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Background and Objective: Attention deficit / hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopment abnormality. Inattentive behavior is considered a core and pervasive feature of ADHD. This study was done to compare the executive function and working memory in attention deficit / hyperactivity disorder and healthy children. Materials and Methods: This case – control study was done on 50 children with ADHD as cases and 40 healthy children as controls. The disorder was diagnosed by applying Kanerz teacher test and confirmed by a psychiatrist. Stroop test, Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST), Continuous Performance Test (CPT) and n-back test were used to assess the executive function and working memory. Results: There was a significant difference between case and control groups in regard to executive function and working memory (P<0.05). Error omission was 16.98±8.157 and 7.3±3.824 in cases and controls, respectively (P<0.05). Conclusion: Attention deficit / hyperactivity disorder reduces executive function and working memory in children.

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Background and Objective: Low birth weight (LBW) is one of the most important problems in the world. Many morbidity are more prevalent in LBW included in attention deficit and hyper activity disorder (ADHD). This study was done to find the Relation between low birth weight with attention deficit and hyper activity disorder in children. Methods: This historical cohort study was done on 226 rural children in Yazd province, central area of Iran. ADHD symptoms were evaluated in LBW and NBW using DSM-IV criteria. Results: Frequency of ADHD was 22.8% in LBW and 12.5% in NBW (P<0.05). The mean of family members was 4.7±0.6 and 4.2±0.8 in child with ADHD versus child without ADHD (P<0.05). Odd's ratio for ADHD was 3.1 in patient with more than one sister or brother (95% CI: 1.2-7.9, P<0.001), and 5.7 in patients with positive familial history (95% CI: 2.6-12.4, P<0.001). Conclusion: Relationship between ADHD and LBW was statistically significant. Positive familial history for ADHD and over-crowded family were social factors related with ADHD. LBW is one of the risk factors for ADHD and can be considered in children health program ADHD was frequent in child with low birth weight than child with normal birth weight.

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Background and Objective: Attention deficit / hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one of the most common psychiatric disorders. This study was conducted to determine the effect of ear acupuncture on ADHD symptoms in children aged 7-14.
Methods: This quasi-experimental study was performed on 30 children with ADHD whom did not receive Ritalin, whom referred to the private psychiatric clinic of children in Tehran. A questinare child syndrome inventory (parental form) and integrated visual and auditory (IVA) test with a pre-test and post-test design was used in this study. The ear acupuncture treatment for 8 weeks with uniform pressure on the ear seed was applied on five points of the ear, including brain, excitement, prefrontal cortex, shen men and tranquilizar.
Results: The auditory vigilance subscale from the attention area and the auditory prudence subscale of the auditory response from the inhibition area in the pre-test phase in compared to the post-test were statistically significant (P<0.05).
Conclusion: The 8-week acupuncture on the ear improves the auditory vigilance subscale and the auditory prudence subscale in children with ADHD.

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Background and Objective: Children with ADHD suffer from motor impairment in addition to behavioral problems (hyperactivity/impulsivity, attention deficit).The cerebellum receives data from visual, vestibular and somato- sensory systems.This study was done to determine the correlation between kinetic parameters of balance performance and behavioral symptoms in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.
Methods: This case - control study was performed on 15 children with ADHD (9.21±0.69 year) and 15 healthy children (9.27±0.75 year). Kinetic parameter of balance evaluated using sensory organization test (SOT) in different sensory conditions including visual, somatosensory and vestibular by Neurocom. Conner’s questionnaire used to assess hyperactivity and attention deficit in addition to a psychologist.
Results: Dynamic balance score in ADHD children was significantly lower in compare to controls (p<0.05). Children with ADHD had kinetic parameters of balance performance abnormality in compare to controls. There was a significant correlation between sensory contribution and hyperactivity in children with ADHD (P<0.05).
Conclusion: Children with ADHD suffer from balance dysfunction which is a result of sensory integration and attention deficit. The sensory systems analysis showed that vestibular system, partially somatosensory dysfunction is the most important factor in balance disorder in children with ADHD.