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Background and Objective: Immobilization stress has a variety of effects on the enzymes activity. This study was conducted to determine the protective effect of Aloe vera extract on the serum level of creatine kinase enzyme in male rates exposed to acute and chronic immobilization stress. Materials and Methods: This experimental study was conducted on 45 male Wistar rats weighing approximately 200±30g. Animals were randomly allocated into 9 groups of 5 rats: control, normal saline, chronically immobilized, acutely immobilized, chronically immobilized normal saline, acutely immobilized normal saline, Aloe vera extract (600mg/kg/daily), acutely immobilized Aloe vera (600g/kg/daily) and chronically immobilized Aloe vera groups (600g/kg/daily). Aloe vera extract with a dose of 600mg/kg/BW was administered by gavage feeding before applying stress. For chronic immobilization, animals were put under immobilization stress for 2 hrs a day for 3 weeks and for acute immobilization animals were put under immobilization for 8hrs a day for one week. At the end of the experiments, blood samples were collected using cardiac puncture method and serum level of creatine kinase enzyme (units/L) was measured by spectrophotometery. Data were analyzed using SPSS-19, one-way ANOVA and Tukey post-hoc tests. Results: Serum level of creatine kinase enzyme represented a statistical significant increase in rats exposed to acute (2368.20±104.96 units/L) and chronic immobilization (2177.80±234.75 units/L) compared with control group (1240.40±706.40 units/L) (P<0.001). The enzyme alteration level was not significant in Aloe vera (1619.80±171.41 units/L), acutely immobilized Aloe vera extract (1619.00±206.03 units/L) and chronically immobilized Aloe vera extract (1448.00±106.07 units/L). Conclusion: This study showed that gavage of Aloe vera extract (600mg/kg/daily) in rats can prevent the elevation of creatine kinase enzyme activity resulted by immobilization stress.

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Background and Objective: Diabetes mellitus cause learning, memory and cognitive skills disorders in the long term. This study was conducted to determine the protective effect of silymarin on the learning and memory deficiency in streptozotocin-diabetic rats. Materials and Methods: This experimental study was conducted on 40 male Wistar rats weighing 240-300 grams. The rats were randomly allocated into 5 groups: control, silymarin -treated control (100 mg/kg), diabetic, and two silymarin -treated diabetic groups (50 and 100 mg/kg). Silymarin was daily administered (i.p. and daily) ten days after streptozotocin injection for 4 weeks. Finally, initial (acquisition index) and step-through latencies (retention and recall index) were measured using passive avoidance test and alternation behavior percentage as an index of spatial memory was determined using Y maze. The level of malondialdehyde in the homogenate hippocampal tissue of the animals brains was measured. Data were analyzed using Sigma Stat-3.5, one-way and two-way ANOVA, Tukey, and Kruskall-Wallis tests. Results: A significant reduction of STL was observed in diabetic (P<0.01) and silymarin-treated (50mg/kg) diabetic (P<0.05) groups and this parameter was significantly higher in diabetic group receiving a high dose of silymarin compared to diabetic group (P<0.05). Meanwhile, alternation percentage in diabetic animals was significantly lower than control group (P<0.05) and this index did not show a significant difference in silymarin-treated diabetic groups in comparison with diabetic group. In diabetic rats, there was a significant increase in the tissue level of malondialdehyde (P<0.05) and silymarin treatment with dosage of (100 mg/kg) significantly reduced the level of MDA (P<0.05). Conclusion: This study showed that although long-term administration of silymarin at a high dose (100 mg/kg) affects the ability to store data in memory and to recall it in diabetic animals in passive avoidance test, it does not improve short-term spatial memory in diabetic animals. The beneficial effects of silymarin may be via attenuation of lipid peroxidation in hippocampus tissue.

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Background and Objective: The relation between stress and gastrointestinal diseases, particularly irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), has received consideration for years. This research was conducted to compare the attachment styles and coping strategies in IBS and healthy female students. Materials and Methods: This case – control study was conducted on 50 female students with irritable bowel syndrome and 50 healthy students in Gorgan, Iran druring 2011. Age, grade and major were similar in both cases and controls. ROME III criteria questionnaire, together with a physician report confirmation were used to diagnose IBS. All attendants in the study filled in Rass adult attachment scale questionnaire and Lazarus coping strategies questionnaire. Data were analyzed using SPSS-17 and student t-test. Results: In the IBS group the level of ambivalent (9.78±2.72) and avoidance (7.68±1.76) attachments were higher than the control group (8.1±2.65 and 6.56±1.82 respectively) (P<0.05). The most prevalent attachment style in control group was the secure style (11±3.89). There was a significant statistical difference between female of IBS group and control group regarding the mean±SD of coping strategies including: isolation (7.04±2.44, 5.9±1.95), self-control (9.62±2.39, 8.32±1.6), demanding social support (5.54±1.6, 6.92±2.42), evasion – avoidance (9.64±2.81, 6.8±1.37), solving the problem (8.2±1.85, 6.66±1.7), re-evaluation (16.2±1.81, 14.3±1.61) and taking responsibility (5.67±1.41, 4.5±1.58) (P<0.05). the direct coping strategy in IBS and control groups was 63.76±9.76 and 67.58±10.78. This difference was not significant. Conclusion: This study showed that in comparison to healthy female students, subjects with IBS use more ambivalent and avoidant attachment styles.

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Background and Objective: The incidence of neural tube defects (NTDs) is varied according to race, geographical situation and other predisposing factors. This study was carried out to determine the incidence rate of NTDs and its risk factors in Yasuj, Iran. Materials and Methods: This case - control study was done on live newborns in Imam Sajad hospital, Yasuj, Iran during 2000-10. 78 neonates with NTDs out of 36755 live newborns were considered as cases. The control group was also consisting of the same number of healthy neonates who born at the same period and in the same hospital. Data were collected by a check-list and analyzed using SPSS-19, Chi-Square, Logistic regression and odd’s ratio. Results: The incidence rate of NTDs was 2.12 per 1000 live births. Anencephaly and Spina Bifida was detected in 59 (75.6%) and 19 (24.3%) of affected newborns, respectively. The ratio of females to males was 1.5 times. 53.85% of mothers with affected newborns were grouped in 27-36 years age range. The mean number of pregnancies and abortion between two groups of mothers had no statistical significant differences. There is no significant relation between the mothers occupation and the incidence of NTDs. 10 (12.8%) of mothers from case group and 7 (8.97%) of mothers from control group have used tobacco. 52 (66.7%) of mothers of case group and 30 (38.5%) of controls did not consumed folic acid. The relation between non-user folic acid during pregnancy with NTDs was significant (95% CI: 1.4-6.15, OR=2.93, P<0.001). Conclusion: This study showed relatively high incidence of NTDs in Yasuj. Non-consuming folic acid increased the risk of NTD by 2.93 times.

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Background and Objective: Oxidative damage associated with the presence of Lead in the brain has been proposed as one possible molecular mechanism involved in Lead toxicity. Aerobic exercise is known to protect the brain through a cascade of molecular and cellular processes. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of 8 week aerobic training on the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in rat's cerebellum exposed to Lead acetate. Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, 40 Male Wistar rats were randomly allocated into four groups: sedentary base, sham (30 mg/kg of ethyloleate), Lead and exercise+Lead (20 mg/kg Lead acetate, intraperitoneally). The exercise program consisted of progressive running training on the treadmill for 15 to 22 m/min, 25 to 64 min/day, and 5 days/week for 8 weeks. BDNF and MDA levels were measured by ELISA and TBARS methods, respectively. Results: Chronic Lead acetate administration enhanced significantly (P<0.05) cerebellar MDA levels in rats compare to base and sham groups but had no effect on BDNF levels. Cerebellar MDA significantly was reduced and BDNF non significantly was increased in Lead acetate+ training group. Conclusion: Regular aerobic exercise with moderate intense may exert role neuroprotective against Lead-induced cerebellar injury by down-regulating oxidative stress and promotes brain health through increases in BDNF.

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Background and Objective: Treatment of scaphoid fractures is studied extensively due to the specific anatomic shape and position, blood flow and its performance. In recent years, several treatment methods have been devised which are associated with various findings. This study was done to evaluate the short-term results of limited dorsal approach in treatment of scaphoid fracture. Materials and Methods: In this descriptive study, 14 male patients with scaphoid fracture were gone under limited dorsal approach in treatment of scaphoid fracture in 5th Azar teaching hospital in Gorgan, Iran. Patients were followed up for 12 weeks and the onset of infection, screw breakage and joint degenerative changes were evaluated. Results: 64% of scaphoid fractures were in waist of the bone. The mean time to :::::union::::: was 10.5 weeks. 64% of patients returned to work after 12 weeks. In none of the patients, infection, wound breakdown and joint destruction were seen. There were two-delayed :::::union::::: (> 12 weeks) and two screw head prominency in the scaphotrapezial joint but patients did not complain and their hand movements had no problem. During procedures, two guide pin failures occurred with no adverse effect in fixations. Complications were minor and wrist movements were nearly normal. Conclusion: Limited posterior approach in the treatment of scaphoid fractures is an easier, faster and better :::::union::::: rate. Despite the short duration of follow-up study, this method is recommended in the treatment of scaphoid fractures.

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Papillon-Lefevre Syndrome is a rare autosomal recessive disorder. This syndrome accompanied by palmoplantar hyperkeratosis and severe periodontal destruction of primary and permanent teeth. The teeth erupt normally but due to the severe alveolar bone loss both in deciduous as well as permanent dentitions, these teeth are exfoliated within two or three years after eruptions and by the age of 15 or 17. Patients are usually edentulous. Due to periodontal disease, the dentists are often the first ones who diagnose the syndrome. A 15-year-old girl was referred to dental clinic complaining of permanent teeth mobility. All patient’s teeth except 13, 14, 17, 23, 27, 37, 43, 44 and 47 had been extracted. The third molars were impacted. Patient has advanced periodontal disease and all teeth have mobility. There was hyperkeratosis at the palms and soles. The teeth were extracted and treated with complete denture. Early diagnosis of the papillon-lefevre syndrome can help to preserve teeth. Dental treatment included extraction of all deciduous teeth, professional prophylaxis, conventional periodontal therapy, systemic antibiotics, oral retinoid, complete dentures and implants.

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Background and Objective: Proprioceptive, vestibular and visual senses control human movements. This study was carried out to compare the posture of head and shoulder in blind, deaf and ordinary pupiles. Materials and Methods: This descriptive and analytic study was done on 16 blind, 30 deaf and 60 ordinary pupiles in Ardabil city, Noth-west of Iran. Sagital and frontal planes Photos for each child was used for determination of head and shoulder deviation. Results: Forward head in blind group significantly was lower than deaf and ordinary pupiles (P<0.05). Rounded shoulder in blind and deaf pupiles significantly was lower than ordinary pupiles (P<0.05). Uneven shoulders in deaf pupiles significantly was lower than ordinary and blind children (P<0.05). Lateral flexion of the head in blind and deaf pupiles significantly was higher than ordinary children (P<0.05). Conclusion: There is a relationship between sensory impairment and postural problems paticularly in blindness Pupils.

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Background and Objective: Children constipation is one of the common causes of abdominal pain. Cow´s milk in children diet is suggested to be one of the main cause of chronic constipation. This study was performed to determine the effect of cow´s milk elimination from children diet with chronic constipation. Methods: This quasi-experimental study, was performed on 80 children with chronic constipation. Rome-III criteria were considered for disease diagnosis. Cow’s milk was eliminated for three weeks from children’s diet and the clinical symptoms in children were surveyed, subsequently. Results: Constipation was cured in 33.8% of children as result of cow's milk free diet. The rate of treatment response in affecting children whom their disease in began under 2 years of age (52.6%) was significantly higher than others (16.6%) (P<0.05). Children treatment was not significantly related to child’s gender and amount of milk consumption. Conclusion: Eliminating of cow's milk from the diet improves the chronic constipation in children.

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Background and Objective: Indiscriminate use of antibiotics is one of the major health problems worldwide. Rapidly increasing incidence of antibiotic-resistant microbes warns healthcare authorities in the country to use drugs, reasonably. This study was carried out to assess the pattern of antibiotic usage in Razi teaching hospital in Ahvaz, southwest of Iran. Methods: This descriptive –analytical study was conducted on 17668 hospitalized patients in Razi teaching hospital Ahvaz, southwest of Iran during 2012. Proper or inappropriate antibiotic usage was judged based on existing national guidelines or guidelines referenced in textbooks. Results: 3119 of patients were received antibiotics which 20.4% of patients were being treated unnecessarily. 2482 (79.6%) of patients had indications for antibiotic therapy. Out of 2482 patients with indications for antibiotic therapy, 51.9%, 18.1 % and 6.5 % of patients were received incorrect antibiotic regiment, inadequate dose and unsuitable duration of therapy, respectively. The highest rate of unnecessary, inappropriate, incorrect duration and dosage of antibiotics were observed in internal, scorpion wards and the lowest was in infectious diseases and obstetrics wards (P<0.05). Conclusion: The pattern of antibiotic usage in Razi teaching hospital in Ahvaz was inappropriate. Unnecessary prescription, inappropriate antibiotic spectrum, inadequate dose and duration of antibiotics were inappropriate treatment strategy.

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Background and Objective: Urinary tract infection is the second common bacterial infection in children. Constipation as a risk factor in urinary tract infection was reported by several studies. This study was carried out to evaluate the relationship between rectal diameter and constipation with urinary tract infections in children. Methods: This case – control study was performed on 40, 2-12 years old hospitalized children with urinary tract infections as cases and 40 healthy children with the same age as controls in Boali Hospital in Sari, Iran. Rectal diameter was measured by ultrasonography. Demographic characteristics, rectal diameter, during of infectious and disease clinical signs were recorded for each subject. Results: Constipation was observed in 62.5% and 17.5% of cases and controls, respectively (P<0.05). Rectal diameter was 47.64 mm and 26.48 mm in case and control groups, respectively (P<0.05). Conclusion: Regarding to increasing of rectal diameter in patients with urinary tract infections in comparison with healthy subjects, ultrasonography can be a reliable method either to confirm or reject the presence of constipation in urinary tract infections.

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Background and Objective: The Detection of neurologic signs for topographical disorders in central nerves system can prevent unnecessary neuroimaging techniques such as MRI. This study was performed to determine the diagnostic value of physical examination for topographic detection of infratentorial lesions in patients with cerebrovascular syndromes. Methods: This descriptive study was done on 200 patients with cerebrovascular syndrome in Qaem Hospital in Mashhad, north-east Iran during 2011. Regarding to topographic physical examination, sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive value and accuracy of signs of syndromes were compared to MRI as gold standard method. Results: The accuracy of tetraparesis and crossed syndromes for localization of brain lesion in brainstem was 79% and 83%, respectively. The accuracy of hemiataxia for localization of brain lesion in ipsilateral cerebellar hemisphere was 98%. The accuracy of Wallenberg syndrome for localization of brain lesion in posterolateral medulla was 98%. Conclusion: Using clinical neuro-examination skills and accurate topographic physical examination can prevent unwanted MRI technique for the diagnoses of cerebrovascular syndromes.

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Background and Objective: Paraoxonase-1 is an important factor in preventing lipid oxidation and formation of oxidized low-density lipoprotein. There are conflicting reports on the impact of physical activity on serum level of Paraoxonase-1. This study was done to determine the effect of four weeks of endurance training on serum level of Paraoxonase-1 and lipid profile in non-athlete obese men. Method: In this clinical trial study, sixteen obese healthy non-athletic men randomly divided into intervention and control groups. Subjects in interventional group were practiced endurance running periodic for four weeks, three sessions a week with 65-80% of maximum heart rate. Blood samples collected 48 hours perior the first and 48 hours following the final training. Serum level of Paraoxonase-1 and lipid profile including cholesterol, triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein and high-density lipoprotein were measured by ELISA method. Results: At the end of the training, the serum level of of paraoxonase -1 increased 15.57% (P<0.05) in interventional group and non-significantly reduced in control group (19.25%). The serum level of serum Paraoxonase-1 in interventional group significantly increased compared to controls (P<0.05). The serum level of low-density lipoprotein in interventional group significantly reduced in comparision with controls (P<0.05). Conclusion: 4 weeks of endurance training increased serum level of paraoxonase -1 and decreased low-density lipoprotein in non-athlete obese men.

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Background and Objective: Ruta graveolens is a plant used in traditional medicine with variety of therapeutic effects. This study was done to evaluate the antimicrobial effect of hydro and alcoholic extracts of Ruta graveolens on 8 species of pathogenic bacteria. Methods: In this descriptive study, standard strains of Enterococcus faecalis, Staphilococcus aureus, Staphilococcus epidermis, Strptococcus pneumonia, Escherichia Coli, Klebsiella pneumonia, Salmonella typhi and Enterobacter Cloace were obtained from Iranian institute of scientific and industerial research center. The effect of hydro and hydroalcholic extracts of Ruta graveolens on the growth of bacteria was determined by disc diffusion and serial macro dilution methods. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) for each extract was determined and the findings were compared with 8 common antibiotics including Co-trimoxazole, Oxycycline, Vancomycin, Erythromycin, Furazolidon, Tetracycline, amoxicillin / clavulanic acid and Ampicillin/sulbactam. Results: Hydro and hydroalcoholic extracts of Ruta graveolens did not show any inhibitory effect on growth of the pathogenic bacteria even in the presence of high concentration (3mg/ml). Conclusion: The extracts of arial organs of Ruta graveolens had no inhibitory effect on growth of the common human pathogenic bacteria.

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Background and Objective: Drug resistance to tuberculosis and especially multiple drug resistance tuberculosis (MDR-TB) variants are a serious problem in tuberculosis patients and make difficulties in controlling the disease. This study was coducted for detection of common mutations causing drug resistance of mycobacterium tuberculosis strains among tuberculosis patients using line probe assay method. Method: In this descriptive study, fifty four sputum samples of tuberculosis patients were randomly selected in health centers of Mazandaran, northern Iran during 2012. After culturing of sputum samples on Lowenstein–Jensen medium, genomic DNA was extracted from colonies using CTAB method. Molecular analysis of mutations causing resistance to five different antibiotics including Isiniazide, Rifampin, Sterptomycine, Amicasin / Canamycine, Kinolon were performed using long probe assay (LPA) method. Results: Out of 54 sputum samples, three (5.5%), three (5.5%), four (7.4%) were resistance to Kinolon, Amicasin / Canamycine and Sterptomycine, respectively. Mutation in KATG was seen in 2 samples resistant to Isiniazide. Mutation in rpoB 516 was seen in 3 samples resistant to Rifampin. Four samples (7.4%) were resistant to the two anti-tuberculosis antibiotics, while three samples were resistant to Sterptomycine and Kinolon and one sample was resistant to Rifampin and Canamycine. Conclusion: 7.4% of sputum samples were resistant to the two anti- tuberculosis antibiotics. Line probe assay is a rapid and suitable method for detecting tuberculosis drug resistance.

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Background and Objective: Rotaviruses are the members of the Reoviridae family containing double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) genome which are the main cause of gastroinentritis particularly in children less than three years. This study was designed to evaluate the detection of rotavirus genome by new silver staining method using polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE). Method: In this descriptive study, the samples were collected from infected MA-104 cell culture and the RNA electrophoresis was performed in 10% polyacrylamide slab gels after RNA extraction. Results: According to polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and sensitive staining analysis, rotavirus RNA segments were divided into 4 groups and single-nucleotides differences were clearly detected rapidly. Conclusion: New silver staining method using polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis has the capacity to detect the rotavirus electeropherotype within a few minutes even in small DNA/RNA pieces up to 7 picograms.

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Background and Objective: MIRU-VNTR typing is currently one of the most frequently-used standardized genotyping systems in molecular epidemiology of tuberculosis in the world. This sudy was done to determine the Mycobacterium tuberculosis genotyping by MIRU-VNTR method. Methods: This descriptive study was done on sputum, gastric lavage clinical specimens of 53 tuberculosis suspected patients. Fifty-three isolates were identified by 16S rRNA and Rv-typing followed by RD typing. They were then subjected to a 12-locus (ETRA, ETRB, ETRC, ETRD, ETRE and ETRF, MIRU-10, MIRU-26, MIRU-39, MIRU-30 plus QUB-11b) MIRU-VNTR typing system. Results: In MIRU-VNTR typing, forty-four types were identified with 13 isolates classified in 4 clustered and the remaining 40 isolates representing 40 orphan patterns. In comparative analysis of MIRU-VNTR loci, MIRU-26 with 7 alleles displayed the highest diversity level (Simpson’s diversity index = 0.767. Out of the 53 isolates, only one was identified as Mycobacterium bovis. All the remaining isolates were characterized as Mycobacterium tuberculosis. None of the samples was affected to Mycobacterium complex strain. No evidence of either double or co-infection of the patients with more than one species/strain was detected. Conclusion: While the genomic diversity observed by MIRU-VNTR typing sounds extensive, the population genomic structure on the whole however, seems to be homogenous. Recent transmission between studied patients does not appear to be a frequent event as only 13 isolates representing 4 MIRU-VNTR types, were assumingly epidemic.

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Background and Objective: Bacterial resistance to Imipenem is increased in bacterial infections in Iran. In regard to the importance of Imipenem in the treatment of nosocomial infections and the key role of disc diffusion method as a major antibiotic susceptibility testing assay, this study was done to determine the prevalency of imipenem-resistant bacterial strains isolated from hospital and accuracy of Iranian imipenem disc product. Methods: In this descriptive-analytic study, 241 bacteria were isolated from patients in different wards of the Baqyatallah hospital in Tehran, Iran during 2013-14. After streaking of the organisms, identification was performed by all conventional biochemical tests. The bacterial resistance to imipenem was determined by disk diffusion method using Iranian and Mast imipenem discs. True imipenem-resistant isolates were examined for susceptibility to six different antibiotic including Ciprofloxacin, Gentamicin, Cephalexin, Azitromysin, Tetracycline and Ceftazidim, using disk diffusion method. Results: The most prevalent isolates organisms were gram-negative bacilli (Klebsiella, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, respectively). The common clinical source was urine and wound samples, respectively. Resistant to Imipenem was 68 (25.7 %) and 19 (7.8 %) based on the results of Iranian and Mast Imipenem discs, respectively. False results for Iranian Imipenem discs was higher than Mast Imipenem discs (P<0.05). Among the 19 true Imipenem resistant isolates, 17 micro organisms were Pseudomonas aeruginosa. 57% of isolated resistant to Imipenem were isolated from ICU ward. The most resistance was seen to Gentamicin (84%) and the lowest was seen to Ciprofloxacin (63%). 84% of isolated samples were multi drug resistance. Conclusion: Although a small percentage of the isolates obtained as important nosocomial pathogens were resistant to Imipenem, but the rate of multiple resistance and high rate of isolates obtained from ICU was noticeable.

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Background and Objective: Several studies reported the immunological activity of Lycium barbarum. This study carried out to determine the effect of aqueous extract of fruits of Lycium ruthenicum L. on morphometric and histomorphometric indices in mice lymphatic organs. Methods: In this experimental study, 36 adult mice were randomly allocated into six experimental and control groups. The experimental groups were received Lycium ruthenicum L. fruit aqueous extract in the doses of 50, 100, 200, 400 and 800 mg/kg/bw, daily by feeding tube for 21 days. In the control group animals were recived 100 mg/kg/bw of saline using feeding tube. After the treatment, the relative increase in the body weight, morphometric, histomorphometric and histopathologic indices in thymus, lymph node and spleen were measured. Results: The administration of extract in doses of 50 and 100 mg/kg/bw did not effect on body weight of mice but in the doses of 200, 400 and 800 mg/kg/bw significantly reduced the body weight (P<0.05).Thymus index in 800 mg/kg/bw of extract significantly reduced in comparison with controls (P<0.05). Thickness of thymus medulla in low doses significantly increased while it was not visible in higher doses (P<0.05). Thickness of capsule in lymph node and spleen in dose of 800 mg/kg/bw significantly increased in comparison with control group (P<0.05). Low doses of the Lycium barbarum extract increased stimulation and infiltration of the immune cells and hematopoiesis in the lymphoid organs while in doses of 400 and 800 mg/kg/bw caused pathological changes including fibrosis in capsule, degeneration in follicles and stromal cell apoptosis. Conclusion: Aqueous extract of fruits of Lycium ruthenicum L. in doses of 400 and 800 mg/kg/bw causes histopathological alterations in the lymphoid organs.

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Background and Objective: In psychotherapy, mindfulness is intended as a mode promotion of self- awareness think to improve well-being. This study was done to determine the effect of mindfulness training on reduction of depressive symptoms among students. Methods: In this quasi-experimental study, 40 female students with depressive symptoms were divided into mindfulness training and control groups. Subjects in experimental group received training mindfulness-based stress reduction and the control group did not receive any training. Training was performed eight sessions for experimentl group. Subjects completed the beck depression questionnaire prior and after the training. Results: The mean±SD of depression symptoms was 21.10±5.6 but after mindfulness training significantly reduced to 11.5±3.70 (P<0.05). Conclusion: Mindfulness training reduces depression symptoms among female students.