---

Background and Objective: The relation between stress and gastrointestinal diseases, particularly irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), has received consideration for years. This research was conducted to compare the attachment styles and coping strategies in IBS and healthy female students. Materials and Methods: This case – control study was conducted on 50 female students with irritable bowel syndrome and 50 healthy students in Gorgan, Iran druring 2011. Age, grade and major were similar in both cases and controls. ROME III criteria questionnaire, together with a physician report confirmation were used to diagnose IBS. All attendants in the study filled in Rass adult attachment scale questionnaire and Lazarus coping strategies questionnaire. Data were analyzed using SPSS-17 and student t-test. Results: In the IBS group the level of ambivalent (9.78±2.72) and avoidance (7.68±1.76) attachments were higher than the control group (8.1±2.65 and 6.56±1.82 respectively) (P<0.05). The most prevalent attachment style in control group was the secure style (11±3.89). There was a significant statistical difference between female of IBS group and control group regarding the mean±SD of coping strategies including: isolation (7.04±2.44, 5.9±1.95), self-control (9.62±2.39, 8.32±1.6), demanding social support (5.54±1.6, 6.92±2.42), evasion – avoidance (9.64±2.81, 6.8±1.37), solving the problem (8.2±1.85, 6.66±1.7), re-evaluation (16.2±1.81, 14.3±1.61) and taking responsibility (5.67±1.41, 4.5±1.58) (P<0.05). the direct coping strategy in IBS and control groups was 63.76±9.76 and 67.58±10.78. This difference was not significant. Conclusion: This study showed that in comparison to healthy female students, subjects with IBS use more ambivalent and avoidant attachment styles.

---

Background and Objective: Children constipation is one of the common causes of abdominal pain. Cow´s milk in children diet is suggested to be one of the main cause of chronic constipation. This study was performed to determine the effect of cow´s milk elimination from children diet with chronic constipation. Methods: This quasi-experimental study, was performed on 80 children with chronic constipation. Rome-III criteria were considered for disease diagnosis. Cow’s milk was eliminated for three weeks from children’s diet and the clinical symptoms in children were surveyed, subsequently. Results: Constipation was cured in 33.8% of children as result of cow's milk free diet. The rate of treatment response in affecting children whom their disease in began under 2 years of age (52.6%) was significantly higher than others (16.6%) (P<0.05). Children treatment was not significantly related to child’s gender and amount of milk consumption. Conclusion: Eliminating of cow's milk from the diet improves the chronic constipation in children.

---

Background and Objective: Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease is the most common cause of liver disease worldwide and it is defined as a disorder of excess fat accumulation in the liver. This study was done to determine the prevalence of fatty liver among overweight, obese and normal children.
Methods: This historical cohort study was conducted on 90 children ages 5 to 13 years old in Taleghani pediatric theching hospital in Gorgan, north of Iran during 2014. Subjects according to Body Mass Index (BMI) classified into obese (95%>BMI), over weight (85-95% BMI) and normal (5-85% BMI). Childern were matched for age and sex. Liver enzymes (ALT Alanine aminotransferase and AST (Aspartate aminotransferase) and lipid profile includingTriglyceride: TG (High Density Lipoprotein: HDL and (Low Density Lipoprotein: LDL were measured and fatty liver evaluated based on sonographic parameters by a radiologist who didnot know children's BMI.
Results: The prevalence of fatty liver was 23.3% in obese children that was non- significantly higher than normal (16.7%) and over weight (16.7%) children. The prevalence of fatty liver was not significantly different between two sexes. AST was significantly higher in children with normal BMI in compared to obese and over weight children (P<0.05). The highest and lowest level of cholesterol was seen in obese and normal children (P<0.05).
Conclusion: This study showed that the prevalence of fatty liver non-significantly was higher in obese children in comparision with normal and over weight children.

---

Background and Objective: Elimination disorders such as nocturnal enuresis, urinary incontinence during the day, and fecal incontinence are common problems in childhood. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of training mothers with the Adler-Dreikurs approach for reducing anxiety in children with elimination disorders.
Methods: This field trial was done in 2021 on the mothers of 20 children with elimination disorders who had been referred to the Pediatric Gastroenterology Clinic in Gorgan with a pretest, posttest, and follow-up approach. At the physician's discretion, the children's problem had no anatomical origin. Urinary incontinence and fecal incontinence in children were identified only by psychological symptoms and functional elimination disorders. The mothers were divided into an experimental group (n=10) and a control group (n=10). The experimental group received the Adler-Dreikurs training program in 12 sessions of 90 minutes. The research instrument was the Spence Children's Anxiety Scale – Parent (SCAS-P) (2001), which was completed by the mothers in three stages: pretest, posttest, and 2-month follow-up. Sub-components of anxiety including generalized anxiety, social phobia, obsessive-compulsive, specific phobia, and separation anxiety were also measured.
Results: Mean general anxiety scores in the pretest, posttest, and follow-up stages were 69.1±4.04, 45.8±6.1, and 47.8±5.94 in the experimental group and 69±6.58, 67.8±4.89, and 67.6±5.59 in the control group, respectively. There was a significant difference in all subcomponents of child anxiety in the posttest and follow-up stages between the experimental group and the control group (P<0.05). This difference was also present during the follow-up period except for the obsessive-compulsive subcomponent.
Conclusion: Training mothers through the Adler-Dreikurs approach can reduce anxiety in children with elimination disorders.