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Background and Objective: Recent studies have shown that diabetes induced cognitive dysfunction and impairs learning and memory. Palmatine is an isoquinoline alkaloid, and has multiple pharmacological effects, including anti-diabetic and antioxidant activity. This study was conducted, to evaluate the effect of Palmatine on learning and spatial memory impairment in STZ-induced diabetic rats. Materials and Methods: This experimental study was conducted on the male Wistar rats (n=32) with approximate weight of 240±40 grams. The rats were randomly allocated and were divided into 4 groups (n=8): Control, Palmatine-treated non-diabetic, diabetic and Palmatine-treated diabetic groups. Diabetes was induced by STZ administration at the dose of 55 mg/kg through intraperitoneal route. Palmatine hydrochloride was administered subcutaneous at doses of 10 mg/kg/day 1 week after STZ injection for a period of 6 weeks. Blood samples were taken from the tail vein 1, 3, 5, 7 weeks after STZ injection to measure blood glucose levels. Behavioral tests including spatial recognition and objective recognition were performed at the end of study. Data were analyzed by using Prism-5, one way ANOVA and Tukey tests. Results: In spatial recognition test, the number of entrance in new arm of the Ymaze, in the Palmatine-treated groups significantly increased in compare to diabetic group in both sixth and seventh weeks (P<0.05). Number of rearing in new arm significantly increased in sixth and seventh weeks, compare to the diabetic group (P<0.05). The number of recognition novel objects in the Palmatine-treated diabetic group significantly increased in compare to diabetic group (P<0.05). Conclusion: Palmatine hydrochloride administration for 6 weeks improves cognitive dysfunction in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats.

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Background and Objective: Diabetes induces motor dysfunctions, Palmatine is an isoquinoline alkaloid, with anti-diabetic and antioxidant activities. This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of Palmatine on motor dysfunction in STZ-induced diabetic rats. Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, 32 male wistar rats were randomly allocated into control, Palmatine-treated non-diabetic, diabetic and Palmatine-treated diabetic groups. Diabetes was induced by STZ administration at the dose of 55 mg/kg/bw, intraperitoneally. Palmatine hydrochloride was administered subcutaneous at doses of 10 mg/kg/bw per day for a period of 6 weeks, one week after induction of diabetes. Blood glucose level was measured 1, 3, 5, 7 weeks after STZ injection. Locomotor activity tests including Y maze, grip-traction and inclined plane tests were performed to determining locomotor activity. Results: In Y maze test, the number of arms entered significantly increased in Palmatine-treated diabetic group compared to diabetic group (P<0.05). Grip traction and inclined plane tests significantly increased in Palmatine-treated diabetic group compared to diabetics animals (P<0.05). Conclusion: Palmatine hydrochloride administration for 6 weeks improves motor dysfunctions in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats.

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Background and Objective: Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) is released from pituitary gland in response to stimulation of plasma osmolalrity. ADH affects on the kidney and regulates the water and electrolytes. This study was done to evaluate the effect of hydro-alcoholic extract of red grape seed on antidiuretic hormone secretion in male rats. Methods: In this experimental study, 30 adult male Wister rats were allocated into 5 groups. Animals in control group were received 1 mL of water, orally. Animals in positive control group were received 12mg/kg/bw of Furosemide, intraperitonally. In experimental groups, one hour after injection of 12mg/kg/bw of Furosemide, animals were received the red grape seed hydro-alcoholic extract, orally, in doses of 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg/bw for 4 days, respectively. Serum level of ADH was measeared using ELISA method. Results: Serum level of ADH in groups of 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg/bw doses of grape seed extract were (21±2.5, 19±1.24 and 14±2 pmol/L, respectively) which was significantly less than control group (40.5±3 pmol/L) (P<0.05). Conclusion: The oral consumption of hydro-alcoholoc extract of red grape seed reduces the antidiuretic hormone secretion in male rats.