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Background and Objective: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is one of the most common diseases in the central nervous system, caused by damage to myelin sheath. This study was done to compare the effect of eight weeks of core stabilization, theraband resistance and combined training on functional endurance and postural control in male patients with MS. Methods: In this quasi-experimental study, 40 male patients with MS were non- randomly divided into three experimental and one control groups (each group, n = 10, age range 25 to 35 years, BMI between 20 and 25, and physical disability scale of 1 to 5.4). Core stabilization, theraband resistance and combined training, balance berg test and 6-minute walk test were performed in order to exercise protocols. Results: Capacity movement and postural control were significantly improved in experimental groups in comparison with control group (P<0.05). The most variability was related to the combination of training program. Conclusion: Eight weeks of core stabilization, theraband resistance and combined training improves functional endurance and postural control in men with MS.

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Background and Objective: Diabetic neuropathy is one of the most prevalent complications of diabetic micro-vascular that causing sensory loss of the legs, pain and disorder in proprioception after destroying of the lower limbs nervous system afferents consequently leads in balance disorder. This study was done to determine the effectiveness of reflexology and Yumeiho massages on lower limb pain and keep balance in females with diabetic neuropathy.

Methods: In this semi-experimental study, thirty-four patients with diabetic neuropathyin lower limb non-randomly divided into reflexology, Yumeiho and control groups. Pain and balance were measured using the visual analogue scale, Sharpened Romberg and berg test respectively that were completed at baseline and after 6 weeks. Six weeks of Yumeiho and reflexology massaging were applied over 3 days in week for 30 minutes on the experimental groups.

Results: Pain and balance of patients singnificantly improved in reflexology and Yumeiho groups in compared to controls (P<0.05). There was no significant difference between reflexology and Yumeiho groups.

Conclusion: Reflexology and Yumeiho massages have a same impact on the pain rate and balance of lower limb in women with diabetic neuropathy.

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Background and Objective: Proprioception an important role in shoulder joint function. Exercise and throat of the upper extremity are complex and skinny movements that apply a great deal of stress on the shoulder joint. This study was done to evaluate the relationship between proprioception and rotator muscles strength in dominant and non-dominant side with shoulder pain of wheelchair basketball athletes.
Methods: In this descriptive-analytic study, 50 wheelchair basketball athletes were selected in non-random sampling way from wheelchair basketball gyms from Alborz and Tehran in Iran. WUSPI, MMT system and repositioning error test with felexometere were used for assessment of shoulder pain, rotator muscles strength and proprioception respectively.
Results: There was a significant difference between dominant and non-dominant side rotators strength and proprioception (P<0.05). There was a significant relationship between internal rotators strength and proprioception in dominate side with shoulder pain (P<0.05). There was not a significant relationship between external rotators strength and proprioception in non-dominate side with shoulder pain.
Conclusion: Repeated pattern of movements in the wheelchair basketball athletes at the long time causes muscle imbalance in strength shoulder joint. It is known as a risk factor in shoulder injuries.

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Background and Objective: The trigger point is the irritable point associated with a tight band of skeletal muscle which is painful against stress and strain. The real goal in treating trigger points is to achieve a degree of pain relief so that the sufferer can return to his usual activities and functions in spite of some pain. This study was carried out to compare of two methods of sports massage and cold stretch on the threshold of pain in passive trigger points in shoulder girdle muscles of the female volleyball players.
Methods: In this quasi-experimental study, 32 females national volleyball palyer who has a latent trigger point in the shoulder girdle region were non-randomly divided into to three groups of sports massage (n=11), stretching along the cold (n=11) and control (n=10) groups. Threshold of pain test was carried out in two steps, prior and immediately after sports massage and stretching along the cold.
Results: The mean of pain threshold prior and immediately after the study in control group was 38.84±11.348 and 35.16±9.311, respectively. The mean of pain threshold prior and immediately after the study in sports massage group was 39.40±9.88 and 43.54±9.63, respectively. This differernce was not significant. The mean of pain threshold prior and immediately after the study in stretching along the cold group was 39.22±10.57 and 41.10±10.95, respectively. This differernce was not significant.
Conclusion: Sports massage and stretching along the cold did not significant effect on the threshold of pain in passive trigger points in shoulder girdle muscles of the female volleyball players.

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Background and Objective: The phenomenon of aging is one of the evolutionary stages of life and it is an inevitable part of human society that can lead to poor balance and consequent harm, loss of independence and early death. This study was done to determine the effect of Pilates exercise on functional balance of elderly men.
Methods: This quasi-experimental study was done on 28 elderly men with an average age of above 60 years. Subjects were non-randomly divided into intervention and control groups. Eldely men in intervention group were received Pilates training for 6 weeks, 3 sessions per week. To measure the functional balance was used of the timed up and go test. Pre-test and post-test of was done for functional balance in intervention and control groups.
Results: The functional balance significantly reduced in intervention group (10.11±0.53 sec) in compared to controls (12.61±1.14 sec) (p<0.05).
Conclusion: Pilates training have an important role in improving the performance balance of elderly men.

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Background and Objective: Reducion of efficiency of the muscles after long duration training increases the probability of injury after the occurrence of fatigue. Sprain lateral ankle is one of the most common injuries occurs during sport activities. This study was done to compare the effect of two types of hopping and combined balance - strength training on the balance of static and dynamic balance and strength of selected muscles in soccer men with unilateral chronic ankle instability.
Methods: In this quasi-experimental study 36 soccer men with unilateral chronic ankle instability non-randomly divided into the three groups including: control, hopping and combined balance - strength training groups. Check list was used to collect demographic information, for the measurement the balance of the static, dynamic balance and strength respectively of the tests bass stick and Y balance and manual muscle test were used.
Results: There was significant increasd of the balance of the static and the total result of dynamic balance in the two training groups in compare to controls (P<0.05). The subjects of the group trianing balance - strength in the all directions of the test Y performance were better than training hopping group (P<0.05). After training, the strength of abduction, adduction and inversion of ankle significantly increased in the two training groups in compare to controls (P<0.05). According to invertion test the ankle of subjects in balance - strength training group had beter function in compare to training hopping group (P<0.05). However, other factors such as strength, extension and flexion of the knee and dorsi and plantar flexion of the ankle were not significant between the two intervention groups.
Conclusion: Both the balance - strength and hopping training can be effective in improving the balance and strength soccer men with chronic ankle instability unilateral. However, it seems the training selected balance - strength training due to the comprehensive nature of it and the reason as to strengthen each of these factors for conduit and have a greater effect on athletes with chronic ankle instability to have faster recovery.

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Background and Objective: Children with ADHD suffer from motor impairment in addition to behavioral problems (hyperactivity/impulsivity, attention deficit).The cerebellum receives data from visual, vestibular and somato- sensory systems.This study was done to determine the correlation between kinetic parameters of balance performance and behavioral symptoms in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.
Methods: This case - control study was performed on 15 children with ADHD (9.21±0.69 year) and 15 healthy children (9.27±0.75 year). Kinetic parameter of balance evaluated using sensory organization test (SOT) in different sensory conditions including visual, somatosensory and vestibular by Neurocom. Conner’s questionnaire used to assess hyperactivity and attention deficit in addition to a psychologist.
Results: Dynamic balance score in ADHD children was significantly lower in compare to controls (p<0.05). Children with ADHD had kinetic parameters of balance performance abnormality in compare to controls. There was a significant correlation between sensory contribution and hyperactivity in children with ADHD (P<0.05).
Conclusion: Children with ADHD suffer from balance dysfunction which is a result of sensory integration and attention deficit. The sensory systems analysis showed that vestibular system, partially somatosensory dysfunction is the most important factor in balance disorder in children with ADHD.

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Background and Objective: Patellofemoral pain is the most common and controversial musculoskeletal problem. Several studies have focused on its causes, prevention, and treatment strategies. This study was done to determine the effect of eight weeks of standard and functional stabilization training on pain and functional movement of women with patellofemoral pain.
Methods: This quasi-experimental study was performed on 45 non-athletic women with patellofemoral pain syndrome aged 18-35 years. Subjects were divided into three standard, functional stabilization training and the control group and followed for 8 weeks. Pain was measured by visual analogue scale and functional movement was measured by the KUJALA (Anterior knee Pain Scale).
Results: Severity of pain significantly reduced in the two interventional groups (standard and functional stabilization training) in comparison with control group (P<0.05). Functional movement significantly increased in the two interventional groups in comparison with control group (P<0.05). Severity of pain and functional movement had no significant difference between the two intervention groups.
Conclusion: Performing each of the exercises, standard or functional stabilization training, for eight weeks, had beneficial effect on reducing pain and improving functional movement in patients with patellofemoral pain syndrome.