[Home ] [Archive]   [ فارسی ]  
:: Main :: About :: Current Issue :: Archive :: Search :: Submit :: Contact ::
Main Menu
Home::
Journal Information::
About the Journal
Aim and Scope
Content Coverage
Ethics
Conflict of Interest
Copyrights & License
Price
Indexing Sources::
Editorial Board::
Executive Members::
Articles Archive::
Current Issue
All Issues
Instruction to Authors::
Peer-Review::
Contact Us::
Contact Us
Contact Form
Site Facilities::
Search contents
::
Search in website

Advanced Search
Receive site information
Enter your Email in the following box to receive the site news and information.
:: Volume 22, Issue 3 (10-2020) ::
J Gorgan Univ Med Sci 2020, 22(3): 1-11 Back to browse issues page
Effect of endurance training with L-carnitine consumption on interleukin- 6, nitric oxide, blood pressure, and body composition in young obese women: A clinical trial study
Maryam Ali-Mohammadi1 , Kamal Azizbeigi 2, Zaher Etemad3
1- Ph.D Candidate in Exercise Physiology, Department of Physical Education & Sport Science, Sanandaj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Sanandaj, Iran
2- Associate Professor in Exercise Physiology, Department of Physical Education & Sport Sciences, Sanandaj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Sanandaj, Iran , kazizbeigi@gmail.com
3- Assistant Professor in Exercise Physiology, Department of Physical Education & Sport Sciences, Sanandaj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Sanandaj, Iran
Abstract:   (6066 Views)
Background and Objective: Obesity by releasing inflammation factors such as Interleukin-6 (IL-6) cause atherosclerosis and cardiovascular diseases. Also, L-carnitine reduces inflammatory factor such as IL-6. The study was done to determine the effect of eight week endurance training with L-carnitine supplementation on IL-6, nitric oxide (NO), blood pressure, and body composition in young obese women.
Methods: In this clinical trial study, 40 volunteer young obese women (age: 23.3±2.3 yrs. and BMI: 31.1±1.4 kg/m2) randomly assigned in the endurance training with L-carnitine (ETL; n=10), endurance training with placebo (ETP; n=10), L-carnitine supplementation (LCS; n=10) and control (Con; n=10). The training protocol consisted of endurance training with gradually increasing of duration and intensity (25-min at 50% HR max and increased to 45-min at 70% HR max), three session a week for 8 weeks. The supplement groups consumed 3gr of L-carnitine daily, while the placebo group ingested the same amount of maltodextrin. Blood pressure and blood samples were obtained before and 36 hours after training protocol, and serum levels of IL-6 and NO were measured by ELISA method.
Results: IL-6, weight, fat mass and fatty percent was significantly reduced in ETL and ETP groups compared to control and LCS groups (P<0.05), and this reduction was lower in the ELT than ETP group (P<0.05). Also, NO was significantly increased in the ELT and ETP groups compared to the LCS and controls (P<0.05).
Conclusion: Although the implementation of endurance training with and without L-carnitine for 8 weeks caused to decrease of IL-6, increase of NO and improved body composition, but the effect of endurance training with L-carnitine on decreasing of IL-6, weight and fat mass was significantly better.
Keywords: Exercise Training [MeSH], Carnitine [MeSH], Inflammation [MeSH], Blood Pressure [MeSH], Obesity [MeSH]
Article ID: Vol22-32
Full-Text [PDF 371 kb]   (10434 Downloads)    
Type of Study: Original Articles | Subject: Exercise Physiology
References
1. Kopelman PG. Obesity as a medical problem. Nature. 2000; 404(6778): 635-43.
2. Shiva A, Arab S. [The effect of inflammation on presence of cancer]. Clinical Excellence. 2015; 4(1): 57-67. [Article in Persian]
3. Grundmann M, Haidar M, Placzko S, Niendorf R, Darashchonak N, Hubel CA, et al. Vitamin D improves the angiogenic properties of endothelial progenitor cells. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol. 2012 Nov; 303(9): C954-C962. DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00030.2012
4. Neels JG, Olefsky JM. Inflamed fat: what starts the fire? J Clin Invest. 2006 Jan; 116(1): 33-35. DOI: 10.1172/JCI27280
5. Gerard C, Rollins BJ. Chemokines and disease. Nat Immunol. 2001 Feb; 2(2): 108-15. DOI: 10.1038/84209
6. Pedersen BK, Febbraio MA. Muscle as an endocrine organ: focus on muscle-derived interleukin-6. Physiol Rev. 2008 Oct; 88(4): 1379-406. DOI: 10.1152/physrev.90100.2007
7. Steensberg A, van Hall G, Osada T, Sacchetti M, Saltin B, Klarlund Pedersen B. Production of interleukin-6 in contracting human skeletal muscles can account for the exercise-induced increase in plasma interleukin-6. J Physiol. 2000 Nov; 529 Pt 1: 237-42. DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7793.2000.00237.x
8. Volpato S, Guralnik JM, Ferrucci L, Balfour J, Chaves P, Fried LP, et al. Cardiovascular disease, interleukin-6, and risk of mortality in older women: the women's health and aging study. Circulation. 2001 Feb; 103(7): 947-53. DOI: 10.1161/01.cir.103.7.947
9. Qiu H, Orr FW, Jensen D, Wang HH, McIntosh AR, Hasinoff BB, et al. Arrest of B16 melanoma cells in the mouse pulmonary microcirculation induces endothelial nitric oxide synthase-dependent nitric oxide release that is cytotoxic to the tumor cells. Am J Pathol. 2003 Feb; 162(2): 403-12. DOI: 10.1016/S0002-9440(10)63835-7
10. Maxwell AJ, Schauble E, Bernstein D, Cooke JP. Limb blood flow during exercise is dependent on nitric oxide. Circulation. 1998 Jul; 98(4): 369-74. DOI: 10.1161/01.cir.98.4.369
11. Hong IS, Kim YK, Choi WS, Seo DW, Yoon JW, Han JW, et al. Purification and Characterization of Nitric Oxide Synthase From Staphylococcus Aureus. FEMS Microbiol Lett. 2003 May; 222(2): 177-82. DOI: 10.1016/S0378-1097(03)00254-4
12. Zhao Y, Vanhoutte PM, Leung SW. Vascular nitric oxide: Beyond eNOS. J Pharmacol Sci. 2015 Oct; 129(2): 83-94. DOI: 10.1016/j.jphs.2015.09.002
13. Hofseth LJ, Hussain SP, Wogan GN, Harris CC. Nitric oxide in cancer and chemoprevention. Free Radic Biol Med. 2003 Apr; 34(8): 955-68.
14. Boos CJ, Lip GY. Is hypertension an inflammatory process? Curr Pharm Des. 2006; 12(13): 1623-35. DOI: 10.2174/138161206776843313
15. Yamamoto K, Kondo T, Kimata A, Ueyama J, Shirotori A, Okada Y, et al. Lack of effect of aerobic physical exercise on endothelium-derived nitric oxide concentrations in healthy young subjects. Nagoya J Med Sci. 2007 Oct; 69(3-4): 167-72.
16. Matinhomaee H, Zobeiri M, Azarbayjani M A, Azizbeigi K. [The effect of vitamin D supplementation during resistance training on the markers of systemic inflammation in untrained males]. Scientific J Kurdistan Univ Med Sci. 2017; 21(6): 89-98. DOI: 10.22102/21.6.89 [Article in Persian]
17. Soheily S, Yadegari E, Banaeifar A. The effects of endurance and resistance training on inflammatory cytokines in sedentary young women. Acta Medica Mediterranea. 2016; 2: 999-1002.
18. Shabani R, Yosefizad L, Fallah F. Effects of eight weeks of endurance-resistance training on some inflammatory markers and cardiovascular endurance in sedentary postmenopausal women. Iran J Obstet Gynecol Infertil. 2017; 20(1): 23-30.
19. Sloan RP, Shapiro PA, McKinley PS, Bartels M, Shimbo D, Lauriola V, et al. Aerobic Exercise Training and Inducible Inflammation: Results of a Randomized Controlled Trial in Healthy, Young Adults. J Am Heart Assoc. 2018 Sep; 7(17): e010201. DOI: 10.1161/JAHA.118.010201
20. Libardi CA, De Souza GV, Cavaglieri CR, Madruga VA, Chacon-Mikahil MP. Effect of resistance, endurance, and concurrent training on TNF-α, IL-6, and CRP. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2012 Jan; 44(1): 50-56. DOI: 10.1249/MSS.0b013e318229d2e9
21. Kraemer WJ, Volek JS, Dunn-Lewis C. L-carnitine supplementation: influence upon physiological function. Curr Sports Med Rep. 2008 Jul-Aug; 7(4): 218-23. DOI: 10.1249/JSR.0b013e318180735c
22. Stephens FB, Constantin-Teodosiu D, Greenhaff PL. New insights concerning the role of carnitine in the regulation of fuel metabolism in skeletal muscle. J Physiol. 2007 Jun; 581(Pt 2): 431-44. DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2006.125799
23. Shakeri A, Tabibi H, Hedayati M. Effects of L-carnitine supplement on serum inflammatory cytokines, C-reactive protein, lipoprotein (a), and oxidative stress in hemodialysis patients with Lp (a) hyperlipoproteinemia. Hemodial Int. 2010 Oct; 14(4): 498-504. DOI: 10.1111/j.1542-4758.2010.00476.x
24. Hakimi M, Sheikholeslami-Vatani D, Ali-Mohammadi M. [Effect of concurrent training with ingested of L-carnitine supplementation on hormonal changes, lipid profile and body composition in obese men]. Stud Med Sci. 2015; 26 (3): 185-93. [Article in Persian]
25. Juszkiewicz A, Glapa A, Basta P, Petriczko E, Żołnowski K, Machaliński B, et al. The effect of L-theanine supplementation on the immune system of athletes exposed to strenuous physical exercise. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2019 Feb; 16(1): 7. DOI: 10.1186/s12970-019-0274-y
26. Hofman DL, Van Buul VJ, Brouns FJ. Nutrition, health, and regulatory aspects of digestible maltodextrins. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2016 Sep; 56(12): 2091-100. DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2014.940415
27. Hakimi M, Ali-Mohammadi M, Baghaiee B, Siahkouhian M, Bolboli L. [Comparing the effects of 12-weeks of resistance and endurance training on ANP, endothelin-1, apelinand blood pressure in hypertensive middle-aged men]. Stud Med Sci. 2016; 26(12): 1080-1089. [Article in Persian]
28. Ha AW, Kim JH, Shin DJ, Choi DW, Park SJ, Kang N-E, et al. Eating habits, obesity related behaviors, and effects of Danhak exercise in elderly Koreans. Nutr Res Pract. 2010 Aug; 4(4): 295-302. DOI: 10.4162/nrp.2010.4.4.295
29. Pollock ML, Franklin BA, Balady GJ, Chaitman BL, Fleg JL, Fletcher B, et al. Resistance exercise in individuals with and without cardiovascular disease. Circulation. 2000; 101(7): 828-33. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.CIR.101.7.828
30. Hakimi M, Siahkouhian M, Bolboli L, Sheikholeslami Vatani D. Investigation and Comparison of the Effects of Eight Weeks of Resistance and Endurance Training with Vitamin D3 Supplementation on Blood Pressure, Resting Heart Rate, and Body Composition in Obese Hypertensive Middle-Aged Men. J Clin Res Paramed Sci. 2018; 7(1): e79971. DOI: 10.5812/jcrps.79971
31. Rafraf M, Karimi M, Jafari A. Effect of L-carnitine supplementation in comparison with moderate aerobic training on serum inflammatory parameters in healthy obese women. J Sports Med Phys Fitness. 2015 Nov; 55(11): 1363-70.
32. Christopherson J, Sumer V, Kirkendall D, Jones MA. Effects of exercise detraining on lipid storage in rats. Transactions of the Illinois State Academy of Science. 1999; 92(3-4): 203-9.
33. Tsukiyama Y, Ito T, Nagaoka K, Eguchi E, Ogino K. Effects of exercise training on nitric oxide, blood pressure and antioxidant enzymes. J Clin Biochem Nutr. 2017 May; 60(3): 180-86. DOI: 10.3164/jcbn.16-108
34. Radovanovic D, Stankovic N, Ponorac N, Nurkic M, Bratic M. Oxidative stress in young judokas: effects of four week pre-competition training period. Archives of Budo. 2012; 8(3): 147-51.
35. White CR, Frangos JA. The shear stress of it all: the cell membrane and mechanochemical transduction. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 2007 Aug; 362(1484): 1459-67. DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2007.2128
36. Egginton S. Invited review: activity-induced angiogenesis. Pflugers Arch. 2009 Mar; 457(5): 963-77. DOI: 10.1007/s00424-008-0563-9
37. Lee HJ, Koh GY. Shear stress activates Tie2 receptor tyrosine kinase in human endothelial cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2003 May; 304(2): 399-404. DOI: 10.1016/s0006-291x(03)00592-8
38. Hudlicka O, Brown MD. Adaptation of skeletal muscle microvasculature to increased or decreased blood flow: role of shear stress, nitric oxide and vascular endothelial growth factor. J Vasc Res. 2009; 46(5): 504-12. DOI: 10.1159/000226127
39. Connelly L, Jacobs AT, Palacios-Callender M, Moncada S, Hobbs AJ. Macrophage endothelial nitric-oxide synthase autoregulates cellular activation and pro-inflammatory protein expression. J Biol Chem. 2003 Jul; 278(29): 26480-87. DOI: 10.1074/jbc.M302238200
40. Re RN. Obesity-related hypertension. Ochsner J. 2009; 9(3): 133-6.
41. Joyner MJ, Dietz NM. Nitric oxide and vasodilation in human limbs. J Appl Physiol (1985). 1997 Dec; 83(6): 1785-96. DOI: 10.1152/jappl.1997.83.6.1785
42. Jungersten L, Ambring A, Wall B, Wennmalm A. Both physical fitness and acute exercise regulate nitric oxide formation in healthy humans. J Appl Physiol (1985). 1997 Mar; 82(3): 760-64. DOI: 10.1152/jappl.1997.82.3.760
43. Laughlin MH, Woodman CR, Schrage WG, Gute D, Price EM. Interval sprint training enhances endothelial function and eNOS content in some arteries that perfuse white gastrocnemius muscle. J Appl Physiol (1985). 2004 Jan; 96(1): 233-44. DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00105.2003
44. Horowitz JF, Klein S. Lipid metabolism during endurance exercise. Am J Clin Nutr. 2000 Aug; 72(2 Suppl): 558S-63S. DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/72.2.558S
Send email to the article author

XML   Persian Abstract   Print

Download citation:
BibTeX | RIS | EndNote | Medlars | ProCite | Reference Manager | RefWorks
Send citation to:
Ali-Mohammadi M, Azizbeigi K, Etemad Z. Effect of endurance training with L-carnitine consumption on interleukin- 6, nitric oxide, blood pressure, and body composition in young obese women: A clinical trial study. J Gorgan Univ Med Sci 2020; 22 (3) :1-11
URL: http://goums.ac.ir/journal/article-1-3634-en.html
Rights and permissions
Creative Commons License This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Volume 22, Issue 3 (10-2020) Back to browse issues page
مجله دانشگاه علوم پزشکی گرگان Journal of Gorgan University of Medical Sciences
Persian site map - English site map - Created in 0.05 seconds with 36 queries by YEKTAWEB 4645