1. Ma W, Tang S, Yao P, Zhou T, Niu Q, Liu P, et al. Advances in acute respiratory distress syndrome: focusing on heterogeneity, pathophysiology, and therapeutic strategies. Signal Transduct Target Ther. 2025 Mar;10(1):75. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41392-025-02127-9. [DOI] [PubMed]

2. Krieger E, Kudryavtsev AV, Sharashova E, Samodova O, Postoev VA. Risk factors for all-cause mortality during the COVID-19 pandemic compared with the pre-pandemic period in an adult population of Arkhangelsk, Russia. Sci Rep. 2025 Jan;15(1):1050. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-85360-0. [DOI] [PubMed]

3. Faksova K, Walsh D, Jiang Y, Griffin J, Phillips A, Gentile A, et al. COVID-19 vaccines and adverse events of special interest: A multinational Global Vaccine Data Network (GVDN) cohort study of 99 million vaccinated individuals. Vaccine. 2024 Apr;42(9):2200-211. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2024.01.100. [DOI] [PubMed]

4. Schultz MJ, van Oosten PJ, Hol L. Mortality among elderly patients with COVID-19 ARDS-age still does matter. Pulmonology. 2023 Sep-Oct;29(5):353-55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pulmoe.2023.02.013. [DOI] [PubMed]

5. Hoffman T, Margalit I, Tabah A, Ruckly S, Barbier F, Singer P, et al. Risk Factors for Mortality Among Older Adults with Hospital-Acquired Bloodstream Infections in the Intensive Care Unit: A Multicenter Cohort Study. Infect Dis Ther. 2025 Feb;14(2):483-92. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40121-024-01104-z. [DOI] [PubMed]

6. Narin Çopur E, Ergün D, Ergün R, Atik S, Türk Dağı H, Körez MK. Risk Factors Affecting the Severity, Mortality, and Intensive Care Unit Admission of COVID-19 Patients: A Series of 1075 Cases. Viruses. 2025 Mar;17(3):429. https://doi.org/10.3390/v17030429. [DOI] [PubMed]

7. Zhong L, Huang L, Zhang M, Tian C, Zhang L, Song G. Exploring the differences in mortality and its associated factors among young-old and old-old COVID-19 patients. Front Med (Lausanne). 2025 Jul;12:1608667. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmed.2025.1608667. [DOI] [PubMed]

8. Kocowska-Trytko M, Terlecki M, Olszanecka A, Pavlinec C, Rajzer M. Sex and other predictors of mortality in long-term follow-up of patients with cardiovascular disease and COVID-19: a single-center retrospective study. Sci Rep. 2025 Apr;15(1):13245. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-93402-w. [DOI] [PubMed]

9. Triebelhorn J, Rüthrich MM, de Miranda SMN, Schneider J, Westhoff T, Scherer M. The impact of age, sex, and comorbidities on COVID-19 mortality of hospitalized patients during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic: data from the multicentric prospective cohort study of the Lean European Open Survey on SARS-CoV-2 (LEOSS). Infection. 2025 Jun 17. Online ahead of print. https://doi.org/10.1007/s15010-025-02583-z. [DOI] [PubMed]

10. Fernandes CYM, Hirata BKB, Vitiello GAF, Castilha EP, de Sousa-Pereira N, Guembarovski RL, et al. Male Sex as a Predictor of Worse Prognosis and Clinical Evolution in Patients with Cancer and SARS-CoV-2 Infection, Independent of the rs41386349 PDCD1 Polymorphism. COVID. 2025;5(7):104. https://doi.org/10.3390/covid5070104. [Link] [DOI]

11. Qi S, Ngwa C, Morales Scheihing DA, Mamun AA, Ahnstedt HW, Finger CE, et al. Sex differences in the immune response to acute COVID-19 respiratory tract infection. Biol Sex Differ. 2021;12:66. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13293-021-00410-2. [Link] [DOI]

12. Liao QQ, Zhu ZF, Zhu KW, Yang Z, Liu GL, Li XQ, et al. Symptoms can predict COVID-19 pneumonia in patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variants. Sci Rep. 2024 Dec;14(1):30037. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-81156-w. [DOI] [PubMed]

13. Kurniyanto, Setianegari Y, Kurniaty L, Luhulima DEJ, Utomo BSR, Langi LA, et al. Factors associated with death and ICU referral among COVID-19 patients hospitalized in the secondary referral academic hospital in East Jakarta, Indonesia. J Clin Virol Plus. 2022 Jun;2(2):100068. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcvp.2022.100068. [DOI] [PubMed]

14. Kim SH, Lee H, Kim MJ, Kim Y, Min KH, Yoo KH, et al. Risk of acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease after COVID-19 recovery: a nationwide population-based cohort study. Respir Res. 2025 Mar;26(1):116. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12931-025-03123-x. [DOI] [PubMed]

15. Magesh S, John D, Li WT, Li Y, Mattingly-App A, Jain S, et al. Disparities in COVID-19 Outcomes by Race, Ethnicity, and Socioeconomic Status: A Systematic-Review and Meta-analysis. JAMA Netw Open. 2021 Nov;4(11):e2134147. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.34147. [DOI] [PubMed]