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Abstract Background and objectives: Dendritic Cells are the most important of antigen presenting cells with an effective role in immune tolerance. This study, aims to clarify the role of IFN- β in induction on dendritic cells derived by monocyte in diabetes type1 to evaluate the T cells response to beta cell specific antigenic molecule. Material and Methods: In this research, peripheral blood mononuclear cells were isolated by phiCole and then dendritic cells generated from blood monocytes ,in Seven days, by adding granulocyte-monocyte colony stimulating factor and interleukin-4 with or without IFN-beta. MRNA was extracted by dendritic cells and cDNA was produced by reverse transcriptase enzyme. Then, Specific polymerase chain reaction for HLA-G was performed. In addition, Tcell proliferation with a mixed Leukocytic reaction evaluated between dendritic cell and T by means of MTT. Results: based on the results, IFN-β induces HLA-G molecule on dendritic cells. In addition, T cell proliferation responses in mixed leukocyte culture show significance difference between Case and control p<0.05. T cell proliferation was inhibited in their co-culture system affected by IFN-β Conclusion: In this study, we show that dendritic cells-treated IFN-β with expression of HLA-G molecule inhibited T cell proliferation and so, our results suggest that some of the IFN- β regulatory effects with expression of HLA-G can probably prevent from beta cell destruction. Key words: dendritic cells, Interferon Beta, Human Leukocytic Antigen-G.

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Abstract Background and objectives: Water-born diseases are typically caused by pathogens transmitted by orofecal way. Because it is no practical and no economical and also it is time-consuming to find water-born pathogens in water reservoirs, the laboratory studies are performed on the basis of indicator microorganism. Escherichia coli is considered as the most important indicator bacterium for water monitoring. The aim of this study was to evaluate the three methods of Pour Plate (PP), Most Probable Number (MPN) and Membrane Filter (MF) in isolation of Escherichia coli in well water of Parks. Material and Methods: One hundred and sixty five samples of well water, from five geographical zones of north, south, east, west and center of Tehran, were taken in a sterile condition and sent to microbiology department of health faculty to assess with three methods of PP, MPN and MF. The results were analyzed by chi-square. Results: The results indicate that 90 water samples (54.5%) aren’t health. The samples taken from south of Tehran are most contaminant than other zones. The highest contaminated Samples (54.5%) are related to membrane filtration method in comparison with MPN (34.5%) and PP (27.3%). Conclusion: Since the MF method can recognize the contaminants quickly and effectively, we recommend it more. Based on these results, it is essential to educate children not to drink well water in parks. Keywords: well water contamination, Escherichia coli, Tehran's parks

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Abstract Background and objectives: Hydatid cyst is one of the most important zoonotic parasitic diseases produced by means of Larva stage of Echinococcus granulosus. Since this Hydatid cyst is a widespread disease in many regions of the world and Iran, we decided to study the epidemiological situation of patients infected with hydatid cyst who were operated in hospitals of Qom, Iran (2004-2007). Material and Methods: In this Cross-sectional retrospective study, we surveyed the Medical records of 19 patients infected with hydatid cyst, who were operated in hospitals of Qom (2004-2007). Patients’ demographic data including gender, age, career, dwelling place, number of cysts and the infected organ were collected and analyzed by SPSS software. Results: of the 19 patients, 12 cases (63.2%) are female and seven cases (36.8%) male. The highest rate of infection is related to 21-30 year group (31.65%) homemakers (52.7%) and urban (89.5%). The results show that the organs involved are liver (73.7%) and lung (26.3%). All patients infected with pulmonary hydatid cyst are male. Conclusion: Since 63.2 percent of infected people are female and homemaker, having contact with vegetables contaminated with parasite ova is the most important way of infection transmission. Key words: Hydatid cyst, Epidemiology, Surgery, Iran

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Abstract Background and objectives: Interferon-Gamma and interferon Gamma receptor (IFNγ ⁄ IFNγR1) are the main genes associated with susceptibility to tuberculosis. We aimed at studying on interferon-Gamma Gene polymorphism(- 56 C/T) in people suffered from tuberculosis (TB). Material and Methods: In this case-control study, the subjects were 62 individuals with TB and 74 healthy ones. Genomic DNA was extracted by DNA isolation kit(Roche Corporation), and genotype identification was performed by polymerase chain reaction-Restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP). Chi square and logistic regression, using SPSS soft ware (version 18), was used to compare genotype and alleles between case and control groups. Results: The frequency of TT genotype in tuberculosis patients and healthy person are 43.5% and 17.5%, respectively. Based on Logistic regression (odd ration 0.148, p=0.0006), there is significant difference between Case and Control. In addition, the frequency of T allele is, in case group, 62.09 % the difference between case and control is significant, based on Logistic regression (odd ratio: 0.418, P=0.028). Conclusion: It is implied that -56C/T is associated with IFNγR1 promoter in tuberculosis patient. It is found to be associated with increased susceptibility to tuberculosis. Key words: Tuberculosis, IFNγR, PCR-RFLP

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Abstract Background and Objective: Celiac is an autoimmune disease that is characterized by an immune-system-related damage in the intestinal tissue after consumption of gluten. There is not any general agreement for gold standard. The Purpose of this study was the evaluation of specificity and sensitivity of anti-endomysial (EMA) and anti-tissue transglutaminase (TTG) serological test compared to small-bowel biopsy. Material and Methods: In the cross sectional study, we took blood specimen from 1825 patients with gastrointestinal disease. All the samples were tested by TTG and EMA kits using ELISA. The patients were studied in two groups. First, the individuals whom their serologic test was positive but their tissue condition was normal and second, those with positive serologic test with pathologic tissue results that show they have celiac disorder. Results: The mean of EMA and TTG shows that the level of antibodies in group 2 is significantly higher than that of the first group (P ≤0.001). There is positive correlation between modified marsh criteria of small-bowel biopsy and the two tests. The Sensitivity of EMA and TTG tests for celiac diagnosis is 92%. The specificity of EMA, TTG tests are 100% and 98.5%, respectively. Conclusion: EMA-IgA serology with cut-off point of more than 66 together with TTG-IgA serology with cut-off point of above 30 can be helpful to distinguish a wide range of patients who need small-bowel biopsy. Keywords: Celiac Anti-tissue Transglutaminase (TTG) Anti-endomysial (EMA)

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Abstract Background and Objective: Nowadays, nosocomial infection is one of the greatest problems in hospitals. Normal flora of staff’s hands and the bacterial agents on the surface of medical equipment can become progressively colonized with potential pathogens during patient care. This study was carried out to determine the bacterial agents existed on staff’s hands and in the wards of hospital to step in to control nosocomial infection. Material and Methods: In this descriptive study, during 17 months (22.mar.2010- 30.aug.2011), 403 samples, using sterile swab , were randomly obtained from the staff’s hands and medical equipment of emergency departments , ICU, male operation room and female surgical unit . The samples were cultured on Blood agar (BA) and Eosin methylene blue (EMB). Then, identification of isolated bacteria was done with diagnostic tests. Results: Of 430 samples, 530 bacteria were isolated from staff’s hands (N= 291) and medical equipment (N= 234). The most common bacterium from personnel’s hands (144 49.5%) and medical equipment (24 10%) is Staphylococcus aureus. Also, three isolates of pseudomonas aeruginosa from staff’s hands of male surgical ward and medical equipment of ICU, and two isolates of Acinetobacter.spp from ICU’s medical equipment were identified. Conclusion: With regard to the findings, it seems that applying the appropriate disinfectant agents by using standard procedures is necessary. Keywords: Medical Equipment Staff’s Hand Nosocomial Infection Staphylococcus Aureus

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Background and objective: Implementation of standard methods for accurate detection of bacteria, correct antibiotic susceptibility testing and effective treatment of bacterial infections play important roles in development of public health and prevention of drug resistance. This study aimed to detect bacteria using standard methods and compare the results with the results obtained in teaching hospitals’ laboratories.

Methods: Positive culture plates containing bacteria isolated from patients in hospital laboratories in city of Sari were transferred to microbiology laboratory of Faculty of Medicine at Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, after determining the genus and species of bacteria and antibiotic susceptibility testing of the isolates. The samples were re-examined based on standard protocols, and antibiotic susceptibility testing was done using the Kirby-Bauer method.

Results: Of 101 patients, 20% of bacteria and 22.5% of antibiotic sensitivity results reported by the hospital laboratories were incorrect. There were significant differences between the two study groups in terms of bacterial species detection and sensitivity to some drugs (P<0.05).

Conclusion: In the present study, lack of implementation of internal quality control programs in some hospital laboratories and lack of proper monitoring by regulatory authorities in different departments of the hospital have caused 20% false-detection results in hospital reports. Inconsistency in results of laboratories, false antibiograms and subsequent false laboratory reports cause drug resistance in some patients. This indicates the necessity of continuous training in the field of Microbiology and implementation of standard protocols and methods for detection of bacterial species and antibiotic susceptibility testing.