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Background and Objective: The relation between stress and gastrointestinal diseases, particularly irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), has received consideration for years. This research was conducted to compare the attachment styles and coping strategies in IBS and healthy female students. Materials and Methods: This case – control study was conducted on 50 female students with irritable bowel syndrome and 50 healthy students in Gorgan, Iran druring 2011. Age, grade and major were similar in both cases and controls. ROME III criteria questionnaire, together with a physician report confirmation were used to diagnose IBS. All attendants in the study filled in Rass adult attachment scale questionnaire and Lazarus coping strategies questionnaire. Data were analyzed using SPSS-17 and student t-test. Results: In the IBS group the level of ambivalent (9.78±2.72) and avoidance (7.68±1.76) attachments were higher than the control group (8.1±2.65 and 6.56±1.82 respectively) (P<0.05). The most prevalent attachment style in control group was the secure style (11±3.89). There was a significant statistical difference between female of IBS group and control group regarding the mean±SD of coping strategies including: isolation (7.04±2.44, 5.9±1.95), self-control (9.62±2.39, 8.32±1.6), demanding social support (5.54±1.6, 6.92±2.42), evasion – avoidance (9.64±2.81, 6.8±1.37), solving the problem (8.2±1.85, 6.66±1.7), re-evaluation (16.2±1.81, 14.3±1.61) and taking responsibility (5.67±1.41, 4.5±1.58) (P<0.05). the direct coping strategy in IBS and control groups was 63.76±9.76 and 67.58±10.78. This difference was not significant. Conclusion: This study showed that in comparison to healthy female students, subjects with IBS use more ambivalent and avoidant attachment styles.

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Background and Objective: Hypertension in long time can cause cardiovascular disorders and increase chance of stroke. This study was done to determine the association between some dietary factors and risk of hypertension. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on the fourth phase (2008-11) of Tehran lipid and glucose study (TLGS). In this study 6089 subjects (2807 males and 3282 females), aged 19-70 years, were participated and dietary, demographic, anthropometric and blood pressure of each subject were collected. Dietary intake was assessed using a validated and reliable food frequency questionnaire with 147-items. Odds ratio for hypertension according to quartiles of dietary factors was determined using logistic regression with adjustment for confounder variables. Results: The rate of hypertension was 29.8%. Mean of weight, body mass index, waist circumference, prevalence of abdominal obesity and alliteration in the hypertensive subjects were significantly higher than normotensive subjects (P<0.05). There was a non significant direct relationship between energy density, total fat and saturated fat. Higher consumption of fiber was associated with lower risk of hypertension (OR: 0.62, 95% CI: 0.37-0.97). The risk of hypertension increased in the highest quartiles of dietary protein (OR: 1.20, 95% CI: 1.02-1.43). Odds ratio for hypertension was higher among subjects whom consumed lower fruits and nuts than those subjects with higher fruits consumption (OR: 1.33, 95% CI: 1.15-1.85) and nuts (OR: 1.21, 95% CI: 1.02-1.42). Conclusion: High consumption of fiber could protect against hypertension while some dietary factors such as high consumption of protein could increase risk of hypertension.

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Background and Objective: Campylobacter is one of the most important pathogens causing bacterial gastroenteritis, which is usually transmitted through the food of animal origin. This study was done to evaluate the status of Campylobacter in diarrheal food outbreaks compared to other microbial agents.
Methods: This descriptive study was performed on 305 diarrheal swab samples from 102 food outbreaks during six months from spring to the end of summer 2018. Presence of Campylobacter species were assessed according to the protocol of the General Directorate of Laboratory Affairs.
Results: Out of 305 samples, 8 (2.6%) were identified as Campylobacter species, 3 (37.5%) Campylobacter and 5 (62.5%) Campylobacter coli. The epidemiology of the outbreaks showed that female (54.5%), average age of 16-30 years (28.2%), consumption of salads and vegetables (16.1%) and living in the cities (59.7%) were the most cases.
Conclusion: This study showed that in addition to classic pathogens such as Salmonella, Shigella, Escherichia coli, attention also should be paid to Campylobacter bacteria. In addition, recognizing epidemiological factors can play an important role in preventing and controlling food outbreaks.

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Background and Objective: Mood disorders such as depression, anxiety, stresses, and low sleep quality are common among overweight / obese people. Accumulating evidence support the role of diet quality in brain function and behavior. This study was done to determine the relationship between dietary energy density and indices of mental health in overweight and obese women.
Methods: This descriptive-analytical study was performed on 301 women, referring to Tehran health centers, with mean BMI 30.7±3.7 kg/m² aged 18-56 years during 2017-18. Based on a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire, dietary energy density was calculated by dividing the total dietary energy intake from consumed food (kcal/d) by the total weight (g/d) of consumed foods (excluding beverages). Physical activity was measured using International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ). The questionnaire includes 7 items to assess the intensity of activities by the vigorous, medium, and light for at least 10 minutes during the last week. Mental health was assessed using the 21-question version of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS-21) and the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index was applied for screening sleep quality. Weight, height, BMI, hip, and waist circumference were measured for all participants.
Results: Women in the highest quartile of dietary energy density had higher systolic and diastolic blood pressure but lower serum triglyceride (P<0.05), compared with subjects in the first quartile. Univariate (95% CI: 1.01-4.56, P=0.04, OR=2.15) and multivariate (95% CI: 1.13-5.79, P=0.02, OR=2.56) logistic regression analysis, adjusted for age, BMI, and physical activity, showed that dietary energy density was significantly related to increased risk of stress. No significant association was detected between dietary energy density with sleep quality, depression, and anxiety.
Conclusion: Dietary energy density was directly associated with the presence of stress, but not depression, anxiety and low sleep quality.

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Background and Objective: Obesity plays an important role in the development of chronic diseases including diabetes, hyperlipidemia, and cardiovascular diseases (CVD). This study was conducted to evaluate the association of the age of onset of obesity with resting metabolic rate (RMR) in overweight and obese women during adulthood.
Methods: This descriptive-analytical study was done on 295 overweight and obese women aged 18-50 years in Tehran, Iran. The anthropometric measurements of all participants were measured. Dietary intake and total daily energy intake were assessed by using a semi-quantitative food-frequency questionnaire (FFQ) which the list including 147 food items. Resting metabolic rate was measured by indirect calorimetric method. In order to measure the physical activity International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) was used. The questionnaire includes 7 items to assess the intensity of activities by the vigorous, medium, and light for at least 10 minutes during the last week.
Results: There was a significant difference between those whose age of onset of obesity was under 18 or over 18, in RMR per body weight (kg) (Beta: 0.16, CI: 0.11 to 0.00, P: 0.03). In addition, it was seen a significant inverse correlation between age of onset of obesity and body weight (Beta: -0.11, CI: -0.30 to 0.00, P: 0.005) and adipose tissue content (Beta: -0.13,
CI: -0.23 to -0.01, P: 0.02). After adjustment for confounders including (age, physical activities, and energy intake), the correlations still remain significant.
Conclusion: Age of onset of obesity was associated with increased weight and fat and decreased resting metabolic rate in adulthood. In fact, people with lower obesity age have higher body weight and fat and lower RMR.

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Background and Objective: Yersinia is water and foodborne organism that cause human gastroenteritis. This study was done to evaluate the frequency of Yersinia species isolated from children diarrheal samples and chicken meat in Tehran, Iran.
Methods: In this descriptive study 250 sample of diarrhea of children referred to the Children's Medical Center, Tehran, Iran and 250 samples of chicken were collected and examined for Yersinia infection during July 2016 to March 2017. Isolation method was performed based on initial enrichment in phosphate buffer for 3 weeks in refrigerator (cooling in c4 +) and then using KOH as secondary enrichment and culture on CIN agar medium. Biotyping method was used to determine pathogenic strains.
Results: In this study, 5(2%) isolates from pediatric diarrhea samples and 20 isolates (8%) from chicken meat samples were obtained from Yersiniaenterocolitica. Biotyping of human Yersiniaenterocolitica isolates identified 3 cases of biotype 1A, one case of biotype 1B, one case of biotype 2 and from chicken meat isolates, 16 isolates belonged to biotype 1A and 4 isolates belonged to biotype 1B.
Conclusion: Presence of common pathogenic 1B and non-pathogenic 1A biotypes in pediatric diarrhea samples and chicken meat can indicate the cause of diarrhea in children.