval Exercise vs. Continuous Moderate-Intensity Exercise. Biology (Basel). 2022 Nov;11(11):1667. https://doi.org/10.3390/biology11111667. [ DOI] [ PubMed] 25. Khodadoust M, Habibian M. [Investigating the Changes of Tumor Necrosis Factor-α and Interleukin-10 After 8 Weeks of Regular Pilates Exercise and Vitamin D Intake in Overweight Men: A Randomized Clinical Trial]. J Arak Uni Med Sci. 2020;23(6):888-901. http://dx.doi.org/10.32598/jams.23.6.3537.5. [Article in Persian] [ Link] [ DOI] 26. Poon ET, Siu PM, Wongpipit W, Gibala M, Wong SH. Alternating high-intensity interval training and continuous training is efficacious in improving cardiometabolic health in obese middle-aged men. J Exerc Sci Fit. 2022 Jan;20(1):40-47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesf.2021.11.003. [ DOI] [ PubMed] 27. Park SM, Kwak YS, Ji JG. The Effects of Combined Exercise on Health-Related Fitness, Endotoxin, and Immune Function of Postmenopausal Women with Abdominal Obesity. J Immunol Res. 2015;2015:830567. https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/830567. [ DOI] [ PubMed] 28. Raoufi Sangachin A, Abdi A, Barari A. [Effect of Endurance Training and Spirulina Supplementation on Inflammatory Cytokines Level in Overweight Men: A Clinical Trial Study]. J Gorgan Univ Med Sci. 2022;24(2):1-9. [Article in Persian] [ Link] 29. Eka Widiastuti IA, Arsyad A, Idris I, Patellongi I, Kadriyan H, Buanayuda GW, et al. Exercise adaptations and TGF-β1 levels in recreational cyclists. Ann Med Surg (Lond). 2021 Sep;70:102872. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amsu.2021.102872. [ DOI] [ PubMed] 30. Dokht-Abdian R. Ahmadi A. [The Effect of Four Weeks of High-Intensity Interval Training with Different Volumes on IL-6, TNF-α and hs-CRP in Overweight and Obese Young Girls]. Journal of Physical Activity and Health. 2023;2(1):1-14. https://doi.org/10.30495/pah.2023.1979849.1033. [Article in Persian] [ Link] [ DOI] 31. Shariatzadeh M, Moghadam Z, Maleki L, Keshavarz E, Hedayati M. Short-Term Effect of Two Types of High-Intensity Interval Training on Plasma Level of TNF-α, IL-6, CRP and Lipid Profile of Overweight Women. Journal of Sport Biosciences. 2017;9(2):195-207. https://doi.org/10.22059/jsb.2017.128575.963. [ Link] [ DOI] 32. Alfin F, Subadi I, Nuniek NS, Tinduh D, Melaniani S. Effects of High-intensity Interval Training Treadmill with Changes in Inclination on TGF-β2 Serum Level of Overweight Male. Int J Health Sci. 2022;6(S4):2646-59. https://doi.org/10.53730/ijhs.v6nS4.7646. [ Link] [ DOI] 33. Kwak HB, Kim JH, Joshi K, Yeh A, Martinez DA, Lawler JM. Exercise training reduces fibrosis and matrix metalloproteinase dysregulation in the aging rat heart. FASEB J. 2011 Mar;25(3):1106-17. https://doi.org/10.1096/fj.10-172924. [ DOI] [ PubMed] 34. Walsh JS, Evans AL, Bowles S, Naylor KE, Jones KS, Schoenmakers I, et al. Free 25-hydroxyvitamin D is low in obesity, but there are no adverse associations with bone health. Am J Clin Nutr. 2016 Jun;103(6):1465-71. https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.115.120139. [ DOI] [ PubMed] 35. Liu ZW, Zhang YM, Zhang LY, Zhou T, Li YY, Zhou GC, et al. Duality of Interactions Between TGF-β and TNF-α During Tumor Formation. Front Immunol. 2022 Jan;12:810286. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2021.810286. [ DOI] [ PubMed] 36. Mehdipoor M, Damirchi A, Razavi Tousi SMT, Babaei P. Concurrent vitamin D supplementation and exercise training improve cardiac fibrosis via TGF-β/Smad signaling in myocardial infarction model of rats. J Physiol Biochem. 2021 Feb;77(1):75-84. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13105-020-00778-6. [ DOI] [ PubMed] 37. Ramadan A, Sallam S, Yousef R, Elsheikh M, Ali A, Elhusseny Y, et al. Evaluation of IGF-1, TNF-α, and TGF-β Gene Expression after Oral Vitamin D Supplementation in School-Aged Children with Chronic Bronchial Asthma. Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences. 2022 May;10(B):1358-64. https://doi.org/10.3889/oamjms.2022.9266. [ Link] [ DOI] 38. Irani M, Seifer DB, Grazi RV, Julka N, Bhatt D, Kalgi B, et al. Vitamin D Supplementation Decreases TGF-β1 Bioavailability in PCOS: A Randomized Placebo-Controlled Trial. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2015 Nov;100(11):4307-14. https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2015-2580. [ DOI] [ PubMed] 39. Cannell JJ, Grant WB, Holick MF. Vitamin D and inflammation. Dermatoendocrinol. 2015 Jan;6(1):e983401. https://doi.org/10.4161/19381980.2014.983401. [ DOI] [ PubMed] 40. Zerr P, Vollath S, Palumbo-Zerr K, Tomcik M, Huang J, Distler A, et al. Vitamin D receptor regulates TGF-β signalling in systemic sclerosis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2015 Mar;74(3):e20. https://doi.org/10.1136/annrheumdis-2013-204378. [ DOI] [ PubMed] 41. Habibian M. [The Effects of Exercise on Inflammation and Oxidative Stress in Vitamin D Deficiency Status Accompanied by Obesity and Overweight: A Review of the Evidence]. J Gorgan Univ Med Sci. 2024;26(4):1-12. http://dx.doi.org/10.21859/JGorganUnivMedSci.26.4.1. [Article in Persian] [ Link] [ DOI] |
|
| Send email to the article author |
|
|
|
Noshirvanpour Kochaksaraie M, Arabzadeh H, Habibian M. Combined Effects of High-Intensity Interval Training and Vitamin D Supplementation on the Levels of Inflammatory Markers, Transforming Growth Factor Beta 1 (TGF-β1) and Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha (TNF-α), in Young Women with Vitamin D Deficiency: A Clinical Trial. J Gorgan Univ Med Sci 2025; 27 (3) :10-20 URL: http://goums.ac.ir/journal/article-1-4561-en.html
|
