Volume 7, Issue 4 (12-2019)
Jorjani Biomed J 2019, 7(4): 49-56 |
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Keshtvarz A K, Peeri M, Azarbayjani M A, Hosseini S A. The Effect of Aerobic Training with Purslane (Portulaca Oleracea) Seed on Toll Like Receptors in Colon Tumor Tissue of Adult Rats with Colon Cancer. Jorjani Biomed J 2019; 7 (4) :49-56
URL: http://goums.ac.ir/jorjanijournal/article-1-711-en.html
URL: http://goums.ac.ir/jorjanijournal/article-1-711-en.html
1- Department of Sport Physiology, Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
2- Department of Sport Physiology, Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran ,m.peeri@iauctb.ac.ir
3- Department of Sport Physiology, Marvdasht Branch, Islamic Azad University, Marvdasht, Iran
2- Department of Sport Physiology, Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran ,
3- Department of Sport Physiology, Marvdasht Branch, Islamic Azad University, Marvdasht, Iran
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Figure 2. TLR-4 levels in five groups of study
# # # P≤0.001 Significant increase compare to health control group
*** P≤0.001 Significant decrease compare to control and training groups
(PS: Purslane Seed)
Full-Text: (1217 Views)
Introduction
One of the most common cancers of the gastrointestinal tract in young people and the elderly is intestinal cancer (1). It has been reported that in addition to genetic factors, the environmental risk factors and lifestyle have significant effects on the progress of colon cancer (2).Studies have shown that a high-fat diet, obesity, alcohol, sedentary lifestyle, low-fiber, diet, smoking, old age, diabetes, and other intestinal diseases are factors that exacerbate the negative effects of cancer (2, 3). These factors are likely to alter intestinal cancer through their effects on inflammatory and apoptotic factors. Apoptosis is a programmed cell death that, if not performed properly, can lead to the growth and proliferation of cancer cells. Caspase-3, Bax and Bcl-2 are important factors in regulating the apoptosis process (4). Caspase-3 and Bax promote apoptosis, and Bcl-2 is an anti-apoptotic protein (4, 5). Activation of toll like receptors (TLR) plays a role in the development of immune responses through inflammatory cytokines and also affects apoptosis (6). Increase in TLR-2 and TLR-4 have been shown to increase apoptosis (6, 7). Cancer is a serious illness, and people are advised to minimize the risk of developing the disease by increasing the uptakeof fruits and vegetables as well as reducing the consumption of fats and prepared foods. Of course, while diet and healthy eating are good ways to prevent a variety of diseases, such as cancer, the role of regular exercise should not be overlooked (8). Exercise is one of the factors that can affect inflammatory and apoptotic factors in patients with colon cancer. Various studies have been performed on the effect of exercises on inflammatory and apoptotic factors in colon cancer, and the results of studies are very contradictory (3). Some have reported a positive effect and some a negative effect of exercises in patients with colon cancer (3). In fact, exercise is a well-known tool for dealing with chronic inflammatory conditions, but the mechanisms are not quite clear, especially when focusing on TLR signaling. Exercise can alter TLRs expression in some conditions in human and animal models (9). Although decisive reports are available on the TLR settings due to exercises, this mechanism is likely to reduce low-grade inflammation (9). Today, the use of some medicinal plant and their active ingredients has increased in improving the effects of cancer and apoptosis in cancer cells. For example, crocin has been shown to suppress apoptosis of intestinal cancer cells by suppressing nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) (10). Purslane plant with scientific name of Portulaca oleracea, is a green leafy vegetable with many vitamins such as A, B and C (11). This plant is rich in omega-3 (11). Many studies have mentioned the role of this plant in improving inflammatory and apoptotic factors. Studies have also reported a beneficial role in reducing some of the genes associated with colon cancer (12). Due to the fact that the treatment methods used to treat colon cancer are include a combination of chemotherapy, radiation therapy and surgery, which in most cases are complex and expensive. Thus, the use of natural compounds such as medicinal plants and exercises (that have lower side effects and costs) to inhibit the tumor process and apoptosis in cancer cells is a favorable strategy to fight with cancer. Therefore, due to the limited studies on the protective effects of exercise and Purslane seed (PS) administration in the colon tissue of patients with colon cancer, the present study aimed to investigate the effect of aerobic training (AT) with PS on TLR-2 and TLR-4 in colon tumor tissue of adult rats with colon cancer.
Materials and Methods
In this experimental study, 30 Sprague- Dawley male rats (mean age: eight weeks)were purchased and in order to adapt to the new environment transferred to animal laboratory and were kept for one week under standard conditions (at a temperature of 22±2˚ C and a 12-hour light/dark cycle) with free access to water and food.
Groping
The rats were divided into five groups of six rats including 1) healthy control, 2) control, 3) training, 4) PS, and 5) training + PS. In this animal model the colon cancer was induced by peritoneal injection of 10 mg/kg azoxymethane (Sigma® Product No. A2853) for 3 weeks and once per week (13). During eight weeks, groups 3 and 5 performed AT for five sessions per week (14) also groups 4 and 5 received 75 mg/kg PS (species: perpin) peritoneally (15). Forty- eight hours after the last AT session and PS administration, rats were anesthetized with ketamine and xylazine, and then the colon tumor tissue of rats was extracted and immediately frozen in nitrogen liquid. Tissue samples were stored in a freezer at -80. C until time of measurement.
Aerobic training protocol
In order to perform AT, at first, the maximum running speed of rats was measured using the maximum running speed test on treadmill. AT sessions performed for 60 minutes of running on treadmill in three stages: warm-up, main stage and cooling down. Initially, rats ran for 5 minutes at a speed of 8 m/min on treadmill to warm up, then ran for 50 minutes at a speed of 70% of maximum speed, and at the end ran for 5 minutes to cool down at a speed of 8 m/min.
TLR-2 and TRL-4 measurement
To homogenize, the tissues were removed from the freezer and placed in a test tube after weighing. For every 0.5 g of tissue, 200 Landa were added from the lysing solution and A protein was added to preserve the tissue proteins. After tissue homogenization using a homogenizer, the resulting solution was centrifuged for 20 min at 3000 rpm, and then the supernatant was carefully collected by the sampler and transferred to the microtubule. Then TLR-2 (Catalog No: DL-TLR2-Ra) and TRL-4 (Catalog No: DL-TLR4-Ra) protein levels were measured by ELISA method using the DEVELPO company kits.
Confirmation of colon cancer
It should be noted that the histopathology test was used to evaluate and confirm the colon cancer. Initially, vital organs were stabilized in 10 % formaldehyde and passed through paraffin and implanted. The paraffin blocks were then separated to a thickness of 3 µm for Hematoxylin and Eosin (H&E) staining. The slides were examined with Olympus BX51 microscope. The abnormality degree was assessed using the following five parameters as a semi-quantitative score. A) nuclear/cytoplasm ratio (2: 25 % <, 1: 25- 50 %, 0: 25 % >); B) epithelial classification (non: 0, mild: 1, severe: 2); C) nuclear curvature (non: 0, mild: 1, severe: 2); D) goblet discharge (empty to mild: 0, moderate: 1, severe 2) and E) structural disorders (non: 0, mild: 1, severe: 2). At least five sections were reviewed for ranking. The slides were then read independently by the two evaluators without access to the files, which the agreement between their evaluations was more than 90 %. Disagreements were jointly reassessed by pathologists and a consensus decision was made. The total score of each parameter was considered as an abnormal histological score. Approximately 8 to 10 scores were calculated for all colon cancer samples, while these scores were zero to two in normal samples.
Statistical analysis
For review the normal distribution and data Shapiro- Wilk was used and for statistical analysis of data one way ANOVA with Tukey’s post- hoc tests were used by GraphPad Prism software (P≤0.05). For ethical consideration, the researchers received introduction letters from Marvdasht Branch of Islamic Azad University with code IR.IAU.M.REC.1399.029.
Results
TLR-2 and TLR-4 levels are presented in Figures 1 and 2 respectively. The results of one way ANOVA test showed that there were significant differences in TLR-2 and TLR-4 levels between five study groups (P=0.001). The results of Tukey’s post- hoc test showed that TLR-2 levels in control group were significantly higher than healthy control group (P=0.001) nevertheless in PS and training + PS groups were significantly lower than control and training groups (P=0.001) also in training + PS group were significantly lower than PS group (P=0.001) (Figure 1).
One of the most common cancers of the gastrointestinal tract in young people and the elderly is intestinal cancer (1). It has been reported that in addition to genetic factors, the environmental risk factors and lifestyle have significant effects on the progress of colon cancer (2).Studies have shown that a high-fat diet, obesity, alcohol, sedentary lifestyle, low-fiber, diet, smoking, old age, diabetes, and other intestinal diseases are factors that exacerbate the negative effects of cancer (2, 3). These factors are likely to alter intestinal cancer through their effects on inflammatory and apoptotic factors. Apoptosis is a programmed cell death that, if not performed properly, can lead to the growth and proliferation of cancer cells. Caspase-3, Bax and Bcl-2 are important factors in regulating the apoptosis process (4). Caspase-3 and Bax promote apoptosis, and Bcl-2 is an anti-apoptotic protein (4, 5). Activation of toll like receptors (TLR) plays a role in the development of immune responses through inflammatory cytokines and also affects apoptosis (6). Increase in TLR-2 and TLR-4 have been shown to increase apoptosis (6, 7). Cancer is a serious illness, and people are advised to minimize the risk of developing the disease by increasing the uptakeof fruits and vegetables as well as reducing the consumption of fats and prepared foods. Of course, while diet and healthy eating are good ways to prevent a variety of diseases, such as cancer, the role of regular exercise should not be overlooked (8). Exercise is one of the factors that can affect inflammatory and apoptotic factors in patients with colon cancer. Various studies have been performed on the effect of exercises on inflammatory and apoptotic factors in colon cancer, and the results of studies are very contradictory (3). Some have reported a positive effect and some a negative effect of exercises in patients with colon cancer (3). In fact, exercise is a well-known tool for dealing with chronic inflammatory conditions, but the mechanisms are not quite clear, especially when focusing on TLR signaling. Exercise can alter TLRs expression in some conditions in human and animal models (9). Although decisive reports are available on the TLR settings due to exercises, this mechanism is likely to reduce low-grade inflammation (9). Today, the use of some medicinal plant and their active ingredients has increased in improving the effects of cancer and apoptosis in cancer cells. For example, crocin has been shown to suppress apoptosis of intestinal cancer cells by suppressing nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) (10). Purslane plant with scientific name of Portulaca oleracea, is a green leafy vegetable with many vitamins such as A, B and C (11). This plant is rich in omega-3 (11). Many studies have mentioned the role of this plant in improving inflammatory and apoptotic factors. Studies have also reported a beneficial role in reducing some of the genes associated with colon cancer (12). Due to the fact that the treatment methods used to treat colon cancer are include a combination of chemotherapy, radiation therapy and surgery, which in most cases are complex and expensive. Thus, the use of natural compounds such as medicinal plants and exercises (that have lower side effects and costs) to inhibit the tumor process and apoptosis in cancer cells is a favorable strategy to fight with cancer. Therefore, due to the limited studies on the protective effects of exercise and Purslane seed (PS) administration in the colon tissue of patients with colon cancer, the present study aimed to investigate the effect of aerobic training (AT) with PS on TLR-2 and TLR-4 in colon tumor tissue of adult rats with colon cancer.
Materials and Methods
In this experimental study, 30 Sprague- Dawley male rats (mean age: eight weeks)were purchased and in order to adapt to the new environment transferred to animal laboratory and were kept for one week under standard conditions (at a temperature of 22±2˚ C and a 12-hour light/dark cycle) with free access to water and food.
Groping
The rats were divided into five groups of six rats including 1) healthy control, 2) control, 3) training, 4) PS, and 5) training + PS. In this animal model the colon cancer was induced by peritoneal injection of 10 mg/kg azoxymethane (Sigma® Product No. A2853) for 3 weeks and once per week (13). During eight weeks, groups 3 and 5 performed AT for five sessions per week (14) also groups 4 and 5 received 75 mg/kg PS (species: perpin) peritoneally (15). Forty- eight hours after the last AT session and PS administration, rats were anesthetized with ketamine and xylazine, and then the colon tumor tissue of rats was extracted and immediately frozen in nitrogen liquid. Tissue samples were stored in a freezer at -80. C until time of measurement.
Aerobic training protocol
In order to perform AT, at first, the maximum running speed of rats was measured using the maximum running speed test on treadmill. AT sessions performed for 60 minutes of running on treadmill in three stages: warm-up, main stage and cooling down. Initially, rats ran for 5 minutes at a speed of 8 m/min on treadmill to warm up, then ran for 50 minutes at a speed of 70% of maximum speed, and at the end ran for 5 minutes to cool down at a speed of 8 m/min.
TLR-2 and TRL-4 measurement
To homogenize, the tissues were removed from the freezer and placed in a test tube after weighing. For every 0.5 g of tissue, 200 Landa were added from the lysing solution and A protein was added to preserve the tissue proteins. After tissue homogenization using a homogenizer, the resulting solution was centrifuged for 20 min at 3000 rpm, and then the supernatant was carefully collected by the sampler and transferred to the microtubule. Then TLR-2 (Catalog No: DL-TLR2-Ra) and TRL-4 (Catalog No: DL-TLR4-Ra) protein levels were measured by ELISA method using the DEVELPO company kits.
Confirmation of colon cancer
It should be noted that the histopathology test was used to evaluate and confirm the colon cancer. Initially, vital organs were stabilized in 10 % formaldehyde and passed through paraffin and implanted. The paraffin blocks were then separated to a thickness of 3 µm for Hematoxylin and Eosin (H&E) staining. The slides were examined with Olympus BX51 microscope. The abnormality degree was assessed using the following five parameters as a semi-quantitative score. A) nuclear/cytoplasm ratio (2: 25 % <, 1: 25- 50 %, 0: 25 % >); B) epithelial classification (non: 0, mild: 1, severe: 2); C) nuclear curvature (non: 0, mild: 1, severe: 2); D) goblet discharge (empty to mild: 0, moderate: 1, severe 2) and E) structural disorders (non: 0, mild: 1, severe: 2). At least five sections were reviewed for ranking. The slides were then read independently by the two evaluators without access to the files, which the agreement between their evaluations was more than 90 %. Disagreements were jointly reassessed by pathologists and a consensus decision was made. The total score of each parameter was considered as an abnormal histological score. Approximately 8 to 10 scores were calculated for all colon cancer samples, while these scores were zero to two in normal samples.
Statistical analysis
For review the normal distribution and data Shapiro- Wilk was used and for statistical analysis of data one way ANOVA with Tukey’s post- hoc tests were used by GraphPad Prism software (P≤0.05). For ethical consideration, the researchers received introduction letters from Marvdasht Branch of Islamic Azad University with code IR.IAU.M.REC.1399.029.
Results
TLR-2 and TLR-4 levels are presented in Figures 1 and 2 respectively. The results of one way ANOVA test showed that there were significant differences in TLR-2 and TLR-4 levels between five study groups (P=0.001). The results of Tukey’s post- hoc test showed that TLR-2 levels in control group were significantly higher than healthy control group (P=0.001) nevertheless in PS and training + PS groups were significantly lower than control and training groups (P=0.001) also in training + PS group were significantly lower than PS group (P=0.001) (Figure 1).
 |
Figure 1. TLR-2 levels in five groups of study
# # # P≤0.001 Significant increase compare to health control group
*** P≤0.001 Significant decrease compare to control and training groups
+++ P≤0.001 Significant decrease compare to PS group
(PS: Purslane Seed)
# # # P≤0.001 Significant increase compare to health control group
*** P≤0.001 Significant decrease compare to control and training groups
+++ P≤0.001 Significant decrease compare to PS group
(PS: Purslane Seed)
TLR-4 levels in control group were significantly higher than healthy control group (P=0.001) nevertheless in PS and training + PS groups were significantly lower than control and training groups (P=0.001) (Figure 2).
 |
Figure 2. TLR-4 levels in five groups of study
# # # P≤0.001 Significant increase compare to health control group
*** P≤0.001 Significant decrease compare to control and training groups
(PS: Purslane Seed)
Discussion
In present study eight weeks of aerobic training did not have a significant effect on TLR-2 and TLR-4 levels in the colon tumor tissue of rats with colon cancer.It has been shown that cancer disease and any treatment used to treat cancer (surgery, chemotherapy and radiotherapy) can cause certain side effects that affect the daily lives of patients (3).Side effects such asperipheral neuropathy, muscle weakness, change in endocrine glands, pain, cardiovascular and pulmonary complications, fatigue, immune system dysfunction, depression, anemia, skin changes, anxiety, sleep disorders, and gastrointestinal disorderscan occur during cancer and treatment (3).
Previous studies have shown that in these patients, exercise programs enhancethe quality of life along with symptoms and side effects of chemotherapy. There have been many studies on the effects of physical activity on colon cancer.The results showed that exercise through mechanisms including effects on metabolic regulation (via insulin, glucose and IGF-1), sex hormones, obesity (through adipokines such as leptin and adiponectin), oxidative stress, inflammation and immune system can play an important role in improving colon cancer (16, 17).In contrast with present study, it has been reported that 4 weeks of aerobic training significantly decreased TLR-4 gene expression in the lung tissue of rats (18); 6 weeks of aerobic training decreased TLR4 gene expression levels in the spinal cord tissue of rats (19) also, 6 weeks of intense interval trainings significantly decreased TLR-4 gene expression in the muscle tissue of rats (20). One of the reasons for the inconsistency of the findings of the mentioned studies with the present study could be the method of measuring the research variables (measuring protein levels in the present study versus measuring gene expression levels in the mentioned studies).Based on laboratory findings, TLR signaling appears to play a role in the anti-inflammatory effects of exercise. The exact physiological stimulus that mediates exercise-induced reduction in cellular TLR expression is not well known.However, some of the signals involved may be anti-inflammatory cytokines and myocytes (such as irisin, stress hormones, and heat shock proteins) secreted from the active skeletal muscle. Therefore, further research is needed to identify the exact mechanisms by which exercise or weight loss resulting from diet regulate TLR-4 expression (9).
The results showed that eight weeks of PS administration significantly decreased TLR-2 and TLR-4 levels in colon tumor tissue of rats with colon cancer. Various studies on the use of PS in the prevention and treatment of cancer have been conducted. Purslane plant is rich in omega-3 fatty acids and also contains many vitamins such as A, B and C (11). Previous studies have shown that this plant affects inflammatory and apoptotic factors (12). Some studies reported a beneficial role of PS in reducing some of the genes associated with colon cancer (21). Jin et al. (2017) showed that PSimproves intestinal cancer by suppressing the Notch1 and β-catenin genes (21). Purslane is rich in phenolic compounds, polyphenols and antioxidants, which the most important antioxidants are including alpha-tocopherol, ascorbic acid and glutathione. It has been reported that Purslane (by its strong antioxidant activity) significantly reduced the malondialdehyde which is a product of lipid peroxidation and an indicator of oxidative stress. Regarding to effects of PS on the immune system, it has been reported that PS inhibits the signaling pathway of NF-κBdue to TNF-α and reduces TNF-α- induced inflammation; also Purslane effectively reduces the expression of intracellular interleukin-8 which is dose dependent as well as Purslane by inhibiting the intracellular production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and NF-κB, reduces the expression of adhesion molecules induced by TNF-α (22). In confirm with the results of the present study, Zhao et al. (2107) showed that Purslane consumption can improve TLR-4 (23). Also, Zhao et al. (2019) showed that consumption of 50 mg/kg, 100 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg Purslane improved TLR-4 (24).The anti-inflammatory effects of Purslane appear to be due to its antioxidant effects also Purslane is a good source of coenzyme Q10as well as contains coumarin and anthraquinone glycosides.
Regarding to interactive effects, in present study eight weeks of aerobic training along with PS significantly decreased TLR-2 and TLR-4 levels in the colon tumor tissue of rats with colon cancer, also training along with PS had favorable effect on decreasing TLR-2 and TLR-4 compare to training and had favorable effect on decreasing TLR-4 compare to PS. Therefore, it seems that PS consumption can improve the anti-inflammatory effects of aerobic training in the case of colon cancer. According to reported studies, exercise can improve the immune system through its antioxidant effects; also PS consumption through antioxidant compounds can improve the immune system. Thus it seems that aerobic training and PS through separate mechanisms lead to an improvement in the immune system in the case of colon cancer, although further studies are needed to understand the anti-inflammatory interactive effects of aerobic training and PS consumption. Limitations of the present study were included the inability to measure the TLR-2 and TLR-4 gene expression levels by Real-time PCR method, as well as the measurement of other inflammatory factors such as CRP, IL-6 and TNF-α. Therefore, in future studies, it is recommended to investigate the effects of aerobic training with different intensities along with consumption of PS with different doses on the gene expression levels of inflammatory markers in colon tumor tissue.
Conclusion
Although PS alone can improve TLR-2 and TLR-4 levels in colon tumor tissue of adult rats with colon cancer, nevertheless it appears that aerobic training along with PS have more favorable effects on improvement of TLR-2 compare to training and PS alone. Therefore, aerobic training simultaneously with PS can be used to reduce the side effects of chemotherapy in patients with colon cancer.
In present study eight weeks of aerobic training did not have a significant effect on TLR-2 and TLR-4 levels in the colon tumor tissue of rats with colon cancer.It has been shown that cancer disease and any treatment used to treat cancer (surgery, chemotherapy and radiotherapy) can cause certain side effects that affect the daily lives of patients (3).Side effects such asperipheral neuropathy, muscle weakness, change in endocrine glands, pain, cardiovascular and pulmonary complications, fatigue, immune system dysfunction, depression, anemia, skin changes, anxiety, sleep disorders, and gastrointestinal disorderscan occur during cancer and treatment (3).
Previous studies have shown that in these patients, exercise programs enhancethe quality of life along with symptoms and side effects of chemotherapy. There have been many studies on the effects of physical activity on colon cancer.The results showed that exercise through mechanisms including effects on metabolic regulation (via insulin, glucose and IGF-1), sex hormones, obesity (through adipokines such as leptin and adiponectin), oxidative stress, inflammation and immune system can play an important role in improving colon cancer (16, 17).In contrast with present study, it has been reported that 4 weeks of aerobic training significantly decreased TLR-4 gene expression in the lung tissue of rats (18); 6 weeks of aerobic training decreased TLR4 gene expression levels in the spinal cord tissue of rats (19) also, 6 weeks of intense interval trainings significantly decreased TLR-4 gene expression in the muscle tissue of rats (20). One of the reasons for the inconsistency of the findings of the mentioned studies with the present study could be the method of measuring the research variables (measuring protein levels in the present study versus measuring gene expression levels in the mentioned studies).Based on laboratory findings, TLR signaling appears to play a role in the anti-inflammatory effects of exercise. The exact physiological stimulus that mediates exercise-induced reduction in cellular TLR expression is not well known.However, some of the signals involved may be anti-inflammatory cytokines and myocytes (such as irisin, stress hormones, and heat shock proteins) secreted from the active skeletal muscle. Therefore, further research is needed to identify the exact mechanisms by which exercise or weight loss resulting from diet regulate TLR-4 expression (9).
The results showed that eight weeks of PS administration significantly decreased TLR-2 and TLR-4 levels in colon tumor tissue of rats with colon cancer. Various studies on the use of PS in the prevention and treatment of cancer have been conducted. Purslane plant is rich in omega-3 fatty acids and also contains many vitamins such as A, B and C (11). Previous studies have shown that this plant affects inflammatory and apoptotic factors (12). Some studies reported a beneficial role of PS in reducing some of the genes associated with colon cancer (21). Jin et al. (2017) showed that PSimproves intestinal cancer by suppressing the Notch1 and β-catenin genes (21). Purslane is rich in phenolic compounds, polyphenols and antioxidants, which the most important antioxidants are including alpha-tocopherol, ascorbic acid and glutathione. It has been reported that Purslane (by its strong antioxidant activity) significantly reduced the malondialdehyde which is a product of lipid peroxidation and an indicator of oxidative stress. Regarding to effects of PS on the immune system, it has been reported that PS inhibits the signaling pathway of NF-κBdue to TNF-α and reduces TNF-α- induced inflammation; also Purslane effectively reduces the expression of intracellular interleukin-8 which is dose dependent as well as Purslane by inhibiting the intracellular production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and NF-κB, reduces the expression of adhesion molecules induced by TNF-α (22). In confirm with the results of the present study, Zhao et al. (2107) showed that Purslane consumption can improve TLR-4 (23). Also, Zhao et al. (2019) showed that consumption of 50 mg/kg, 100 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg Purslane improved TLR-4 (24).The anti-inflammatory effects of Purslane appear to be due to its antioxidant effects also Purslane is a good source of coenzyme Q10as well as contains coumarin and anthraquinone glycosides.
Regarding to interactive effects, in present study eight weeks of aerobic training along with PS significantly decreased TLR-2 and TLR-4 levels in the colon tumor tissue of rats with colon cancer, also training along with PS had favorable effect on decreasing TLR-2 and TLR-4 compare to training and had favorable effect on decreasing TLR-4 compare to PS. Therefore, it seems that PS consumption can improve the anti-inflammatory effects of aerobic training in the case of colon cancer. According to reported studies, exercise can improve the immune system through its antioxidant effects; also PS consumption through antioxidant compounds can improve the immune system. Thus it seems that aerobic training and PS through separate mechanisms lead to an improvement in the immune system in the case of colon cancer, although further studies are needed to understand the anti-inflammatory interactive effects of aerobic training and PS consumption. Limitations of the present study were included the inability to measure the TLR-2 and TLR-4 gene expression levels by Real-time PCR method, as well as the measurement of other inflammatory factors such as CRP, IL-6 and TNF-α. Therefore, in future studies, it is recommended to investigate the effects of aerobic training with different intensities along with consumption of PS with different doses on the gene expression levels of inflammatory markers in colon tumor tissue.
Conclusion
Although PS alone can improve TLR-2 and TLR-4 levels in colon tumor tissue of adult rats with colon cancer, nevertheless it appears that aerobic training along with PS have more favorable effects on improvement of TLR-2 compare to training and PS alone. Therefore, aerobic training simultaneously with PS can be used to reduce the side effects of chemotherapy in patients with colon cancer.
|
Type of Article: Original article |
Subject:
Molecular Sciences
Received: 2019/05/15 | Accepted: 2019/10/29 | Published: 2019/12/1
Received: 2019/05/15 | Accepted: 2019/10/29 | Published: 2019/12/1
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