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All the different kind of Mycobacterium species except Tuberculosis Leprae and Bovis are considered as environmental Mycobacterium, which usually can be isolated from sand, water and dusts. In addition to the role of their pathogenesis, they can stimulate the immune systems. The immune mechanisms following Mycobacterium environmental contamination can be either protect or destroy the immune system when facing the disease related to the Mycobacterium. The Golestan province has got 2 regions from the point of view of TB epidemy, it is higher in the east. The aim of this project is determine the prevalency of various types and strains of environmental Mycobacterium in the east and west of the region. The samples were collected from both regions from the wet sand, and muddes covered with grass and following their preparation they were cultured on the Lowen Stein Jenson. The total of samples were 220 from these 120 samples were from the region with epidemy of TB out of these we had 25 samples with positive culture (20.8%) and 47 type of mycobacterium were isolated, the most common forms of them were Mycobacterium Fortuitum (34%), Mycobacterium Flavesens (21.2%), Mycobacterium Chelonae (12.8%). From 100 samples taken from the region with low epidemy of TB 66 samples were with positive culture (66%) which 114 strains of Mycobacterium were diagnosed. The most common forms of these microorganisms were Mycobacterium Flavesens (20.1%), Mycobacterium Chelonae (18.4%) and Mycobacterium (16.6%). In conclusion in all the Golestan province without taking notice the TB epidemy form 220 samples 91% were positive culture (41.2%) which 161 different strains were diagnosed out of these the most common were Mycobacterium Fortuitum (21.8%), Mycobacterium Flavesens (20.5%) and Mycobacterium Chelonae (16.8%). The epidemy and variousity of environmental Mycobacterium in the region with low epidemy were much higher than the region with high epidemy and in regard to that these differences are due to the bioenvironmental factors. So therefore this can indicate that the possibility of higher contact between the immune systems and the environmental Mycobacterium. These Mycobacteriums can act as Booster of BCG vaccine which can continuously stimulate the immune systems and this can help the body’s proper responses when facing with the TB Mycobacterium.

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Background and Objective: The role of ion channels and particularly cationic channels in the pathogenesis of various diseases are being considered carefully. The diabetes mellitus is a common disease which is initiated by ion channel disturbances. This study was done to determine the characteristics of hepatocyte rough endoplasmic reticulum single cationic channel in Streptozocin- induced diabetic rats.

Materials and Methods: This experimental study was done on 10 male adult Wistar rats and animals were randomly allocaied into diabetic and control groups. Diabetes induced by STZ (65 mg/kg/bw) intraperitounally. Rough endoplasmic reticulum vesicles were extracted following rat liver excision, homogenization and ultracentrifuging. The bilayer membrane formation was prepared by painting phosphatidylcholine on 250µM aperture in between Cis and Trans sides. The RER vesicles incorporation was performed through gentle and delicate touch of membrane using a dentistry needle. The Pclamp9 software was used for ion channel activity characteristic analysis.

Results: The cationic channel current amplitude did not change significantly in voltages more than +3o mV but their open probability (Po) decreased in diabetic group (P<0.05). More severe changes in channel activity were seen in potentials less than the reverse potential. In addition to significant increase of channel Po (P<0.05), also, the channel unitary currents were significantly decreased (P<0.05). The mean current amplitude and channel open probability in voltage +40 mV were 17±2.14 pA and 0.68±0.01 in control group respectively, whereas, the values of these parameters reached to 18.5±2.5 and 0.26±0.03, respectively. In voltage -10 mV, the values of mean current amplitude and Po were -22.3±2.14 pA and <0.1 in control group, respectively but the values changed to -13.1±0.08 and 0.62±0.03 in diabetic group.

Conclusion: It seems that RER cationic channel is involved in metabolic changes which cause by diabetes mellitus and this disease can cause probably a channel gating kinetic and behavior change by inducing metabolic stresses.

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Background and Objective: Fluctuation in the homeostasis system is one of the main causes of heart attacks. There are contradectry reports regarding the effect of regular exercise, particularly resistance training on hemostasis indeces. This study was done to determine the effect of 8 weeks of resistance training on hemostasis indeces and lipid profile in adult men. Methods: In this clinical trail study, 16 adult men were randomly divided into interventional and control groups. Subjects in interventional group participated in a resistance training program including a period 3 days a week for 8 weeks session. Body mass index, level of fibrinogen, protrombin time (PT), partial thromboplastin time (PTT), platelet count, D-dimer fibrinolytic factor, Cholesterol, Triglyceride, HDL and LDL were measured for each subject. Results: After 8 weeks of resistance training, the level of fibrinogen, PT, PTT and platelets count were significantly reduced and D-dimer fibrinolytic factor increased in interventional group in compared to controls (P<0.05). Serum level of Cholesterol, Triglyceride, HDL and LDL had no significant change in interventional group in comparsion with the controls. Conclusion: Resistance training reduces hemostasis indeces in adult men.

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Background and Objective: HIV treatment influences the global health and finding new compounds against HIV virus is increased. This study was done to evaluate anti-HIV activity of 8-phenyl-4-quinolone derivatives containing different substituents at position 3.

Methods: In this descriptive study, single cycle replicable (SCR) HIV Virions were produced by co-transfecting HEK 293T cells with pmzNL4-3, pSPAX.2, pMD2.G plasmids. HeLa cells were infected with the SCR virions and then inhibit of virus replication by compounds were measured by p24 Antigen with ELISA kit. The cytotoxicity of these compounds on HeLa cells were measured by XTT method.

Results: All compounds including NPZ_4F, NPZ-2F, NPZ-4CL and NPZ-2CL had the best inhibitory effect at a concentration of 100µM with the inhibition rate of respectively 51%, 48%, 33%, and 25%, respectively. The compounds of NPZ-4F and NPZ-2CL had negligible cellular toxicity and have inhibited HIV replication at the highest concentration. This issue can make them a valuable compound since they are better compounds in therapeutic terms, which at a suitable concentration, they have the lowest rate of cellular toxicity and highest power to inhibit HIV replication.

Conclusion: Novel compounds derived from 8-phenyl-4-quinolone containing different substituents at position 3 can prevent HIV replication which is capable of high anti-viral and low cellular toxicity and suitable candidates for further investigation in antiviral studies.

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Background and Objective: Oxidative stress causes disorder in the brain processes including memory. Pistacia atlantica kurdica (pistachio) contains antioxidant compounds, oleic and linoleic acid. Fluvoxamine is an antidepressant medicine which inhibits serotonin reuptake. This study was done to determine the effect of hydroalcoholic extract of pistachio and fluvoxamine on spatial memory of male rats under immobilization stress.
Methods: This experimental study was done on 30 adult male Wistar rats in 5 groups (n=6). The control group was not under immobilization stress. Animals in the stress group were just under immobilization stress. Animals in the pistachio group were under immobilization stress and were received 400 mg/kg/bw hydroalcoholic extract of pistachio. Animals in the fluvoxamine group under immobilization stress were received 120 mg/kg/bw fluvoxamine. Animals under immobilization stress, in the pistachio plus fluvoxamine group were received 400 mg/kg/bw hydroalcoholic extract of pistachio and fluvoxamine 120 mg/kg/bw. The radial arm maze test was used for evaluation of spatial memory. After the animals’ decapitation, the malondialdehyde and catalase level in hippocampus and the serum level of corticosterone and blood glucose were measured.
Results: The stress significantly increased the time of reaching to target, malondialdehyde, corticoestron and blood glucose level, and reduced the catalase in stress group in comprasion with controls (P<0.05). In the pistachio and the pistachio+fluvoxamine treated groups, the time of reaching to target, malondialdehyde, corticoestron and blood glucose level significantly reduced and the catalase level significantly increased in comprasion with stress group (P<0.05) but fluvoxamine significantly increased the time of reaching to target, malondialdehyde and blood glucose, and reduced the corticoestron and catalase in compared to controls (P<0.05).
Conclusion: The immobilization stress led to attenuation of spatial memory and the fluvoxamine administration as an antidepressant drug caused to deterioration of memory,while the treatment with pistachio extract lead to improve the memory.

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Background and Objective: Food restriction may have beneficial or detrimental effects on the brain functions such as learning and memory. Also, dopamine receptors are involved in learning and information retrieval. This study was performed to determine the simultaneous effect of food restriction and dopamine D2 receptor inhibition on spatial memory of rats.
Methods: In this experimental study, 60 male Wistar rats were allocated into 6 groups including controls, 25%, 50% and 75%, food restriction, sulpiride (D2 receptor antagonist, 4 mg/kg/day, ip), 75% food restriction and sulpiride and treated for 21 days. To evaluate the memory, an eight-point radial arm maze was used. Then, the catalase and malondialdehyde level of the hippocampus were measured.
Results: Twenty-five percent food restriction caused to 11.8 percent decrease in spending time to find the food compared to control group (P<0.05). The 75% food restriction and or sulpiride injection significantly increased that time by 24.4% and 18.3%, respectively (P<0.05). The group with 75% food restriction were received sulpiride showed the most increase in the time of food finding compared to all groups (P<0.05). Catalase activity was only significantly reduced in the 75% restricted groups to 17.6% and 22.2%, respectively (P<0.05). Malondialdehyde production was significantly increased in the 75% food restricted groups to 50.2% and 59.3, respectively and sulpiride-received group to 31.2% compared to the control group (P<0.05).
Conclusion: Simultaneous applying of food restriction and inhibition of dopamine D2 receptors resulted in increased hippocampal prooxidant levels and exacerbated memory impairment.

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Background and Objective: Mood disorders such as depression, anxiety, stresses, and low sleep quality are common among overweight / obese people. Accumulating evidence support the role of diet quality in brain function and behavior. This study was done to determine the relationship between dietary energy density and indices of mental health in overweight and obese women.
Methods: This descriptive-analytical study was performed on 301 women, referring to Tehran health centers, with mean BMI 30.7±3.7 kg/m² aged 18-56 years during 2017-18. Based on a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire, dietary energy density was calculated by dividing the total dietary energy intake from consumed food (kcal/d) by the total weight (g/d) of consumed foods (excluding beverages). Physical activity was measured using International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ). The questionnaire includes 7 items to assess the intensity of activities by the vigorous, medium, and light for at least 10 minutes during the last week. Mental health was assessed using the 21-question version of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS-21) and the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index was applied for screening sleep quality. Weight, height, BMI, hip, and waist circumference were measured for all participants.
Results: Women in the highest quartile of dietary energy density had higher systolic and diastolic blood pressure but lower serum triglyceride (P<0.05), compared with subjects in the first quartile. Univariate (95% CI: 1.01-4.56, P=0.04, OR=2.15) and multivariate (95% CI: 1.13-5.79, P=0.02, OR=2.56) logistic regression analysis, adjusted for age, BMI, and physical activity, showed that dietary energy density was significantly related to increased risk of stress. No significant association was detected between dietary energy density with sleep quality, depression, and anxiety.
Conclusion: Dietary energy density was directly associated with the presence of stress, but not depression, anxiety and low sleep quality.

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Background and Objective: Molybdenum trioxide (MoO₃) is a type of nanoparticle used in the industry as an antibacterial agent. The kidney is one of the most important organs in the body, responsible for filtering waste products and regulating blood factors that are affected by various agents. Due to the widespread use of MoO₃ in disinfecting operating room equipment and the importance of renal glomeruli in blood plasma purification, this study aimed to determine the effect of molybdenum trioxide nanoparticles on rat kidneys.
Methods: In this experimental study, thirty Wistar rats weighing 250-300 g were randomly divided into five groups (n=6), including a control group, a sham group (receiving normal saline), and three experimental groups (receiving MoO₃ at doses of 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg/bw IP). Intraperitoneal injections were given for 35 days. After the treatment period, the animals were anesthetized, and blood samples were collected from the heart. The right kidney was then removed, and after tissue preparation, the samples were examined by stereology to determine changes in the volume of cortex, medulla, urinary space, renal body, and glomeruli.
Results: Significant increases in urinary space volume were observed in the groups receiving MoO₃, and a decrease in medulla volume was observed in the group receiving a dose of 200 mg/kg/bw compared to the control and sham groups (P<0.05). A significant increase in cortex volume was observed in the group receiving nanoparticles at a dose of 50 mg/kg/bw compared to the control and sham groups. MoO₃ caused weight reduction in animals, as well as an increase in urea and a decrease in renal volume (P<0.05).
Conclusion: Molybdenum trioxide nanoparticles can cause changes in the morphology of rats' kidneys.
 

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Background and Objective: Ketamine, a derivative of phencyclidine, is utilized as an anesthetic agent in surgical procedures. Like other medications, it can be associated with various adverse effects on different organs in the body. This study was conducted to determine the effect of injectable ketamine on the histopathological changes in the liver in neonates born to pregnant rats subjected to short-term and long-term anesthesia.
Methods: In this experimental study, 15 pregnant female Wistar rats were randomly divided into 3 groups of 5 each: A control group, a short-term anesthesia group (receiving an intraperitoneal injection of ketamine at a dosage of 25 mg/kg/bw), three times per week for 4 weeks), and a long-term anesthesia group (receiving an intraperitoneal injection of ketamine at a dosage of 75 mg/kg/bw, once per week for 4 weeks). Following parturition and during the lactation period, when the neonatal rats reached two weeks of age, they were initially anesthetized and sacrificed for tissue sampling via intraperitoneal injection of 7 units of ketamine and 3 units of xylazine. Tissue samples, with a thickness of 5 to 6 microns, were sectioned and examined using light microscope after fixation in formalin.
Results: In the short-term anesthesia group, dilation of the centrilobular veins and fluid accumulation were observed, with an intensity score of 2. Additionally, some hepatocytes exhibited degenerative-necrotic changes, characterized by acidophilic and dark cytoplasm, with an intensity score of 1. In the long-term anesthesia group, the liver tissue showed hyperemic changes in the portal space with a score of 1, as well as increased dilation of sinusoidal spaces and centrilobular veins of varying sizes and irregularities, also with an intensity score of 1. Fluid and blood accumulation were also noted in some of these structures. In the control group, cellular structures were maintained with complete regularity, and the intensity score of changes was determined to be zero.
Conclusion: Ketamine administration to pregnant rats can induce histopathological changes in the liver tissue of their offspring. These detrimental changes were more pronounced in the long-term group compared to both the short-term and control group.