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Background and Objective: Chronic diabetes mellitus is accompanied with enhanced oxidative stress and reduce the activity of antioxidant defense system. Due to significant role of enhanced oxidative stress in development of renal damage in diabetices, this study was conducted to evaluate the effect of chronic administration of Silymarin on oxidative stress markers in renal tissue of diabetic rats. Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, 40 male Wistar rats were divided into 5 groups: control, silymarin-treated control (100 mg/kg bw), diabetic, and silymarin -treated diabetic groups (50 and 100 mg/kg bw). Silymarin was administered (daily and intraperitonealy) ten days after Streptozotocin injection for 4 weeks. Tissue level of malondialdehyde and nitrite and nitrate and activity of superoxide dismutase in kidney tissue were measured. Data were analyzed using ANOVA and Tukey tests. Results: A significant increase in tissue level of malondialdehyde, nitrite and nitrate in diabetic rats were observed (P<0.05). Silymarin treatment (100 mg/kg/bw) significantly reduced the tissue level of Malondialdehyde, nitrate and nitrate (P<0.05). Non-significant recduction of activity of superoxide dismutase was oberved in diabetic rats and Silymarin treatment (50 and 100 mg/kg bw) did not significantly altered enzyme activity. Conclusion: Four weeks treatment of Silymarin (100 mg/kg bw) reduce oxidative stress indexes in renal tissue of diabetic rats.

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Background and Objective: Temporal lobe epilepsy is the most common type of epilepsy in human. Patients suffer from spontaneous seizures and memory deficiency. This study was done to assess the effect of Co-enzyme Q10 (CoQ10) administration on seizure, short-term spatial memory and stress oxidative indices in hippocampus of kainic acid-induced epilepsy. Methods: In this experimental study, 48 male rats were randomly allocated into six groups: sham-operated CoQ10 (10 mg/kg/bw)-treated SH kainate CoQ10 (2, 5 and 10 mg/kg/bw) treated kainic acid. CoQ10 was intraperitoneally administered daily for one week before intra-hippocampal injection of kainic acid (4µg/kg/bw) in animals. Results: Kainic acid induced chronic and acute spontaneous seizures in animals. Also, kainic acid administration caused a reduction in alternational behavior rate (consecutive or serially entrance into all of arms in triplet set), increasing of malondialdehide, nitrite level and decreasing of superoxide dismutase activity compared to sham group (P<0.05). Pre-treatment of kainate rats with CoQ10 decreased rate of spontaneous seizures (P<0.05). CoQ10 increased alternational behavior rate, decreased malondialdehide and nitrite serum level (P<0.05). But it had no significant effect on superoxide dismutase activity. Conclusion: Pre-treatment of kainic acid exposed rats with CoQ10 reduced rate of seizures and improved short-term spatial memory and oxidative stress indices in rats.

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Background and Objective: An activity performed through a new motional pattern and very intensively often leads to a kind of muscle soreness whose indicator is delayed onset of pain, which is called Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness (DOMS). This study was done to determine the effect of vitamin C and E supplementation on lipid peroxidation and delayed onset muscle soreness in professional basketball players. Methods: In this clinical trial study, 24 male professional basketball players were randomly divided into four groups including vitamin C (1000 mg), vitamin E (800 IU), vitamin C (500 mg) + vitamin E (400 IU) and placebo (Glucose 500 mg). Supplement was consumed two hours before and 24 hours after leg press and scuat exercise. Blood samples were collected before the first supplementation and immediately (post- exercise), 24 hour and 48 hour after exercises. Serum creatine kinase (CK), malondialdehyde (MDA), vitamin C and vitamin E and the level of perceived muscle soreness were evaluated. Results: MDA in Vitamin E group significantly decreased in the 24-hr to 48-hr after the exercise in compared to bignning of exercise (P<0.05). Serum CK significantly increased 24-hr and 48-hr after the exercise in all groups (P<0.05). Muscle pain perception non significantly increased after the exercise in all groups in compare to baseline level. Conclusion: Short period supplementationin of vitamin C and E, either alone or in combination can not reduce pain and muscle damage and lipid peroxidation following the leg press and scuat exercise in professional basketball players.

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Background and Objective: Hyperlipidemia and dyslipidemia are the prevalent risk factors associated with diabetes and their attenuation in diabetic patients with medicinal plants has great significance. This study was done to evaluate the effect of Salvia officinalis (SO) administration on serum glucose, lipids and tissue level of malondialdehyde (MDA) in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats. Methods: In this experimental study, 32 adult male Wistar rats were allocated into four groups including: control, SO-treated control, diabetic, and SO-treated diabetic groups. For induction of diabetes, a single dose of streptozotocin (60 mg/kg, i.p.) was used. SO powder was mixed with standard rat chow. Serum glucose and triglyceride, total cholesterol, LDL and HDL levels were determined on the first day and at 3rd and 6th weeks after the intervention. Finally, liver level of MDA and protein were determined in liver homogenate. Results: At 6th week, serum glucose level was significantly higher in diabetic and SO-treated diabetic groups (P<0.001) in compare to controls. Oral consumption of SO did not significantly reduce serum glucose level. Serum triglyceride level significantly reduced in SO-treated diabetic group in compare to diabetic group (P<0.05). There was not significant difference between SO-treated diabetic and diabetic groups. Serum level of cholesterol, HDL, LDL and tissue MDA level in SO-treated diabetic group in compare to diabetic group. Conclusion: Chronic administration of Salvia officinalis reduces serum triglyceride level in diabetic rats, with no significant effect on glucose level and Malondialdehyde.

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Background and Objective: Oxidative stress plays a major role in the structural and functional changes of the myocardium due to diabetes. This study was done to determine the effect of swimming training and arbutin supplement on cardiac antioxidant enzymes and oxidative stress in diabetic rats. Methods: In this experimental study, 42 male Wistar rats were randomly allocated into 6 groups including control, diabetes, Arbutin, diabetes+Arbutin, diabetes+exercise and diabetes+ exercise + Arbutin (combined). Diabetes induced using alloxan (90 mg/kg/bw, intraperitoneally). Arbutin (50 mg/kg/bw, ip) was administered for 5 days a week. The exercise consisted of swimming training at 5 min to 36 min per day, 5 days a week for 6 weeks. Renal Malondialdehyde, catalase level and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity were evaluated in animals. Results: Diabetes significantly increased cardiac Malondialdehyde level and decreased cardiac SOD activity and catalase level (P<0.05). Six weeks of supplementation with Arbutin, swimming training and combined intervention significantly increased catalas level and superoxide dismutase activity compared to the diabetes group(P<0.05). Malondialdehyde level significantly reduced in combined and exercise groups in comparison with diabetic group (P<0.05). Conclusion: Regular training (swimming) and Antioxidant supplement (Arbutin) protect the cardiac tissue against diabetes-induced oxidative stress through their antioxidants capacity and the combination of the two interventions have synergic effect.

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Background and Objective: Extensive exercise may be disrupting oxidant and antioxidant balance and cause the phenomenon of oxidative stress in human and decrease athletics performance. This study was done to determine the effect of coenzyme Q10 supplementation for two weeks on markers of lipid peroxidation in soccer player. Methods: In this queze – experimental study, 36 soccer players (mean age, 20.08±1.12 years, weight 63.28±1.65 kg and maximal oxygen uptake 53.12±0.98 ml per kg/bw) divided into three groups for 14 days and the desired experiment was done during this period of time. Soccer players in control group did not receive the supplements and exercise. Subjects in placebo group were received 5 mg/kg/bw aspartame capsules. Subjects in supplement group were received 5 mg/kg/bw of Ubiquinone-10. Soccer players also performed two 90-minute soccer matches with less than 48 hours. Blood samples 24 hours before and after the period were collected. Malondialdehyde (MDA), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), creatine kinase (CK) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) levels were measured. Results: Serum level of MDA and AST after two consecutive football matches was significantly increased in the placebo group in compared to supplementation and placebo groups (P<0.05). The serum levels of AST and MDA in supplementation group did not significantly increased when compared to control and placebo groups. Conclusion: Short-term supplementation of coenzyme Q10 before and during of the two consecutive soccer matches can prevent the elevation of lipid Peroxidation indeces.

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Background and Objective: Several studies have shown that high level of Endothelin-1 and Malondialdehyde lead to an increase in the risk of coronary artery diseases. This study was done to evaluate the effect of aerobic training on Endothelin-1 and Malondialdehyde in inactive elderly women.

Methods: In this quasi -experimental study, 21 inactive elderly women with range of 60-70 year non-randomly divided into experimental (n=11) and control (n=10) groups. The aerobic training including eight weeks aerobic training (with intensity of 50-70 percent of reserve heart rate), 3 times a week, and 60 minutes per session. Endothelin-1 and Malondialdehyde were measured at baseline and at the end of the study.

Results: After eight weeks of aerobic exercise, Endothelin-1 level reduced in intervention group (35.96%) and control group (41.09%) (P<0.05). After eight weeks of aerobic exercise there was no significat difference between intervention and control groups. After eight weeks of aerobic exercise reduce of Malondialdehyde level in intervention and control groups was not significant difference.

Conclusion: Regarding to reducing the serum level of Endothelin-1 in in the control and experimental groups, the aerobic training with moderate intensity did not lead to reduce in levels of serum Endothelin-1 in elderly women.

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Background and Objective: The unique properties of carbon nanotubes have been used for medical, biological and industrial applications, but it simultaneously exposure to humans and organisms poses a potential for toxic effects on human health and the environment. This study was done to evaluate the effect of multi-wall carbon nanotubes toxicity on kidney function and tissue in rats.
Methods: In this experimental study, 50 mature female Wistar rats were allocated into five groups including: control and experimental groups with dosage of 2.5, 5, 10, 20 mg/kg/bw, respectively. Animals in control group were received physiological saline and Tween.Animals in treatment groups were received 2.5, 5, 10, 20 mg/kg/bw of multi-wall carbon nanotubes functionalized with carboxylic group with diameter less than 8 nm and length 30 micrometers in 8 steps in one day intraperitoneally. Blood samples were conducted in two phases: one day after the last injection and 20 days after the last injection. Urea, uric acid, creatinine and malondialdehyde levels were measured in blood serum. Tissue samples were provided by preparing histological sections of kidney in each group and stain with hematoxylin-eosin. The tissue structure of the kidney was examined by optical microscopy.
Results: In the first stage (one day after the last injection), only the amount of uric acid at concentrations of 2.5 and 5 mg/kg significantly reduced in comparison with controls and other treated groups, respectively (P<0.05). There were no significant changes in the level of other biochemical factors in compared to the control. However, 20 days after the last injection, significant reduction in the level of uric acid and urea was observed in 2.5, 5, 10, 20 mg/kg/bw of multi-wall carbon nanotubes in compared to the control group, although significant reduction in creatinine was seen in dosages of 5 and 10 mg/kg/bw of multi-wall carbon nanotubes in compared to controls (P<0.05). Histological studies showed altrations in trated groups including  accumulation of hyaline-like substances derived from the activity of eosinophils and accumulation of inflammatory cells (basophils and neutrophils) in the cortical and medula of the kidney, glomerular degeneration, Bowman capsule dilatation and degeneration of  proximal tube wall in the renal cortex which  these alterations  were dose-dependent.
Conclusion: Multi-wall carbon nanotubes functionalized with carboxyl groups even in low dosage (2.5 mg/kg) and after 20 days of injection cause toxicity in tissue structure and kidney function.