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For a patient under any treatment it is very important to maintain a stable cardiovascular system (CVS) under anesthesia. The CVS can be disturbed due to many factors, and one of the factor which can later the hemodynamic system of the patient is laryngoscopy and intubation. Hence the assessment of the variations in the blood pressure (BP) and heart rate (HR) of the patient during laryngoscopy and intubation is very important. Hypertension and Tachycardia as a great disorders causing great problems. Such as cerebral hemorrhagia and myocardial infection, which are occurred during general anesthesia. Laryngoscopy and endotracheal intubation is necessary for airway management prevention of the aspiration of gastric contents. The amount of blood pressure and heart rate is measured in 1, 3, 5 after laryngoscopy and intubation. 70 patients ASA1 with the age of 16-55, undergone elective surgery and a general anesthesia were selected. Some drug pre-medication and induction were the same in rate about all patients. 35 patients are intubated orally and the rest of them nasally. The subjects were chosen among patients who did not have difficult intubation and cardiovascular disorders. Before laryngoscopy and 1, 3, 5 minutes blood pressure and HR measured. According to outcoming results, blood pressure and HR increasing after laryngoscopy in both group (Oral intubation and nasal intubation). The increase of nasotracheal intubation was more than oral one remarkably. The difference would be meaningful according to statistic point (P<0.05). According to research finding the most amount of increase in the blood pressure and HR was related to the laryngoscopy and intubation. These changes can make problems for some cardiovascular patients. So it is suggested that all anesthetists should lessen the probable complication of patients under laryngoscopy a tracheal intubation by monitoring BP and HR.

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Background & Objective: The deterious effects of pressor response (Tachycardia and hypertension) are not hidden from any personal of anesthesia group. The present study is performed in Chamran Hospital affiliated to the university of medical sciences, Shiraz, with the aim to introduce the most effective, cheapest as well as the easiest method to prevent or reduce the pressor response to direct laryngoscopy and intubation. Materials & Methods: This randomized clinical trial was conducted in Chamran Hospital in Shiraz. 90 patients scheduled for elective surgical fixation of femur or tibia were randomly divided in group A (30 patients), group B (30 patients) and group C (30 patients). In-group A patients were directly sprayed with Lidocaine 10%, hypopharyngealy, after induction of anesthesia and 3 minutes before tracheal intubation. Patients in group B were sprayed with Lidocaine 10% oropharyngealy before induction of anesthesia while the patients, were awake, patients in group C were not sprayed with Lidocaine (Control group). Premedication and drugs used for induction of anesthesia were same in 3 groups. The heart rate, systolic and diastolic blood pressure were recorded in all patients included in the study, before tracheal intubation (Base line) just after tracheal intubation and 3 and 5 minutes after intubation. Results: Spraying Lidocaine oropharyngealy before induction of anesthesia and hypopharyngealy after induction of anesthesia both were effective in controlling the pressor response to laryngoscopy and tracheal intubation, but spraying Lidocaine oropharyngealy before induction of anesthesia is more effective than spraying Lidocaine hypopharyngealy after induction of anesthesia (P<0.05). Conclusion: According to the results of present study, applying Lidocaine spray, oropharyngealy is a simple, very effective as well as cheap method for controlling pressor response to tracheal intubation.

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Background&Objective: High blood pressure (BP) is one of the most important health problem world-wide (2005), and risk factor of cardiovascular diseases. This study was determine the prevalence of high blood pressure (BP) among urban subjects in Golestan of province, during 2005. Materials&Methods: This cross sectional study was done on 5000 subjects of 17-70 years old in different towns of Golestan province during 2005. Two equal ratios of both sexes were selected on random clustering sampling in the morning and afternoon. A questionnaire consisting of demographic data and clinical information such as electronic presser gauge filled by trained persons. All of the data analyzed using spss-11.5 and descriptive statistics. Results: The result showed that 2500 male (50%) and 2500 (50%) female, ethenicity were (4.6%) Torkaman, (18.9%), and Sistani (76.4%) Fars group from age of 17 to 70 years old. This study on this basis criterion JNC-5 (46.4%) all of studied subjects had blood pressure normal, (22.6%) blood pressure high normal (21.4%), blood pressure light (7.4%), blood pressure medium and (2.2%) blood pressure severe. Conclusion: The prevalence high blood pressure among the urban population in this province in this province was 31%. Which is slightly higher than other regions in Iran and other part of the world. This issue can be considered in the health planing and theraputic programs in the region.

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Background and Objective: Electromagnutic field of cell Phones may affect the biological systems. This study was done to evaluate the effect of electromagnutic field of mobile phones on blood pressure, heart rate and arytmia on students of Kurdistan University of Medical Science, in West of Iran. Materials and Methods: In a randomized, double-blind clinical Trial, 56 young healthy volunteers with 20-30 years age were divided in two groups: expousure (n=27) and control (n=29). Cell phone was kept in front of the heart. Non functional cell phone was used in the control group. Systolic and diastolic blood pressure, heart rate and basic ECG were recorded. The Parameters were recorded in stage one (before set on cell phone), stage two (the first 5minutes), stage three (6minutes,with silent ringing), stage four (after 17min conection) and stage five (after 35 min conection). In all Stages, it was evaluated by cardiac monitoring (Lead2) for the presence of (sinus arryhthmia, sinus bradycardia, SA block, AV block, PAC and PVC). Results: Systolic and diastolic blood pressure and heart rate did not show to have any significant differences between two groups in any stages. Rate of sinus arryhthmia was higher in expousure group at stages four and five, but only in stage four, this difference was shown to be significant (P<0.05). Conclusion: The findings of this study showed that, electromagnetic of cellular phone cause sinus arryhthmia after 17 minute connection, to prevent the side effect of cell phone, we suggest that, cell phone set distant away from heart and reduce the connection time.

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Background and Objective: Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is one of the most common methods in treatment of different types of psychological disorder. The effectiveness of this therapy has a direct relation with the duration of convulsion. This study was conducted to assess the effect of lidocaine on duration of seizure and hemodynamic alterations in electroconvulsive therapy. Materials and Methods: This clinical trial study was conducted on 72 ASA-I, II patients with psychotic disorders in Hajar Medical Center in Shahrekord, Iran during 2010. The patients randomly divided into intervention and control group. The interventional group was received 1.5 mg/kg lidocaine and controls were received normal saline. For induction of anesthesia, all patients were received Sodium Thiopental (2mg/kg), Succinylcholine (1mg/kg) and Atropine (0.5mg) Propofol and Succinylcholine during 72 sessions of ECT. Duration of objective convulsion and hemodynamic alterations including blood pressure and heart rate were recorded (before, immediately and 3, 5 minutes after ECT). Data were analyzed using SPSS-11.5 and t-test. Results: Systolic and diastolic blood pressures and heart rate in 3rd minutes in interventional group following electroconvulsive therapy were 143.38±16 mmHg, 79.86±6.7 mmHg, 91.9±9.9 mmHg, respectively and in controls were 128.88±13.04 mmHg, 87.63±5.79 mmHg and 102.86±13 mmHg, respectively. These difference were significant (P<0.05). The above-mentioned indices for 5th minutes in intervention and controls were as follow: systolic (113.47±9.97 mmHg, 122.36±13 mmHg), diastolic (73.47±4.27 mmHg, 77.63±6.26 mmHg) heart rate (84.41±4.6 in minute, 93.19±12.53 in minute). These differences in above indices were significant (P<0.05). Conclusion: This study showed that lidocaine administration during electroconvulsive therapy increase the duration of convulsion and reduces heart rate and blood pressure.

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Background and Objective: Limited studies on the relation between the cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) risk factors and dietary glycemic index (GI) and glycemic load (GL) are available. This study was done to determine the association between glycemic index, glycemic load and cardiovascular risk factors in adults. Materials and Methods: This descriptive study was carried out on 2284 subjects (1327 males, 957 females) with 19-84 age in Tehran, Iran during 2005-08. Dietary GI and GL were assessed using a validated semi quantitative food-frequency questionnaire. Blood pressure, Anthropometric, fasting blood of glucose and lipid profiles including total cholesterol, triglyceride, high density lipoprotein (HDL) and low density lipoprotein (LDL) as a CVDs risk factors were measured. The mean intake of nutrient, adjusted for energy production, gender, age, according to GI and GL, using general linear model analysis covariance test was measured. Data were analyzed using SPSS-15, one-way analysis variance, Chi-Square, partial correlation and Linear regression. Results: The mean intakes of glycemic index and glycemic load were 68.3 and 244.8, respectively. Dietary GI and GL was inversely associated with whole grain and positively associated with refined grained, fruits, dairy products and simple sugar. After adjustment for lifestyle and dietary variables, dietary GI was inversely associated with triglyceride and HDL cholesterol concentrations among obese subjects. Dietary GL was inversely associated with fasting and 2-h blood glucose among non-obese subjects after adjustment for confounders. Conclusion: GI in obese men associated with serum increase triglyceride and reduced HDL-C. Glycemic load in a non-obese man is correlated with reducing fasting blood glucose.

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Background and Objective: Several studies have shown that inhalation of Lavandula angustifolia L. (Lavender) reduces hypertension, while systemic effects and mechanism of action of lavender oil on blood pressure is not clear. This study was carried out to evaluate the effect of intravenous and ntraperitoneal injection of Lavandula angustifolia L. oil on normal blood pressure in male rats. Methods: In this experimental study, 70 male Wistar rats were randomly allocated into 10 groups (n=7). Following anesthetizing the animals with sodium thiopental, femoral artery and vein were cannulated respectively for recording blood pressure and injection of Lavandula angustifolia L. oil. Lavender oil or its vehicle (Propylene glycol) was injected by intravenous (25, 50 and 100 mg/kg/bw) or intraperitoneal injection (500mg/kg/bw). For the evaluation of the mechanism of Lavender oil, L-NAME (4mg/kg/bw), atropine (1mg/kg/bw), indomethacin (5 mg/kg/bw) or saline was injected intraperitoneally before intravenous administration of Lavender angustifolia L. oil. Results: Intravenous injection of Lavender oil of 25 and 50 mg/kg/bw reduced arterial blood pressure in compare to control group (P<0.05) and dose of 50 mg/kg/bw was more effective than dose of 25 mg/kg/bw (P<0.05). 100 mg/kg/bw of Lavender angustifolia L. oil caused serious fall of blood pressure and resulted in animal death. Intraperitoneally injection of Lavender angustifolia L. oil at dose of 500 mg/kg reduced arterial blood pressure that this reduction was longer than intravenously administration of Lavender oil (P<0.05). Intraperitoneal injection of L-NAME, atropine or indomethacin had no significant effect on baseline of blood pressure and hypotensive effect of Lavender angustifolia L. oil. Conclusion: Intravenous injection of Lavandula angustifolia L. oil in doses of 25 and 50 mg/kg/bw reduced arterial blood pressure in rat, but intraperitoneally injection of Lavender oil at dose of 500 mg/kg/bw prolonged the reduction of blood pressure in animals.

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Background and Objective: Hysterectomy is stressful in women operation, due to increased release the level of catecholamines some physiological reactions including increase in breathing, heart rate and blood pressure are clinically observed. Massage therapy helps to improve the nervous and cardiovascular system and modifies physiological responses. This study was done to determine the effect of foot massage on the vital signs of patients after hysterectomy.
Methods: In this clinical trial study 60 women underway hysterectomy were randomly divided into intervention (n=28) and control (n=29) groups. Subjects in intervention group were received a
20 minute foot massage according to the mentioned method in two sessions first and second day after surgery, with 24-hours interval. Before and 30 minutes after intervention , vital sign including systolic and diastolic blood pressure, pulse, breathing were recorded for each subject.
Results: In the intervention group, all of the signs of vital signs before and after massage in the first and second days after the operation showed a significant decrease (P<0.05). The number of pulses and diastolic blood pressure in the first and second day after surgery and systolic blood pressure on the second day in the control group showed a significant reduction (P<0.05). At the end of the first day after the intervention group, the systolic blood pressure and respiratory rate showed a significant decrease compared to the control group (P<0.05).
Conclusion: Foot massage improves systolic blood pressure and breathing at the first day after hysterectomy, which may indicate an increase in parasympathetic activity.

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Background and Objective: Lung volume loss, airway obstruction and air flow limitation, and also hypertension are risk factors for mortality in patients with type 2 diabetes. This study was done to determine the effect of supplementation of saffron and exercise training on blood pressure changes, pulmonary function and spirometric indices in obese and overweight women affected by type 2 diabetes.

Methods: In this quasi-experimental study, forty-eight type 2 diabetic obese and overweight women were non randomly divided into four equal groups including placebo, saffron + training, training + placebo, saffron plus placebo). The saffron group + training and training + placebo groups did aerobic training with intensity of 60-75% of maximal heart rate for 8 weeks (three sessions per week). A daily dose of 400 mg of saffron sprout powder (once a day) was used for two months. The variables were measured in the pre-test, 48 hours and two weeks after the last training session.

Results: Intra-group results showed a significant increase in pulmonary function variables (VO2max, FVC, FEV1, FVC/FEV1, PEF, MVV), and significant reduction in systolic blood pressure and anthropometric indices (weight, BMI, and body fat percentage) in all three groups of exercise, saffron and practice + saffron (P<0.05). However, the results intra-group showed a significant difference in the above variables between the exercise + saffron supplement group in compared to other intervention groups (P<0.05), also, the highest effect was observed in the exercise + supplemental group.

Conclusion: According to the results of this study, saffron with exercise led to significant improvement in pulmonary volume and capacities, as well as a decrease in blood pressure in obese and overweight women affected by type 2 diabetes.

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Background and Objective: Researches has shown that exercise and nutrition exercises can have a different effect on serum Brain Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF( levels and resting blood pressure in young people. This study was done to determine the effect of a period of High Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) with omega-3 supplementation on the serum levels of BDNF and resting blood pressure in inactive male students.
Methods: In this clinical trail study, 32 non-athlete male students were randomly divided into control, supplements, training and training + supplement. Subjects in supplementary group were received daily (2000 mg) of omega-3 capsules. The training groups were also subjected to HIIT training for 6 weeks. The training + Supplemental group also included a combination of the same training program were associated with omega-3 supplementation. BDNF levels were measured by ELISA method 24 and 48 hours perior the exercise protocol and after the last training session. Blood pressure disturbances were also evaluated at the same time and before blood sampling according to the recommendations of the British Heart Association.
Results: The serum levels of BDNF in the group after 6 weeks in the training + supplementation group and the training group increased significantly compared to the pre-test values (P˂0.05). Also, a significant difference between-group training + supplementation group and training, supplementation and control groups were observed (P˂0.05). Systolic and diastolic blood pressures were significantly reduced in training + supplementary, training and supplementation groups compared to pretest values (P˂0.05). A significant reduction in systolic blood pressure in the training + supplementation group was observed compared to supplemental and control groups (P˂0.05).
Conclusion: HIIT combined with supplementation with omega-3 supplementation improved the BDNF serum level and reducing resting blood pressure in inactive male students.

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Background and Objective: Obesity by releasing inflammation factors such as Interleukin-6 (IL-6) cause atherosclerosis and cardiovascular diseases. Also, L-carnitine reduces inflammatory factor such as IL-6. The study was done to determine the effect of eight week endurance training with L-carnitine supplementation on IL-6, nitric oxide (NO), blood pressure, and body composition in young obese women.
Methods: In this clinical trial study, 40 volunteer young obese women (age: 23.3±2.3 yrs. and BMI: 31.1±1.4 kg/m²) randomly assigned in the endurance training with L-carnitine (ETL; n=10), endurance training with placebo (ETP; n=10), L-carnitine supplementation (LCS; n=10) and control (Con; n=10). The training protocol consisted of endurance training with gradually increasing of duration and intensity (25-min at 50% HR max and increased to 45-min at 70% HR max), three session a week for 8 weeks. The supplement groups consumed 3gr of L-carnitine daily, while the placebo group ingested the same amount of maltodextrin. Blood pressure and blood samples were obtained before and 36 hours after training protocol, and serum levels of IL-6 and NO were measured by ELISA method.
Results: IL-6, weight, fat mass and fatty percent was significantly reduced in ETL and ETP groups compared to control and LCS groups (P<0.05), and this reduction was lower in the ELT than ETP group (P<0.05). Also, NO was significantly increased in the ELT and ETP groups compared to the LCS and controls (P<0.05).
Conclusion: Although the implementation of endurance training with and without L-carnitine for 8 weeks caused to decrease of IL-6, increase of NO and improved body composition, but the effect of endurance training with L-carnitine on decreasing of IL-6, weight and fat mass was significantly better.