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Evaluation of antibiotic resistance and CTX-M gene in ESBL-producing Escherichia coli by PCR among urine samples of patients reffering to Yahyanejad hospital of Babol city, Iran
Fatemeh Zaboli, Seyed Mojtaba Mahdipour Mir,
Volume 4, Issue 2 (10-2016)
Abstract

Background and Objectives: Escherichia coli (E.coli) is one of the most common bacteria causing urinary tract infections which has become resistant to beta-lactam antibiotics due to the acquisition of plasmids encoding extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBL). Here, we investigated the phenotype and genotype of Cefotaxsim-M (CTX-M) gene among ESBL-producing Escherichia coli among urine samples of patients reffering to Yahyanejad hospital of Babol city.

Methods: The present cross-sectional study was conducted among all 1842 patients referring to Yahyanejad hospital since June to December of 2015. Disc diffusion method was used to evaluate the bacterial resistance to cefotaxime, meropenem, gentamicin, amikacin, ciprofloxacin, ceftriaxone, nitrofurantoin and nalidixic acid. The resistant strains were also confirmed using a combination of cefotaxime-clavulanic acid and ceftazidime-clavulanic acid discs. The presence of CTX-M gene was evaluated among ESBL-producing strains by Real time PCR. SPSS 20 software and chi-square test were used to analyze data statistically.

Results: A total of 84 E.coli isolates were detected in all specimens. The most sensitivities were against amikacin (91.67%), meropenem (96.43%), ampicillin/sulbactam (95.24%) and  piperacillin/tazobactam (94.5%). However, the highest resistancies were against nalidixic acid (83%) , doxycycline/ salicilin (70%), ceftriaxone (46.63 %) and ciprofloxacin (51.2%). Twenty-nine isolates (34.5%) produced ESBL. The CTX-M positive ESBL-producing E-coli was 69%. There was a significant relationship between the presence of CTX-M gene and ESBL (P-value = 0.03).

Conclusion: In the present study, the presence of beta-lactamase-producing genes (CTX-M) in E.coli strains were markedly high. Therefore, the consumption of antibiotics should be controled and further phenotypic and genotypic studies on bacterial pathogens should be conducted.


Evaluation of class 1, 2 and 3 integrons in clinical Salmonella enteritidis strains by PCR method
Abolfazl Moghadam, Dr Shahram Nazarian,
Volume 5, Issue 2 (10-2017)
Abstract
Background & Objective: Gastroenteritis is one of the most common Salmonella infections in human which is caused by Salmonella serotypes especially S.enteritidis and S.typhimurium. The spread of multi-drug resistant (MDR) Salmonella strains is a serious global issue. Obtaining integrons is considered as one of the most important factors in multi-drug resistance among gram-negative microorganisms, particularly in intestinal bacteria. The aim of this study was to investigate the molecular level of class 1, 2 and 3 integrons which are the most important integrons in Salmonella enteritidis isolated from patients using Multiplex PCR.
Methods: In this study, 567 stool and blood samples were collected from patients with acute gastroenteritis and Salmonella enteritidis were detected using culture method, standard biochemical test, and PCR. After DNA extraction, the presence of class 1, 2, and 3 of integrons was analyzed by multiplex PCR.
Results: From 567 samples, 48 strains were identified as Salmonella enteritidis. Of all 48 strains, 45 strains (95%) had the intI gene, 7 strains (14.5%) had the intII gene, and 2 strains (4%) had the intIII gene.
Conclusion: In this study, high incidence of class 1, 2 and 3 integrons was detected. Screening integrons as a sign of obtaining and expansion of antibiotic resistance could be considered as an important mechanism to deal with antibiotic resistance in microorganisms.

The Association of Vitamin D Receptor Polymorphisms of FokI and TaqI with Rheumatoid Arthritis in North-East of Iran
Nafiseh Kaviani, Yaghoub Yazdani, Hadi Bazzazi,
Volume 7, Issue 4 (12-2019)
Abstract
Background and objectives: Vitamin D receptor (VDR) has been identified as a susceptibility gene for several autoimmune diseases. This study was designed to investigate the association of VDR gene polymorphisms with the susceptibility to rheumatoid arthritis (RA).
Methods: A case-control study was performed on 130 RA patients and 128 healthy subjects in the north-east of Iran using restriction fragment length polymorphism-polymerase chain reaction (RFLP-PCR) technique.  
Results: Our findings suggested a significant association of T allele (p=0.01) of TaqI (rs731236), and f allele (p=0.01) of FokI (rs10735810) genetic variants of the VDR gene with RA susceptibility. These significant associations were also found in the T/T genotype of TaqI (p=0.009), and F/f genotype of FokI (P=0.014). The f-T haplotype was more significantly detected in-patients than in healthy controls (p=0.007).
Conclusion: The RA group showed an increase in the f allele and heterozygous F/f genotype and also in the T allele and homozygous T/T and heterozygous T/t genotypes as compared to the control group. Our results demonstrated that polymorphisms of TaqI and FokI in the VDR gene might be involved in the development of RA in an Iranian population.
Molecular Identification of G6PD Chatham (1003 G>A) in North-West Iran
Habib Onsori, Davood Poladi, Mehdi Valizadeh, Afshin Fathi, Mahshid Damandan, Rouhallah Moradpour,
Volume 8, Issue 3 (10-2020)
Abstract
Background and objective: Glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency is one of the most common human diseases with approximately 400 million people affected worldwide. G6PD Chatham is caused by 1003 G>A mutation leads to a severe enzymatic deficiency. The aim of the present study is to investigate the frequency rate of the Chatham mutations in the population of the North-West of Iran.
Material And Method: In this study, by Rapid Genomic DNA Extraction (RGDE) method, from 90 peripheral blood samples of unrelated male and female patients with genetic deficiency of G6PD, DNA was extracted and after digestion by Bstx1 enzymes, in order to search for Chatham mutation, they were analyzed by means of PCR-RFLP and sequencing methods.
Result: According to the results, Chatham mutation was observed in 10 samples (11.11%).
Conclusion: This study showed that G6PD Chatham (1003 G>A) mutation is the second common mutation, after Mediterranean (563C>T), in the population of the North-West of Iran. Further studies are recommended to identify the mutation type of other varieties.
 

Investigating Crithidia spp. in ulcer smear of patients suspected of leishmaniasis in Aq-Qala, Golestan province, Northern Iran, 2019-2020
Ali Khademi , Zeinolabedin Mohammadi , Farideh Tohidi ,
Volume 12, Issue 3 (12-2024)
Abstract
Background: Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is a parasitic infection that causes significant health problems. This study aimed to survey the prevalence of Leishmania and Crithidia spp. co-infection in the wounds of patients with suspected Leishmaniasis in Golestan Province, northern Iran.
Methods: This retrospective descriptive study included 140 smears of patients suspected of CL who were referred to the Leishmaniasis Diagnostic Laboratory in Aq-Qala Health Center, Golestan Province, northern Iran, in 2019–2020. The sore smears, along with demographic and epidemiological data of patients, were obtained from the laboratory archives. DNA was extracted from Giemsa-stained smears, and PCR was performed on the ITS1 and GPDH genes for Leishmania and Crithidia spp., respectively.
Results: In our research, 140 patients suspected of CL were studied. PCR results showed that 117 patients (83.5%) were positive for L. major, three patients (2.1%) were positive for L. tropica, and 20 patients (14.2%) were negative for the Leishmania parasite. One patient’s smear was positive for Crithidia species. Five patients (3.5%) had a history of treated leishmaniasis. The results indicated that 74.7% of the patients with one wound, 89.5% of the patients with two wounds, 96.4% of the patients with three wounds, 90.9% of the patients with four wounds, and 100% of the patients with five or more wounds were positive for L. major.
Conclusion: More studies should be conducted in the field of simultaneous infection of Leishmania and Crithidia in humans. In addition, research on the effect of leishmaniasis treatments on Crithidia spp. can be useful.

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