Abstract Background and Objective: Streptococcus pneumoniae is the most common cause of acquired bacterial infections in the respiratory system. In recent years, a high incidence of pneumococcal resistance to different antibiotics has also been appeared. This study was conducted to evaluate the in vivo and in vitro resistance of pneumococcal pneumonia to ceftriaxone, azithromycin and co-amoxiclave in clinical setting and laboratory. Material and Methods: In this single-blind clinical trial study, the participants were the patients with the diagnosis of pneumonia referred to infectious diseases clinic in Vali-e-Asr hospital of Birjand university of Medical Sciences, October 2012 - April 2014. The patients were randomly allocated to one of the three therapeutic regimes including azithromycin, ceftriaxone, and co-amoxiclave. After 48-72 hours that the infection was confirmed by paraclinical findings, the patients with pneumococcal pneumonia remained in the study and their in vivo and in vitro resistance to the above mentioned antibiotics were compared. Results: The most in vitro drug resistance was to co-amoxiclave (41.5%) and the least to ceftriaxone (20.8%) (P>0.05). For In vivo, the most resistance was to azithromycin (47.4%) and the least one to ceftriaxone (6.7%) (p<0.05). The agreement coefficient between the laboratory antibiogram test and the clinical responses to therapeutic regimes of azithromycin, co-amoxiclave and ceftriaxone was 0.25 (p=0.26), 0.46 (p=0.02) and 0.44 (p=0.04), respectively. Conclusion: With regard to the demographic characteristics of the patients in this study, the resistance of Streptococcus pneumoniae to ceftriaxone is less than that of co-amoxiclave and azithromycin in both clinical setting and laboratory. Keywords: Drug Resistance, Streptococcus Pneumonia, Azithromycin, Ceftriaxone, Co-Amoxiclave

Background and objectives: Medicinal plants have long been considered as one of the most important pillars of traditional medicine. Existing challenges in the treatment of diseases, particularly infectious diseases, are major drivers for herbal medicine studies. Tribulus terrestris has been widely used in traditional medicine to treat various diseases. This study aimed to investigate in vitro antibacterial effect of the aqueous extract of T. terrestris on several oral bacteria.

Methods: In this experimental study, after preparing the aqueous extract of T. terrestris, minimum inhibitory and bactericidal concentrations (MIC and MBC) of the extract were determined against standard strains of Streptococcus mutans, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Streptococcus pyogenes using the broth microdilution method. The experiments were repeated three times and the results were analyzed with SPSS 22 using the one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and LSD statistical tests with the significance level set at 0.05.