1. Wu D, Wu T, Liu Q, Yang Z. The SARS-CoV-2 outbreak: What we know. Int J Infect Dis. 2020 May; 94: 44-48. doi: 10.1016/j.ijid.2020.03.004. [ DOI] [ PubMed] 2. Lauer SA, Grantz KH, Bi Q, Jones FK, Zheng Q, Meredith HR, et al. The Incubation Period of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) From Publicly Reported Confirmed Cases: Estimation and Application. Ann Intern Med. 2020 May; 172(9): 577-82. doi: 10.7326/M20-0504. [ DOI] [ PubMed] 3. Huang C, Wang Y, Li X, Ren L, Zhao J, Hu Y, et al. Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. Lancet. 2020 Feb; 395(10223): 497-506. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30183-5. [ DOI] [ PubMed] 4. Lu J, Wei Z, Jiang H, Cheng L, Chen Q, Chen M, Yan J, Sun Z. Lactate dehydrogenase is associated with 28-day mortality in patients with sepsis: a retrospective observational study. J Surg Res. 2018 Aug; 228: 314-21. doi: 10.1016/j.jss.2018.03.035. [ DOI] [ PubMed] 5. Rifai N. Tietz textbook of clinical chemistry and molecular diagnostics. 6th ed. New York: St.Louis. 2017; p: 1888. 6. Passarella S, Schurr A. l-Lactate Transport and Metabolism in Mitochondria of Hep G2 Cells-The Cori Cycle Revisited. Front Oncol. 2018 Apr; 8: 120. doi: 10.3389/fonc.2018.00120. [ DOI] [ PubMed] 7. Mekawy MM, Hassan RYA, Ramnani P, Yu X, Mulchandani A. Electrochemical detection of dihydronicotinamide adenine dinucleotide using Al2O3-GO nanocomposite modified electrode. Arabian Journal of Chemistry. 2018 Sep; 11(6): 942-49. doi: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2018.03.017. [ Link] [ DOI] 8. Jurisic V, Radenkovic S, Konjevic G. The Actual Role of LDH as Tumor Marker, Biochemical and Clinical Aspects. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2015; 867: 115-24. doi: 10.1007/978-94-017-7215-0_8. [ DOI] [ PubMed] 9. Dzsudzsák E, Sütő R, Pócsi M, Fagyas M, Szentkereszty Z, Nagy B Jr. Profiling of Lactate Dehydrogenase Isoenzymes in COVID-19 Disease. EJIFCC. 2021 Dec; 32(4): 432-41. [ PubMed] 10. Serrano-Lorenzo P, Coya ON, López-Jimenez A, Blázquez A, Delmiro A, Lucia A, et al. Plasma LDH: A specific biomarker for lung affectation in COVID-19? Pract Lab Med. 2021 May; 25: e00226. doi: 10.1016/j.plabm.2021.e00226. [ DOI] [ PubMed] 11. Li C, Ye J, Chen Q, Hu W, Wang L, Fan Y, et al. Elevated Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH) level as an independent risk factor for the severity and mortality of COVID-19. Aging (Albany NY). 2020 Aug; 12(15): 15670-81. doi: 10.18632/aging.103770. [ DOI] [ PubMed] 12. Martha JW, Wibowo A, Pranata R. Prognostic value of elevated lactate dehydrogenase in patients with COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Postgrad Med J. 2022 Jun; 98(1160): 422-27. doi: 10.1136/postgradmedj-2020-139542. [ DOI] [ PubMed] 13. Zhang J, Wang X, Jia X, Li J, Hu K, Chen G, et al. Risk factors for disease severity, unimprovement, and mortality in COVID-19 patients in Wuhan, China. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2020 Jun; 26(6): 767-72. doi: 10.1016/j.cmi.2020.04.012. [ DOI] [ PubMed] 14. Tietz NW. Tietz Textbook of Clinical Chemistry. 2 illustrated. Philadephia: Saunders. 1994. 15. Adams A, Straseski JA, Lehman CM, Pearson LN. Peritoneal and Pleural Fluid Chemistry Measurements Performed on Three Chemistry Platforms. Lab Med. 2019 Apr; 50(2): 145-49. doi: 10.1093/labmed/lmy056. [ DOI] [ PubMed] 16. Sharma LK, Dutta D, Sharma N, Thakur B. Comparisons of metabolite profile from paired serum and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid-plasma samples using dry chemistry technology: An emergency department perspective. J Lab Physicians. 2018 Jul-Sep; 10(3): 346-50. doi: 10.4103/JLP.JLP_151_17. [ DOI] [ PubMed] 17. Fialek B, Pruc M, Smereka J, Jas R, Rahnama-Hezavah M, Denegri A, et al. Diagnostic value of lactate dehydrogenase in COVID-19: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Cardiol J. 2022; 29(5): 751-58. doi: 10.5603/CJ.a2022.0056. [ DOI] [ PubMed] 18. Qiu P, Zhou Y, Wang F, Wang H, Zhang M, Pan X, et al. Clinical characteristics, laboratory outcome characteristics, comorbidities, and complications of related COVID-19 deceased: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Aging Clin Exp Res. 2020 Sep; 32(9): 1869-78. doi: 10.1007/s40520-020-01664-3. [ DOI] [ PubMed] 19. Kashefizadeh A, Ohadi L, Golmohammadi M, Araghi F, Dadkhahfar S, Kiani A, et al. Clinical features and short-term outcomes of COVID-19 in Tehran, Iran: An analysis of mortality and hospital stay. Acta Biomed. 2020 Nov; 91(4): e2020147. doi: 10.23750/abm.v91i4.10206. [ DOI] [ PubMed] 20. Bwire GM. Coronavirus: Why Men are More Vulnerable to Covid-19 Than Women? SN Compr Clin Med. 2020; 2(7): 874-76. doi: 10.1007/s42399-020-00341-w. [ DOI] [ PubMed] 21. Gebhard C, Regitz-Zagrosek V, Neuhauser HK, Morgan R, Klein SL. Impact of sex and gender on COVID-19 outcomes in Europe. Biol Sex Differ. 2020 May; 11(1): 29. doi: 10.1186/s13293-020-00304-9. [ DOI] [ PubMed] 22. Wang D, Hu B, Hu C, Zhu F, Liu X, Zhang J, et al. Clinical Characteristics of 138 Hospitalized Patients With 2019 Novel Coronavirus-Infected Pneumonia in Wuhan, China. JAMA. 2020 Mar; 323(11): 1061-69. doi: 10.1001/jama.2020.1585. [ DOI] [ PubMed] 23. Grasselli G, Pesenti A, Cecconi M. Critical Care Utilization for the COVID-19 Outbreak in Lombardy, Italy: Early Experience and Forecast During an Emergency Response. JAMA. 2020 Apr; 323(16): 1545-46. doi: 10.1001/jama.2020.4031. [ DOI] [ PubMed] 24. Azizmohammad Looha M, Rezaei-Tavirani M, Rostami-Nejad M, Janbazi S, Zarean E, Amini P, et al. Assessing sex differential in COVID-19 mortality rate by age and polymerase chain reaction test results: an Iranian multi-center study. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther. 2022 Apr; 20(4): 631-41. doi: 10.1080/14787210.2022.2000860. [ DOI] [ PubMed] 25. Turcotte JJ, Meisenberg BR, MacDonald JH, Menon N, Fowler MB, West M, et al. Risk factors for severe illness in hospitalized Covid-19 patients at a regional hospital. PLoS One. 2020 Aug; 15(8): e0237558. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0237558. [ DOI] [ PubMed] 26. Peña JE, Rascón-Pacheco RA, Ascencio-Montiel IJ, González-Figueroa E, Fernández-Gárate JE, Medina-Gómez OS, et al. Hypertension, Diabetes and Obesity, Major Risk Factors for Death in Patients with COVID-19 in Mexico. Arch Med Res. 2021 May; 52(4): 443-49. doi: 10.1016/j.arcmed.2020.12.002. [ DOI] [ PubMed] 27. Klang E, Kassim G, Soffer S, Freeman R, Levin MA, Reich DL. Severe Obesity as an Independent Risk Factor for COVID-19 Mortality in Hospitalized Patients Younger than 50. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2020 Sep; 28(9): 1595-99. doi: 10.1002/oby.22913. [ DOI] [ PubMed] 28. Palaiodimos L, Kokkinidis DG, Li W, Karamanis D, Ognibene J, Arora S, et al. Severe obesity, increasing age and male sex are independently associated with worse in-hospital outcomes, and higher in-hospital mortality, in a cohort of patients with COVID-19 in the Bronx, New York. Metabolism. 2020 Jul; 108: 154262. doi: 10.1016/j.metabol.2020.154262. [ DOI] [ PubMed] 29. Popkin BM, Du S, Green WD, Beck MA, Algaith T, Herbst CH, et al. Individuals with obesity and COVID-19: A global perspective on the epidemiology and biological relationships. Obes Rev. 2020 Nov; 21(11): e13128. doi: 10.1111/obr.13128. [ DOI] [ PubMed] 30. Luzi L, Radaelli MG. Influenza and obesity: its odd relationship and the lessons for COVID-19 pandemic. Acta Diabetol. 2020 Jun; 57(6): 759-64. doi: 10.1007/s00592-020-01522-8. [ DOI] [ PubMed] 31. Ni YN, Luo J, Yu H, Wang YW, Hu YH, Liu D, et al. Can body mass index predict clinical outcomes for patients with acute lung injury/acute respiratory distress syndrome? A meta-analysis. Crit Care. 2017 Feb; 21(1): 36. doi: 10.1186/s13054-017-1615-3. [ DOI] [ PubMed] 32. Jose RJ, Manuel A. Does Coronavirus Disease 2019 Disprove the Obesity Paradox in Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome? Obesity (Silver Spring). 2020 Jun; 28(6): 1007. doi: 10.1002/oby.22835. [ DOI] [ PubMed] 33. Kim SY, Yoo DM, Min C, Wee JH, Kim JH, Choi HG. Analysis of Mortality and Morbidity in COVID-19 Patients with Obesity Using Clinical Epidemiological Data from the Korean Center for Disease Control & Prevention. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020 Dec; 17(24): 9336. doi: 10.3390/ijerph17249336. [ DOI] [ PubMed] 34. Taylor AK, Cao W, Vora KP, De La Cruz J, Shieh WJ, Zaki SR, et al. Protein energy malnutrition decreases immunity and increases susceptibility to influenza infection in mice. J Infect Dis. 2013 Feb; 207(3): 501-10. doi: 10.1093/infdis/jis527. [ DOI] [ PubMed]
|