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Background and Objective: The acute exercise leads to the induction of some cardiac and inflammatory biomarkers that are related to factors such as severity, type, training experience, gender and environment. This study was conducted to compare the effect of acute endurance and resistance training at two different intensity levels of high-sensitivity cardiac Troponin T (hs-cTnT) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) in male runners and bodybuilders.
Methods: In this quasi-experimental study, 20 male runners and bodybuilders with an age range of 20-24 years were purposefully and accessibly selected. The study was performed with a pre-test-post-test design on 10 male runners (endurance training) and 10 bodybuilding men (resistance training). The runners ran 6 km with moderate (70-75% of reserve heart rate) and high (85-85% of reserve heart rate) intensities at intervals of one week, during separate sessions. Bodybuilders also performed resistance training at moderate (70-75% of one repetition maximum) and high (80-85% of one repetition maximum) intensities.  Bodybuilders also performed resistance training at moderate (70 to 75% of a maximum repetition) and high (80 to 85% of a maximum repetition) intensities. Blood samples were taken before and immediately after exercise. Then the serum levels of hs-cTnT and TNF-α were measured.
Results: The serum level of hs-cTnT and TNF-α was significantly increased after acute running and resistance training with moderate and high intensities (P˂0.05), but intense acute exercise had a greater effect on increasing the levels of these variables. Also, the acute effect of intense aerobic exercise was associated with a greater increase in hs-cTnT level in compared to moderate-intensity aerobic exercise, high and moderate-intensity resistance training (P˂0.05).
Conclusion: In endurance and resistance athletes, the hs-cTnT and TNF-α responses are affected by the intensity of training and increase more with intense training. But the high intensity aerobic exercise is associated with a greater increase in hs-cTnT levels.

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Background and Objective: Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is highly prevalent in the group of autoimmune and inflammatory patients. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-a) and interleukin-10 (IL-10) plays an important role in regulating complex interactions between pancreatic beta cells and immune cells in the development of T1D. This study was performed to determine the simultaneous effect of resistance training and endothelial progenitor cell injection on blood glucose levels and protein expression of proinflammatory factors TNF-a and IL-10 in muscle tissue of streptozotocin (STZ) induced diabetic male rats.
Methods: In this experimental study, 36 male Wistar rats weighing approximately 200±20 g and six weeks old were randomly divided into six groups. Induction of diabetes was performed by intraperitoneal injection of STZ at a dose of 45 mg/kg body weight. Groups included diabetes + stem cell injection + resistance training group, diabetes + resistance training group, diabetes + stem cell injection group, control diabetic group to control the passage of time, and healthy basal and diabetic groups for defaults. Exercises were performed for 17 sessions of resistance training, including climbing ladders with increasing weight three days a week in the same laboratory conditions. Endothelial progenitor cells were cultured by femoral bone marrow aspiration and culture and then injection into the tail vein. 68 hours after the last training session, blood glucose levels were assessed by ELISA and the expression of TNF-a and IL-10 protein in muscle tissue was assessed by Western blotting.
Results: Endothelial stem cell injection, resistance training and resistance training with the simultaneous injection of endothelial stem cells significantly increased the anti-inflammatory factor IL-10 in the skeletal muscle tissue of diabetic rats in compared to control group (P<0.05). Expression of the anti-inflammatory factor IL-10 in the skeletal muscle tissue was significantly increased in resistance training plus the simultaneous injection of endothelial stem cells group in compared to injection of stem cells and resistance training groups (P<0.05). Glucose concentration in the skeletal muscle tissue was significantly reduced in resistance training plus the simultaneous injection of endothelial stem cells group in compared to injection of stem cells and resistance training groups (P<0.05).
Conclusion: It seems that 17 sessions of resistance training reduces blood glucose level and improves inflammatory conditions in response to an increase in IL-10 and a decrease in TNF-a in a group of diabetic rats with resistance training and simultaneous injection of endothelial progenitor cells in diabetic male rats.

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Background and Objective: Leptin is associated with metabolic disorders and promotes the development of liver steatosis to steatohepatitis. It selectively increases the secretion of Tumor-necrosis factor-α (TNF-a) in response to saturated fatty acid. The general purpose of this research was to determine the effects of eight weeks of continuous training and silymarin supplementation on the serum levels of TNF-α and leptin in Wistar rats with fatty liver disease.
Methods: In this experimental study, 40 male Wistar rats aged three weeks and weighting 159±3 grams were randomly divided into five groups: normal diet/saline, high-fat diet/saline (control), high-fat diet/supplemented, high-fat diet/exercise/saline, and high-fat diet/exercise/supplement. The rats were fed 10 grams per 100 grams of body weight (standard diet 13% fat and high-fat diet 41% fat) for eight weeks, and silymarin (140 mg per kilogram body weight) were given by gavage for 2 weeks. The continuous aerobic exercise protocol consisted 30 minutes of treadmill running at 70-75% of VO₂max for eight weeks, five days a week. After sacrificing the animals, samples were taken and sent to the laboratory for histological analysis. The expression of leptin and TNF-α in the liver was measured using commercial ELISA kits.
Results: The findings showed a greater decrease in hepatic leptin concentration in the high-fat diet + continuous exercise + supplement group (P<0.05) compared to the high-fat diet + continuous exercise + saline group (P<0.05). Tukey's post hoc test showed a greater decrease in the concentration of hepatic TNF-α in the high-fat diet + saline group (compared to the high-fat diet + supplement group) (P<0.05), and the high-fat + exercise + saline group (P<0.05). The weight of the rats in the normal diet + saline group differed significantly from other groups (P<0.05).
Conclusion: The results indicated that the combination of continuous training with silymarin supplementation can help reduce leptin and TNF-α in rats with a high-fat diet, an effect not observed by silymarin supplementation alone. Therefore, the combination of continuous aerobic exercises and silymarin supplementation can further oxidize fat and reduce inflammation in the body.