---

Background & Objective: Destructive effects of ethanol consumption have been confirmed on several organs of the body. Nevertheless, classic research which has been done on kidney in this field had less attention. The aim of this study was to evaluate of ethanol effects on light microscopic structure of Mice kidneys. Materials & Methods: In this experimental study, Balb/c strain mice, equally 40 males and females, weighing 30-35 grams were divided in two equal experimental and control groups randomly. The Mice in control and expermented groups further divided in two sub groups. One sub group received 1mg/gr body weight daily of ethanol for one month, intraperitoneally and other sub group received 1mg/gr body weight of ethanol for two months, intraperitoneally. Control groups divided in two sub groups and Mice received daily salin with same volume as experimental groups. Then, the Mice have been anesthetized and sacrificed and then, subsequently kidneys were removed. Routine histological methods and Hematoxylin and Eosin staining were done. Slides were observed by light microscope. Results: In experimental group, Mice which received ethanol for one month, interstitial bleeding and inflammatory cells infiltration in cortical zone of kidney was observed. In Mice which received ethanol for two months, we observed massive and concentrated lymphoblastic infiltration, especially on deep medulla around the blood vessels with extending to calyxes and pelvis of the kidney. No histological changes were observed in control groups. Conclusion: This study showed that the intraperitoneal injection of ethanol cause progressive destruction effects on cortex and medulla of the kidney. These effects depend on duration of ethanol consumption.

---

Background and Objective: Many studies have showed malformation of low frequency of electromagnetic fields (EMF) on different tissues. This study was carried out to evaluate the effect of low frequency electromagnetic fields on the heart of white-leghorn chicken embryo. Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, 90 healthy, fresh and fertilized eggs were allocated into 6 groups including control, sham, and four preincubated experimental groups. Experimental groups I, II, III and IV (1.33, 2.66, 5.52 and 7.32 mT) were located in the electromagnetic device, sham group was located into the same coil with no exposure for 24h before incubation. Control, sham and experimental groups incubated (37±0.5 ºC, 60% humidity) for 14 days. Results: Disassembling cell regulation in experimental group I, dense nucleus of myocytes and increase of intercellular spaces in experimental group II, necrosis and bleeding in the heart tissue in experimental groups III and IV were seen in compare to control and sham groups. There was a significant increase in the level of activity of alkaline phosphatase in the heart of experimental groups in compare to control and sham groups. Conclusion: Low frequency of electromagnetic fields caused alternations in cardiac tissue and elevation of Alkaline phosphatase activity in chicken embryos.

---

Background and Objective: The application of different nanoparticles using green synthesis is increasing due to fewer complications. This study was conducted to identify the effect of cobalt ferrite nanoparticles synthesized with sumac extract on changes in biochemical and histological factors in rats.
Methods: In this experimental study, 30 five-month-old male Wistar rats with an approximate weight of 250-300 mg/kg of body weight were divided into three groups: The control group (saline receiving), the experimental groups receiving intraperitoneal cobalt ferrite nanoparticles synthesized with sumac extract at a dose of 10 and 20 mg/kg of body weight. Serum and tissue samples (liver, kidney, and spleen) were isolated. Serum concentrations of urea, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and creatinine were determined. The photometric method was used to measure liver enzymes, the calorimetric method without omitting proteins based on the Jaffe method was used to measure creatinine, and the urease-glutamate dehydrogenase (GLDH) method was used to measure urea. Tissue samples were assessed by hematoxylin-eosin staining. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) microscopic studies were used for microscopic investigations.
Results: No statistical significance was observed in blood samples and factors (urea, creatinine, ALT, and AST) in the experimental groups compared to the control group. Similarly, in the morphological investigation, the size of the liver, kidney, and spleen of the groups receiving cobalt ferrite nanoparticles synthesized with sumac extract was normal compared to the control group.
Conclusion: Cobalt ferrite nanoparticles synthesized with sumac had no toxic effect on the rats’ liver, spleen, and kidney tissues.

---

Background and Objective: Ketamine, a derivative of phencyclidine, is utilized as an anesthetic agent in surgical procedures. Like other medications, it can be associated with various adverse effects on different organs in the body. This study was conducted to determine the effect of injectable ketamine on the histopathological changes in the liver in neonates born to pregnant rats subjected to short-term and long-term anesthesia.
Methods: In this experimental study, 15 pregnant female Wistar rats were randomly divided into 3 groups of 5 each: A control group, a short-term anesthesia group (receiving an intraperitoneal injection of ketamine at a dosage of 25 mg/kg/bw), three times per week for 4 weeks), and a long-term anesthesia group (receiving an intraperitoneal injection of ketamine at a dosage of 75 mg/kg/bw, once per week for 4 weeks). Following parturition and during the lactation period, when the neonatal rats reached two weeks of age, they were initially anesthetized and sacrificed for tissue sampling via intraperitoneal injection of 7 units of ketamine and 3 units of xylazine. Tissue samples, with a thickness of 5 to 6 microns, were sectioned and examined using light microscope after fixation in formalin.
Results: In the short-term anesthesia group, dilation of the centrilobular veins and fluid accumulation were observed, with an intensity score of 2. Additionally, some hepatocytes exhibited degenerative-necrotic changes, characterized by acidophilic and dark cytoplasm, with an intensity score of 1. In the long-term anesthesia group, the liver tissue showed hyperemic changes in the portal space with a score of 1, as well as increased dilation of sinusoidal spaces and centrilobular veins of varying sizes and irregularities, also with an intensity score of 1. Fluid and blood accumulation were also noted in some of these structures. In the control group, cellular structures were maintained with complete regularity, and the intensity score of changes was determined to be zero.
Conclusion: Ketamine administration to pregnant rats can induce histopathological changes in the liver tissue of their offspring. These detrimental changes were more pronounced in the long-term group compared to both the short-term and control group.