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Background&Objective: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) seems to be the most common endocrine disease in women of reproductive age. This study has shown that PCOS is associated with hyperlipidaemia and hypertension. The aim of this study was to compare the cardiovascular risk factor in PCOS and normal women. Materials&Methods: It is a case – control study that was done on 60 barren and non-affected women and 60 barren women affected to PCOS that had clinical examples and sonographic PCOS. All of women were studied from the characteristics point of view such as age, BMI, the size of around waist and buttocks, time and kind of infertility and Blood pressure. Necessary tests were done such as total cholesterol, LDL, HDL triglyceride, insulin level and fasting blood sugar. Data were analyzed with SPSS. Results: Triglyceride, cholesterol, LDL and BMI of the patients affected to PCOS were significantly higher than normal women (P<0.05). HDL level reduction was significant in patients affected PCOS (P<0.05), also systolic and diastolic blood pressure in affected women was higher than control group (P<0.05). Conclusion: PCOS women have higher cardiovascular risk compared to normal women.

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Background&Objective: Copper and zinc, two essential trace elements, are neuroactive substances that can be synaptically released during neuronal activity. These metals have been implicated in diseases with neuropathological components, including Alzheimer's disease, Menkes disease, Wilson's disease, Pick's disease, stroke and seizures. Copper and zinc levels in body tissues reflect many physiological and pathological conditions, including dietary factors, hepatic disease, and acute and chronic infections. The purpose of the present study was to examine the plasma levels of copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn) in schizophrenic patients and to compare the Cu/Zn ratios with that of matched healthy subjects. Materials&Methods: Forty patients with schizophrenia (diagnosis were made according to DSM-IV) were sampled along with 50 healthy controls. Exclusion criteria included another concurrent psychiatric disorder, pregnancy, and medical disorders (endocrine, immune, liver cirrhosis, renal) or drugs (anticonvulsants, contraceptives, glucocorticoids) known to affect trace element metabolism. Fasting blood samples were withdrawn from an antecubital vein between 07.00 and 09.00 h. Plasma copper and zinc levels were measured using an atomic absorption spectrophotometer (Perkin Elmer GmbH, Uebelingen, Germany). Two-tailed t test was used to determine statistical differences. All data were analyzed with the computer program, GRAPHPAD software (V2.01+). Results: Mean±SE of sera copper levels in cases and controls were 145±28 and 65±3 µg/dl respectively (P<0.05). Also Mean±SE of sera zinc level in cases and controls were 67±2 and 81±4 µg/dl, respectively (P<0.05). Cu/Zn ratios was 2.07±0.38 and 0.87±0.04 in cases and controls respectively (P<0.05). Conclusion: There was a significant higher Cu/Zn ratio in schizophrenic patients compared to healthy subjects. These results suggest that Cu and Zn may be involved in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia.

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Background & Objective: in recent years antibiotic resistance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa is increased as a causetive factor in hospital contamination. This study was done to determine the prevalence and antibiotics susceptibility of Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from inanimate objects in Taleghani hospital.

 

Materials & Methods: This descriptive study was done on inanimate objects in different wards of Taleghani hospital during 2006. Sampling was performed by sterile gauze pad for dry surfaces and swab for wet surfaces. To differentiate and identify P.aeruginosa, various culture media such as Brain Heart Infusion Agar, Citrimide Agar and Triple Sugar Iron Agar were used. Antibiotic sensitivity of the isolated strains was determined by Kirby-Bauer Method using Muller-hinton Agar medium. Moreover, antiseptic sensitivity of the strains to Decosept and Povidone-Iodine as the main antiseptic agents was identified by determining Minimal Bactericidal Concentration and Minimal Inhibitory Concentration using Nutrient Agar and Nutrient Broth media.

 

Results: Fifty-five of the total 292 samples were positive for P.aeruginosa. Based on the ratio of the number of positive samples to the total samples, Thalassemia ward (38.5%) was the most infected ward and taps (61.1%) was the most infected sampling place. None of the samples from room atmosphere and intensive care equipments were positive for P.aeruginosa. 20% of the samples were resistant to ceftazidime and 32.7% were resistant to piperacillin, also 10.9% of samples were resistance to both ceftazidime and piperacillin.

 

Conclusion: This study showed that contamination with P.aeruginosa and antibiotic resistance of the isolated bacteria are the main problems in Taleghani hospital.

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Background and Objective: Brain computed-tomography (CT) scan has a well documented accuracy in detecting the tumors this study was carried out to assess the conformity and correlation of CT-Scan diagnosis of the brain tumors with pathological findings in Ghaem Hospital Mashad University of Medical Sciences-Iran. Materials and Methods: This descriptive prospective study was done on 75 patients, 5-83 years, with the clinical suspicion of brain tumors. According to the CT-Scan findings 1-3 differential diagnosis were made for each patient. This was followed by surgery and biopsy, and the CT-Scan diagnoses were compared with pathological findings. Results: The best conformity and correlation of radiologic and pathologic diagnosis was seen in pituitary adenoma, acoustic neuroma, epidermoid cyst and craniopharyngioma. Also, according to the CT-Scan findings, the highest degree of sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value, were related to pituitary adenoma, high grade astrocytoma and meningioma. Conclusion: This study showed thant no single imaging modality may claim optimal sensitivity or specificity for the assessment of CNS disorders, although several imaging methods carry independent and complementary information, and CT-scan has different ability for diagnosis of different kind of tumors.

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Background and Objective: Surgical wound infection is the most common complication following surgery. This study was done to determine the incidence risk factors of surgical wound infection following abdominal hysterectomy. Materials and Methods: This descriptive study was done on 400 patients who underwent abdominal hysterectomy in Babol, North of Iran, during 2008-10. Age, underlying disease, BMI, use of immunosuppressive drugs hospitalization period prior to surgery, shaving and bath time, prophylactic antibiotic, duration of surgery, diagnosis and pathology were recorded for each patient. Evidence of surgical location of infection including surgical discharge, erythema and dehiscence of surgical wound with and without fever during 10 days after surgery were recorded. Results: Surgical wound infection was seen in 26 patients (6.5%) following abdominal hysterectomy. Regression analysis determined, use of immune-suppressive (95% CI: 1.71-480.30, P=0.020, OR:28.70) and emergency operation (95% CI: 1.42-14.39, P=0.011, OR: 4.52), diabetes (95% CI: 1.23-11.26, P=0.020, OR:3.72) were risk factors for surgical wound infection. Conclusion: Immuno-suppressive agents, emergency operation and diabetes increased surgical wound infection in post- abdominal hysterectomy.

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Background and Objective: Bunium percicum is often used in Iranian traditional medicine for the treatment of gastrointestinal disorders particularly gastric ulcer.This study was done to evaluate the antiulcerogenic effect of Bunium percicum Boiss.essential oil against indomethacin and ethanol – induced ulcer models in Wistar rats. Methods: This experimental study was carried out on rats weighing 200-220 g in veterinary college of Urmia University, Iran. LD₅₀ was calculated based on Lorke’s method. To evaluate the short term oral toxicity, animals were allocated into four group of six each. In groups 1-3 animals were received orally 250, 125, 80 mg/kg/bw of Bunium percicum Boiss.essential oil, respectively. Controls were received Tween 80 (2%) orally for 14 consecutive days and monitored daily. Bunium percicum Boiss. essential oil was administered orally at doses of 20, 40 and 80 mg/kg/bw and cimetedin (10 mg/kg/bw) and omopirazol (30 mg/kg/bw) in indomethacin and ethanol–induced ulcer models. Results: The LD₅₀ was 375 mg/kg/bw. Daily single oral doses of Bunium percicum Boiss.essential oil tolerated behaviorally after 14 days without any alterations in body and organs weight, food, water consumption and serum total protein, alanine and aspartate aminotransferase activity. The preventive index in doses of 40 and 80 mg/kg/BW of Bunium percicum Boiss.essential oil was 37.98% and 59.21%, respectively in the indomethacin -induced ulcer model (P<0.05). In the model of ethanol -induced ulcer, the preventive index in doses of 40 and 80 mg/kg of Bunium percicum Boiss. essential oil was 12.40% and 22.05%, respectively (P<0.05). Conclusion: The essential oil of Bunium percicum Boiss is completely ‘‘safe’’ and at the doses of 40 and 80mg/kg/bw significantly prevent gastric ulcers in animal model.

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Background and Objective: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory autoimmune disease, leading to progressive disability, reduces daily activity and function and emerges with a wide range of physical symptoms. This study was done to determine the effect of relaxation on the physical symptoms in women with Multiple Sclerosis. Methods: In this clinical trial study, 50 patients with MS were randomly divided into relaxation and control groups. In the interventional group, Jacobson and Benson method was performed for 4 weeks, twice a week for 40 minutes and patients in the control group were received only care and routine medical treatment. Data was collected via fatigue severity scale (FSS), numerical rating scale (NRS) before, immediately after and two months after intervention. Results: The mean severity of fatigue score, before, immediately and two months after the intervention were not the same and time trends was effective on severity of fatigue score (P<0.05). The mean of fatigue score were significantly reduced in intervention group (immediately and two months after intervention) in compared to pre-intervention. The mean severity of pain score ,before, immediately and two months after the intervention were not the same and time trends was effective on mean severity of pain score (P<0.05). The mean intensity of pain score over time in the relaxation group non-significantly reduced in compared to the control group. Conclusion: Relaxation technique is effective as a low-cost, safe and easy method to reduce fatigue and pain in patients with MS.

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Background and Objective: Adult neurogenesis occurs in most mammalian species in two main areas of brain: 1- subventricular zone 2- the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus. Many factors such as 17-B estradiol affect neurogenesis in the hippocampus. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of exogenous 17-B estradiol on neurogenesis and astrocyte functions in the ovariectomized mice.
Methods: In this experimental study; NMRI mice were allocated into five experimental groups including Sham, Control, Treatment with single dose of 17-B estradiol two weeks after ovariectomy (OVX) and were sacrificed 24 hours later, Treatment with single dose of 17-B estradiol two weeks after Ovx and were sacrificed 48 hours later and   Treatment with single dose of Seasame Oil 2 weeks after OVX and were sacrificed after 24 hours. Animals were transcardially perfused with paraformaldehyde. Brains were removed and its sections for cresyl fast violet staining and GFAP immunohistochemistry were prepared. Cells were counted and investigated.
Results: Neuronal density and Proliferation of hippocampal progenitor cells in the CA1 region of 17-B estradiol treated mice significantly increased up to 24 hours (P<0.05). Density of glia and particularly astrocytes in different regions of the hippocampus significantly reduced after treatment with 17-B estradiol (P<0.05).
Conclusion: Density of hippocampal CA1 neurons are influenced by 17-B estradiol. Also, density and morphology of glia cells, especially astrocytes in different regions of the hippocampus are affected by 17-B estradiol.

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Background and Objective: Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is usually a disease caused by inadequate insulin production in pregnant women. GDM induces abnormal fetal growth.This study was done to evaluate the BMP2 and BMP4 genes expression in the development of the embryos heart in induced gestational diabetes of C57BL/6 mice.
Methods: In this experimental study, 8-week old adult C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into diabetic and control groups. After mating of animals, the dams in diabetic group were received a single dose of 150 mg/kg/bw of streptozotocin on gestational day 1 of pregnancy, intrapereatonally. After 11.5 days of pregnancy, the embryos of both groups were extracted and heart tissue was extracted. RNA total tissue of the heart was extracted by trazole. After extracting RNA, expression of BMP2 and BMP4 genes in the heart of both groups was estimated by Real-time PCR.
Results: There was no singnificant diference in expression of BMP2 and BMP4 genes in the heart of 11.5 days of embryos in gestational diabetes mellitus group and control group.
Conclusion: Gestational diabetes mellitus had no effect on the expression of BMP2 and BMP4 genes in the development of the embryos heart.

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Background and Objective: Type 2 diabetes is a chronic disease that associated with increased serum glucose and insulin function impairment. Exercise training and saffron supplement are known as two effective factors in the prevention of the complications of type 2 diabetes. The present study aimed to evaluate the impact of eight weeks of aerobic and resistance training with the consumption of saffron aqueous extract on malondialdehyde and glutathione peroxidase in men with type 2 diabetes.
Methods: In this clinical trial study, 36 men suffering from type 2 diabetes were randomly assigned into six groups: placebo, aerobic training, aerobic training with supplement consumption, resistance training, and resistance training with supplement consumption. Aerobic training was performed at 50-70% of maximal heart rate, and the resistance training was performed at 65-70% of the maximum replication for eight weeks. The saffron supplement was consumed at the dosage of 3 mg day-1. The concentration of malondialdehyde and glutathione peroxidase was measured before and after the trial after the 12-hour fasting period.
Results: Level of malondialdehyde significantly reduced in placebo and aerobic training with supplement prior to intervention (P<0.05). Level of glutathione peroxidase were significantly increased in aerobic training with supplement (P<0.05), resistance training (P<0.05) and resistance training with supplement (P<0.05) groups after intervention.
Conclusion: Aerobic and resistance training and their supplementation with saffron consumption can be regarded as an effective method to improve the peroxidase and antioxidant balance.

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Background and Objective: Schizophrenia is a chronic disease associated with considerable impairments to personal life and social functions. Since exercise plays an important role in these problems, this study was done to compare the effect of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and futsal training on body composition, physical fitness, life quality, and negative symptoms in schizophrenics.
Methods: This clinical trial was performed on 42 male patients with paranoid schizophrenia in Rasht Medical Center in north of Iran during 2017. Patients were randomly assigned into three groups of HIIT (n=15), futsal (n=12) and control (n=15) groups. Data were collected before and after 8 weeks of training using quality of life questionnaire, negative symptoms assessment and some factors of physical fitness tests. HIIT program (high-intensity interval training: HIIT) was held three sessions a week with 70 to 85% of maximal heart rate and futsal training lasted three sessions a week for 40 minutes.
Results: Anaerobic power was significantly more in HIIT and futsal groups in compatre to controls (P<0.05), but anaerobic power was not significantly different between HIIT and futsal groups. Lower limb muscle power was significantly higher in the HIIT and futsal groups compared to control group (P<0.05). Lower limb muscle power was higher in the HIIT group compared to the futsal group (P<0.05). Negative symptoms were significantly lower in HIIT and futsal groups in comparison with control group (P<0.05). The quality of life difference in futsal and HIIT groups was not significant in compared to the controls.
Conclusion: It seems that HIIT is more efficient than futsal exercises, but both types of training improve some factors of physical fitness and alleviate the negative symptoms among schizophrenics.

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Background and Objective: Foreign body aspiration is the cause of death in 7% of children under two year’s olds. Children’ molars teeth do not erupt and under devedoled ability to swallow food and generally likely to be distracted, playing or ambulatory while eating. This study was performed to determine the frequency of foreign body aspiration in children under ten years old in north of Iran.
Methods: This descriptive study was done on 50 children (21 boys, 29 girls) less than ten years old with the final detection of foreign body aspiration hospitalized in Taleghani hospital in Gorgan, north of Iran during 2016-17. Demographic characteristics, results of physical examination, radiography and bronchoscopy recorded in the file and the radiology report was collected by a pulmonologist and radiologist.
Results: The common age of foreign body aspiration was between 1-3 years (58%) followed by over 3 years (24%) and under 1 years old (18%). Symptoms of patients with foreign body aspiration were including cough (64%), rhonchi (52%), respiratory distress (32%), wheezing (32%), choking (30%). Common physical examination findings were wheezing (40%), unilateral pulmonary sound (34%), stridor (20%), and rhonchi (6%). The most common findings in Chest X-Rays were unilateral air trapping (48%) in right lung, left mediastan shift (30%), right lung atelectasia (20%), pneumonia (16%). Just in one case (2%) was found the body of radio opac in right lung and in 32% of cases, the graghs were normal. In 70% of patients less 24 hours, in 26% between 1-15 Dayes and in 4% of cases more than 15 Dayes were taken to medical centers. The most common foreign body was nuts (32%) followed by plastic objects (26%), aspiration by sunflower seeds (14%) and beens (10%) and other foreign objects (18%).
Conclusion: The most common clinical signs of foreign body aspiration were cough, wheezing and right lung pneumonia.

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Background and Objective: Staphylococcus aureus is one of the most common causes of bacterial keratitis and conjunctivitis. This study was done to determine the efficacy of fluoroquinolones on Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strains isolated from external ocular infections.
Methods: This descriptive-analytical study was conducted on 187 pateiants (2 months to 61 years old) with symptoms of conjunctivitis and keratitis who were hospitalized or referred to the emergency department of hospitals in Golestan and Mazandaran provinces, Iran during 2020-22. The samples were taken from the external infection of the patients’ eyes. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolates were identified by standard phenotypic microbiological and molecular detection (PCR) methods. The broth microdilution method determined sensitivity to quinolones and the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) in the 0.06-64 μg/ml range.
Results: The frequency of ocular MRSA isolates (n=52) was significantly higher in spring, females and patients aged 1-30 years (P<0.05). Among the MRSA isolates causing conjunctivitis, the highest rates of resistance were observed against ciprofloxacin (n=18, 48.64%), enoxacin (n=17, 45.95 %), and ofloxacin (n=17, 45.95%). The MIC of gemifloxacin that inhibited the growth of 90% of MRSA isolates from conjunctivitis (MIC90=0.25 μg/ml) was 32-fold lower than that of ciprofloxacin.
Conclusion: Depending on the season and age, staphylococcus aureus may be the most common cause of bacterial conjunctivitis and keratitis. Considering the in vitro antibacterial potential of gemifloxacin, this antibiotic can be used to treat the bacterial external eye infections.

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Background and Objective: Physical disability caused by multiple sclerosis (MS) increases MS patients' need for support from others. Medication adherence is one of the main success factors in the treatment of chronic diseases, which is influenced by various factors. This study aimed to determine the relationship between perceived social support and medication adherence in patients with MS.
Methods: This descriptive-analytical study was conducted on 110 patients (70 women and 40 men) aged 39±9 years with MS who visited the 2 medical training centers of Isfahan University of Medical Sciences (Kashani and Al-Zahra), Isfahan, Iran during 2021. After sampling by the systematic random method, the data were collected by interviews and using Zimmet's Perceived Social Support Scale (MSPSS) and the Morisky Medication Adherence Scale (MMAS-8).
Results: The mean and standard deviation of the scores of medication adherence and perceived social support were 6.10±1.72 and 62.83±14.97, respectively. According to the Pearson correlation coefficient, perceived social support did not show any significant relationship with medication adherence (r=0.185, P=0.053). Perceived social support showed a statistically significant relationship with income satisfaction (F=4.54, P=0.01), the pattern of clinical course (F=2.95, P=0.03), difficulty in accessing medical care (t=-2.29, P=0.02), and clinical symptoms, including motor (t=-3.72, P=0.001), balance (t=-3.23, P=0.002), and urinary disorders (t=-2.53, P=0.01).
Conclusion: Perceived social support in patients with MS did not cause medication adherence.