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Background and Objective: Muscle size is considered to be a good indicator of muscle function. Previous studies demonstrated a major role for longus colli muscle in cervical spine stabilization. This study was designed to compare muscle size and shape of cervical longus colli muscle between patients with bilateral chronic neck pain and healthy subjects. Materials and Methods: In this case – control study, bilateral ultrasound images of longus colli muscle, 2 centimeters below the thyroid cartilage were taken in 20 subjects (10 males and 10 females) with bilateral chronic neck pain and in 20 healthy subjects during 2008. Cross sectional area (cm2) and muscle shape ratio (ratio between lateral and anterior posterior dimensions) were measured. T- test was used for comparison of cross sectional area and shape ratio of right and left sides between the two groups. Results: In healthy subjects the cross sectional area of longus colli muscle in right and left sides were 0.85±0.11 and 0.86±0.12 respectively which was greater than that of neck pain patients: 0.76±0.11 and 0.68±0.07 respectively (P<0.05). In addition, longus colli muscle shape ratio of healthy subjects in right and left sides was 1.18±0.17 and 1.16±0.19 respectively which was smaller than that of neck pain patients: 1.50±0.25 and 1.50±0.27 respectively (P<0.05). Conclusion: This study showd that patients with bilateral chronic neck pain had generally smaller cross sectional area and larger shape ratio of longus colli compared to controls.

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Background and Objective: An increased risk of invasive infections with encapsulated bacteria such as Streptococcus pneumoniae has been described among splenectomized patients. Pneumococcal vaccination has been recommended in these patients. In this study, the serum antibody response to pneumococcal polysaccharide antigens in splenectomized patients with idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) or trauma who immunized with Pneumovax 23 was evaluated. Materials and Methods: This case - control study was performed on two groups of patients including fifteen cases of trauma patients (11 male, 4 female) and twenty patients with ITP (10 male, 10 female) along with 40 healthy volunteers as controls who were immunized with Pneumovax 23 to prevent pneumococcal infections. All patients received the pneumococcal vaccine before splenectomy. The serum antibody response (IgG and IgG2) to pneumococcal antigens was determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) technique prior to vaccination and 4 weeks post-vaccination. Analyzing of data was performed using student t-test and linear regression test. Results: The mean of post-vaccination IgG or IgG2 titer to the pneumococcal antigens in ITP patient group was significantly lower than those in controls or in trauma group (P<0.05). No significant differences in IgG or IgG2 antibody titer increase were found between trauma group and healthy control group. Response to immunization was poor in 9 of 20 ITP patients. Conclusion: This study indicated that 45 percent of patients suffered from ITP who have undergone splenectomy responded poorly to pneumococcal antigens.

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Background and Objective: Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) belongs to the retroviridae family and is the agent of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Treatment of HIV for the global health has made a special importance for the new antiviral drug discoveries in addition to HIV vaccine developments. Materials and Methods: In this experimental study single cycle replicable (SCR) HIV-1 virions with the capability of one cycle of replication were produced by the co-transfection of three plasmids of pmzNL4-3, psPAX2 and pMD2.G to the HEK cells and their replication capacity of the first generation SCR visions in HEK 293T, MT-2, and mouse spleen cells was examined by p24-capture ELISA, syncytium formation assay. The infectivity of the SCR-produced virions was also analysed on MT-2 cells. Results: Experiments showed the efficient production of SCR virions. Moreover, results indicated the replication potency of SCR virions on the investigated cells and the inactivity of the produced SCR HIV virions. Complete HIV antigens are expressed in their native forms by SCR virions, but this second viral particles lack the replication capacity. Conclusion: SCR HIV virions produced in this study are capable of one cycle of replication and will be inactivated thereafter.These features make SCR virions as a good candidate for HIV vaccine studies. Moreover, considering the one cycle replication, SCR virions do not need the severe biosafety concerns involved in retrovirus studies.

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Background and Objective: Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an inflammatory multi-system disease with an unknown origin. In patients with lupus disease cardiovascular events is an important cause of mortality and morbidity. This study carried out to measurement of high sensitivity C –reactive protein (HsCRP) and homocysteine in patients with SLE and their relation with diseases activity and cardiovascular risk factors.

Materials and Methods: This case control study carried out on 60 patients (55 females and 5 males) with lupus disease which referred to Clinical Research Center of Rheumatology, Mashhad, Iran and 30 controls (26 females and 4 males) during 2007-08. Information of subjects were gathered using SLEDAI questionare. HsCRP and homocysteine of subjects were measured. The level of low density lipoprotein (LDL), Triglycerid, hypertension and Body mass index (BMI) was assessed. Systemic lupus erythematosus activity was assessed by using SLEDAI so that if the score was higher than 10, lupus was called as active disease.

Results: Mean age was 28.8±10.3 and 33.8±9.13 years in SLE and control groups respectively. The mean of HsCRP in SLE patients were 3±2.42 mg/dl versus in controls were 1.58±2.1. The serum level of homocysteine were 12.3±1.93 µmol/L and 24±8.13 µmol/L in SLE patients and controls (P<0.001). Mean disease activity was 15.37. There was no any associtation between homocysteine and HsCRP and disease activity. LDL, Triglycerid, hypertension had significant association with homocystein (P<0.05). BMI and Triglycerid had significant association with HsCRP (P<0.05).

Conclusion: This study showed that there is no linear significant corrolation between homocysteine, HsCRP and disease activity, but there is significant corrolation between increase of homocysteine and HsCRP and cardiovascular risk factors.

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Background and Objective: Patellofemoral is a pain syndrome, common among athletes and the theraputic regiment based on the improvement of muscle involved in this disorder. This study was done to compare electromyography activity of the vastus medialis obliques and vastus lateralis longus during squat with isometric hip adduction in athletes with patellofemoral pain syndrome and healthy athletes.

Materials and Methods: This case – control study was carried out on 16 national team male athletes (volleyball, handball and taekwondo) aged 30-18 years with patellofemoral pain syndrome and 16 healthy male athletes. Subjects were matched based on weight, height, age, dominant of lower extremity and voluntarily participated. Electromyography activity of vastus medialis obliques and vastus lateralis longus muscles recorded by surface electrodes at 15, 30 and 45 knee flexion degrees. Paired t test was used to compare electromyography activities in each group and One-way ANOVA and Tukey post hoc test was used to compare each muscle in different angles.

Results: There was significant differences in the activity of vastus medialis obliques and vastus lateralis longus muscles in athletes with patellofemoral pain syndrome at 45 knee flexion degree (P<0.05). There were no significant differences between the muscle activities in healthy athletes at none of the knee flexion degrees. There were significant differences in the activity of vastus medialis obliques (P<0.05) and vastus lateralis longus (P<0.05) muscles at 45 degrees in comparison with muscle activities in each group in knee flexion degrees.

Conclusion: Electromyography activity of the vastus medialis obliques in healthy athletes during squat with isometric hip adduction at 45 knee flextion is greater than other degrees and in athletes with patellofemoral pain syndrome is greater than healthy athletes.

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Background and Objective: Although multiple sclerosis is a disease affecting white matter of brain and spinal cord, but involvement of basal ganglions in some studies demonstrated a decrease in T2 sequence signals. This study was done to assess signal intensity of basal ganglions in T2 magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in multiple sclerosis Materials and Methods: This case – control study was done on 30 multiple sclerosis patients and 30 controls in Imam Reza hospital, Kermanshah, Iran, during 2010. MRI images of multiple sclerosis of patients and control group were matched according to age and sex. The basal ganglia signals were identified based on involvement areas, number of plaques, and brain atrophy in T2 and flair sequences. Data were analyzed using SPSS-16, Chi-Square, Fisher exact test and independent t-tests. Results: Among the case group, 10 patients (33.3%) demonstrated low signals in right thalamus and 14 patients (46.7%) in left thalamus, which was statistically significant compared with control group (P<0.001). The presence of plaques in right and left globus pallidus was observed in 4 (13.3%) and 7 patients (23.3%) respectively. The presence of plaques in right and left thalamus was observed in 10 patients (33.3%) and 14 patients (46.7%) respectively, which was significant compared with control group (P<0.001). The presence of brain atrophy was observed in 18 patients (60%) in case groups and in one patient (3.3%) in control group (P<0.001). Conclusion: This study indicated that reduction of T2 signals in thalamus is a valuable finding in multiple sclerosis patients and it may facilitate the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis.

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Background and Objective: Proprioceptive, vestibular and visual senses control human movements. This study was carried out to compare the posture of head and shoulder in blind, deaf and ordinary pupiles. Materials and Methods: This descriptive and analytic study was done on 16 blind, 30 deaf and 60 ordinary pupiles in Ardabil city, Noth-west of Iran. Sagital and frontal planes Photos for each child was used for determination of head and shoulder deviation. Results: Forward head in blind group significantly was lower than deaf and ordinary pupiles (P<0.05). Rounded shoulder in blind and deaf pupiles significantly was lower than ordinary pupiles (P<0.05). Uneven shoulders in deaf pupiles significantly was lower than ordinary and blind children (P<0.05). Lateral flexion of the head in blind and deaf pupiles significantly was higher than ordinary children (P<0.05). Conclusion: There is a relationship between sensory impairment and postural problems paticularly in blindness Pupils.

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Background and Objective: Dissection of the axillary lymph nodes is considered as one of the common measures in management of breast cancer. Edema and limitation in hand movement are accompanied with dissection of axillary lymph nodes. Sentinel lymph node biopsy can be used to evaluate axillary metastasis. This study was carried out to evaluate the diagnostic value of sentinel lymph node biopsy in patients with breast cancer. Materials and Methods: This descriptive study was performed on 30 selected patients with breast cancer less than 5 cm without any involvement of axillary lymph nodes in Ghaem Hospital in Mashhad, North-East of Iran during 2009 -10. Initially, the lymphoscintigraphy was performed. Subsequently, prior, to the surgery, the blue dye as a marker was injected for detecting sentinel lymph node and with the use of probe gamma counter and observing blue color on lymph nodes, the sentinel node was determined and separated. Finally, axillary dissection was performed for removing the lymph nodes of I and II level in all patients. Results: Among 30 patients who were evaluated for sentinel lymph nodes and axillary dissection, false negative were observed only in two cases (6.6 %). The sensitivity rate was determined to be 84.6%. Conclusion: Considering the high success rate of detection of sentinel lymph node and limited false negative cases, sentinel lymph node biopsy is recommended in cases of breast cancer without axillary involvement.

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Background and Objective: Fanconi anemia is the most prevalent inherited aplastic anemia. Diagnosis based solely on the recognition of clinical symptoms is not reliable. This study was done to determine chromosomal aberrations in patients suspected with the risk of Fanconi anemia in the Eastern Azarbaijan province- Iran. Materials and Methods: This descriptive study was conducted on 20 patients in the Eastern Azarbaijan province-Iran. The cytogenetic method was used to determine type and number of chromosomal disorders. Results: Nine eight and nine patients had co-morbid anemia, platelet deficiency and 9 patients had hand and finger deformities, respectively. Using cytogenetic method, Fanconi anemia was confirmed in 5 (25%) of the cases. The percentage of mitotic abnormalities in the chromosomes without administration of mitomycin C varied between 5-30% in the cultures of the 5 affected and between 0-4% in the 15 unaffected patients with the administration of mitomycin C, the percentages were increased up to 35-78% and 0-20% in affected and unaffected patients, respectively. Conclusion: Fanconi anemia is confirmed precisely in 25% of suspected patients using cytogenetic method.

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Background and Objective: Agricultural toxins including organochlorine and organophosphorus families cause damages in the various tissues in humans. Diazinon is a non-systemic organophosphate insecticide. This study was carried out to determine the effect of Diazinon on sex hormone, interferon gamma, interleukin-4 and 10 in male rats. Methods: In this experimental study 24 adult male Wistar rats were randomly allocated into four groups. Three experimental groups were received Diazinon 5 days per week for one month at 0.3, 3 and 30 mg/kg/bw intraperitoneally, while controls received nothing. Seven days after the last injection, blood samples were obtained and the serum testosterone, FSH, LH, interferon gamma, interleukin-4 and interleukin-10 were measured. Results: Serum level of Interleukin-10 significantly increased in experimental group (30 mg/kg/bw of Diazinon) compared to controls (P<0.05). Serum level of Interleukin-10 significantly decreased in 0.3 mg/kg/bw and 3mg/kg/bw of Diazinon groups compared to controls (P<0.05). Interleukin-4 level was only significant in the group receiving 30 mg/kg/bw of Diazinon (P<0.05). Reduction in interferon-gamma level was not significant between control and experimental groups. FSH significantly reduced in the three experimental groups in comparison with controls (P<0.05). Testosterone level was significantly increased in experimental groups compared to control (P<0.05). Conclusion: Diazinon increases interleukin-10 and testosterone and reduces FSH hormone in the rat.

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Background and Objective: With respect to the antioxidant role of melatonin and retinoic acid, it seems to be effective both in the maturation and embryonic development. This study was done to investigate the effect of combination of melatonin and All-Trans retinoic acid (RA) on maturation, fertilization and embryonic development of immature mouse oocytes. Methods: In this experimental study, cumulus - oocyte complex (COCs) were recovered from 4-6 week old female mice NMRI and were divided into 6 maturation medium groups including control, sham, experiment 1(melatonin 100 nM, 1 and 2 µM), experiment 2 (retinoic acid 1, 2, 4, 6 µM), experiment 3 (melatonin 2 µM+RA 4 µM), experiment 4 (Mel 100nM + retinoic acid 4µM). The maturation rate was recorded after 24 hours of culture in a humidified atmosphere of 5% CO2 at 37°C. The matured oocytes were fertilized with sperm. Fertilization and embryonic development rates to the blastocyst stage were recorded. Results: Maturation rate in the control and sham groups were 50.6% and 49.4%, respectively. Maturation rate were 54.3%, 54.8%, 59.9% in melatonin group with concentrations of 100 nM, 1 and 2 µM, respectively. Maturation rate were 51.6%, 51%, 59% and 49.6% in t-RA group with concentrations of 1, 2, 4, 6 μM. Maturation rate were 60.4% and 54.2% in the experiment 3 and 4 groups, respectively. The maturation rates in the melatonin 2 µM, retinoic acid 4 µM and experiment 3 significantly increased in compare to control (P<0.05). The embryonic development rate in the melatonin with 100nM concentration and 4 µM of retinoic acid increased significantly compared to controls (P<0.05). Although, embryonic development rate in experiment 3 was higher than control, but lower in compare to melatonin 100 nM and the retinoic acid 4 µM. The embryonic development rate in experiment 4 significantly increased in compare to control (P<0.05). Conclusion: Combination of melatonin and All-Trans retinoic acid in medium culture increase maturation rate and improved embryonic development in dose dependent manner.

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Background and Objective: Patients with psychological disorders including depression, anxiety and patients with choronic psychological diseases are not suitable for cosmetic rhinoplasty.This study was done to evaluate the mental health status before and after cosmetic rhinoplasty.

Methods: This quasi- experimental study was done on 100 women and men with mean age of 26.85±6.60 which candidated for cosmetic rhinoplasty. Subjects filled out psychological disorder symptom questianare (SCL-90-R) before and 3-6 months after cosmetic rhinoplasty.

Results: Women had more symptom (P<0.05) of depression (7.24 versus 10.79), somatization (4.64 versus 7.35), obsessive-compulsive (5.67 versus 8.51), interpersonal sensitivity (5.48 versus 7.52), anxiety (5.26 versus 8.07), symptom distress index (0.58 versus 0.79) and totally positive symptoms (32.29 versus 41.06) in comparison with men. The main effect of time factor showed that there was not significant difference between symptoms of psychological disorder before and 3-6 months after cosmetic rhinoplasty. Interactional effect of gender and time was not significant for each psychological disorder symptom.

Conclusion: The differences of deviation of psychological disorder symptoms, before cosmetic rhinoplasty and 3-6 months after cosmetic rhinoplasty were not significant. This finding can denotes existence of psychological symptoms before cosmetic surgery. Cosmetic surgery strengthens psychological symptoms in women the assessment and psychological intermediate with the aim of reducing psychological symptoms especially at time range of 3-6 months should be done.

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Background and Objective: Probiotc bacteria have benefical effect on consumer health. This study was done to investigate the antimicrobial effect of several probiotic in combinations with different prebiotics against food patoghenic bacteria including Staphylococcus aureus and Listeria monocytogenes.

Methods: In this descriptive - analytical study, probiotics including Lactobacillus plantarum, L. acidophilus, L. fermntum, L. casei and L. rhamnosus with prebiotics (1%) including raffinose, lactulose, inulin and trehalose were cultured in MRS broth for 24 hours at 30ºC in anaerobic conditions. Antimicrobial property of them was determined with well diffusion plate's method.

Results: Probiotics in the presence of prebiotics indicated the higher antimicrobial effect compared to probiotics alone (P<0.05). The application of prebiotics such as L. casei with raffinose showed higher antimicrobial property against Listeria monocytogenes than the free prebiotics consumption. The diameter of inhibitory growth zone in the presence of raffinose as a prebiotics was 14.66 mm and its absence reduced to 11.75 mm.

Conclusion: Antimicrobial effect of probiotics in combination with prebiotics against Staphylococcus aureus and Listeria monocytogenes was higher than probiotics consumption alone.

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Background and Objective: One of the most common musculoskeletal injuries in modern societies is neck and shoulder pains which often lead to postural disorders and soft tissue shortenings. This study was done to compare the length of shoulder girdle’s muscles in healthy subjects and patients with shoulder and neck pain.

Methods: This case-control study was done on16 patients with chronic neck- shoulder pain as cases and 15 healthy subjects as control group. Length of upper trapezius, pectoralis major and minor muscles was evaluated with functional tests. Also, the range of shoulder abduction and external rotation and cervical flexion and lateral flexion were measured by goniometer.

Results: Significant differences between patient and control groups were found in pectoralis major and minor muscles length in involved side (P<0.05) and also in neck active range of lateral flexion (P<0.05). Furthermore, there were significant differences between shoulder active range of abduction and external rotation (P<0.05) in the groups.

Conclusion: This study confirmed a significant reduction in range of motion in the neck and shoulder and also a remarkably shortening in the muscles of in the involved side.

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Background and Objective: Mupirocin is a secreted antibiotic inhibitor of Isoleucine-tRNA, a bacterial synthetase that is used against yellow wounds from Streptococcus pyogenic and Staphylococcus aureus. This study was carried out to determine the plasmid resistance of mupirocin in Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from clinical specimens of the skin of hospital employees and hospitalized patients.
Methods: This descriptive study was performed on 150 strains of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from clinical specimens of the skin of patients and employees of three hospitals in Qom, Iran during
2014-15. In order to confirm the identity of Staphylococcus aureus isolates, conventional biochemical methods were used. Also, PCR of srRNA16 was used for molecular confirmation of isolates. The presence of mupA (iles-2) and mupB plasmid genes was investigated using PCR method and AluI enzyme digestion plan was performed for them. Disc diffusion method was used to demonstrate resistance to mupirocin.
Results: Seven isolated samples (4.66%) were resistant to mupirocin. All Mupirocin-resistant isolates possessed PCR-positive mupacysin mupirocidal genes (iles-2) and mupB, and all plasmid genes were resistant to all resistant specimens. Genotyping of mupB gene was able to isolate samples from patients and staff as well as male and female.
Conclusion: The prevalence of mupirocin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolated from skin specimens was low.

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Background and Objective: Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is a common clinical condition with a mortality rate of 15-20%. Neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (NLR) is known as an indicator in predicting clinical outcomes in patients with various diseases and malignancies. This study was conducted to determine the value of neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio in the prognosis of death in patients with venous thromboembolism during the short term.
Methods: This retrospective cohort study was performed on 93 hospitalized patients with spontaneous venous thromboembolism in Gorgan, northern Iran during 2012-15. Demographic, blood and biochemical parameters of the patients were evaluated in the prediction of fatal outcome in a follow-up of 30 days after thrombose diagnosis.
Results: Sixteen patients (17.2%) died within 30 days. The variables of age, white blood cells, neutrophils, NLR, creatine kinase MB and lactate dehydrogenase significantly increased (P<0.05), and lymphocyte also platelet significantly reduced within the occurrence of death in a short period of 30 days follow up (P<0.05). A cut-off point of 7.21≤NLR had sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive value of 56.3%, 87%, 47.3% and 90.5%, respectively.
Conclusion: Neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio can be used as a useful biomarker in the prediction of mortality during short periods of time in VTE patients.

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Background and Objective: Considering the importance of coverage and quality of data in Golestan population-based Cancer Registry (GPCR), northern Iran. This study was conducted to determine the effect of the referral of cancer patients to medical centers outside Golestan province on the coverage of the population-based cancer registry program.
Methods: This descriptive-analytic study was performed on all cancer patients registered in the diagnostic centers of Golestan province, northern Iran during 2008-10. Data of patients referred to the centers of the province from the bank of the Golestan province cancer registry program and data of patients referred to the centers outside the province were received from the Ministry of Health Department of Cancer. Data were analyzed using the record linkage method.
Results: A total of 6083 new cases of cancer were registered in Golestan province. According to the cancer data, 678 (11%) of them were referred to outside of Golestan province centers. 343 of these 678 patients (50.6%) were found as duplicate records between the two datasets. The most frequent cases were gastric cancers (70.4%), breast (63.5%) and esophagus (62.5%).
Conclusion: This study suggested that referrals of cancer patients to centers outside the Golestan province may result in an underestimation of about 5% in GPCR. This level of underestimation seems to have no considerable effects on completeness and quality of data in the GPCR.

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Background and Objective: Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS) is considered as a metabolic disorder and it is one of the most common endocrine and heterogeneous disorders with complex pathogenesis among women in reproductive ages. This study was done to evaluate the accuracy of diagnosis of lipid accumulate product index (LAP), insulin resistance, waist circumference and waist to hip ratio in women with polycystic ovary syndrome.
Methods: In this case control study, antropometrics, biochemical parameters, LAP and insulin resistance in 43 women suffering from PCOS as case and 40 healthy women as control were measured. Body mass index (BMI), waist hip ratio (WHR) and waist circumference (WC) was determined for each subject. LAP was defined as [WC (cm)-58´TG (m mol/L)]. PCOS was diagnosed according to Roterdam standard .Insulin resistance was defined based on Homeostatic model assessment – insulin resistance (HOMA-IR).
Results: The mean age, BMI, WHR and LAP index, among PCOS women were 24.06±5.86, 26.61±4.34, 0.81±0.061 and 47.13±4.13, respectively. There was a direct and significant correlation between HOMA-IR index and BMI, WC and LAP in case group (P<0.05). Statistical analysis showed that the optimal cut-off value of LAP, BMI, WC and WHR were 46.93, 27.91, 93 and 0.81 respectively.
Conclusion: The WC, BMI and LAP indices are useful in screening the insulin resistance in patients with PCOS.

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Background and Objective: A brief and short duration episode of ischemia is recorded in ischemic preconditioning (IPC). This latter condition provides a status in which large region of heart is protected when prolonged ischemia occurred. Levothyroxine play a protective role in IPC induction, and simultaneously with stress oxidative. This study was conducted to determine the protective effect of levothyroxine with oxidative stress reduction mechanism in ischemic preconditioning model in rat heart.
Methods: This experimental study was performed on 30 male Wistar rats in three groups of 10, as follows. In the reperfusion ischaemia group (IR), the heart of the animal was placed in a Langendorff apparatus. In the ischemic preconditioning group (IPC), prior to major ischemia, was exposed to 4 periods of 5-minute ischemia with reperfusion. In the intraperitoneally administered group, levothyroxine at a dose of 25 microgram per 100 g of body weight, the heart was exposed to reperfusion ischemia. The area of infarct and the level of malondialdehyde in the heart tissue were measured.
Results: The volume of Infarcted region in IR and IPC groups was 26.55 and 11.11 respectively. The same index for the Levothyroxine receiver was 12.56. Based on these findings it was demonstrated that Levothyroxine injection reduced the Infarcted region significantly similar with IPC (P<0.05). The MDA Levels in IR and IPC were 1328 and 777, respectively and in Levothyroxine group it was determined as 762. The size of Infarcted region in both IPC and treated with Levothyroxine groups significantly reduced in compared to IR group (P<0.05).
Conclusion: Injection of levothyroxine with ischemic preconditioning reduced the effect of reperfusion maladaptive ischemia in rat heart.

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Background and Objective: The most important factor in the integrity of saphenous vein is the health degree of endothelium which guaranties the dilation of them after cronary bypass sergery. Kind of preservative soulution has a key role in endothelial protection. This study was done to evaluate Protective effect of perserved solutions of krebs contains verapamil, adrenaline and propranololol in comparision with Krebs and Heparinated blood on desqumation of the endothelial cell in Saphenous vein of Guinea pig.
Methods: This experimental study was done on 28 male Guinea pigs with 380±40g weight.for separating 3mm of saphenous vein rings and Measuring of rings nitric oxide released in preserving solutions: Krebs (K), Krebs plus propranolol (K+P), adrenaline (K+A) and verapamil (K+V) compaired with heparinized blood at 30, 45, 60 and 90 minutes after harvesting measured by micro plate Griess reaction. Rings also stained by H&E and examined by light microscopy to evaluate endothelial desqumation.
Results: Average concentration of nitric oxide (NO) in the Krebs plus Verapamil solution (K+V) Vs Heparinized Blood (HB), Krebs (K), Krebs plus Adrenaline (K+A) and Krebs plus Propanololol (K+P) revealed significant increase in NO release (P<0.05). The maximum NO measurement was 45 minuts after harvesting. Also histological study with H&E staining showed that endothelial layer was intact only in Krebs plus verapamil in compaired to control group, but in the other solutions the vascular intimal cells had suffered different degrees.
Conclusion: It seems that Krebs solutions containing verapamil has more efficiently to the proper functioning of the saphenous veins endothelium in animal modle.