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Abstract Background and objectives: Influenza virus is the sixth cause of death in the world. We cannot differentiate it from other respiratory viruses upon clinical signs alone. This study was aimed at determining the frequency of influenza A&B antigen in pharyngeal secretion of children with upper Respiratory Infection (URI). Materials and methods: This cross sectional -descriptive study was done in pediatrics clinic of Rasoul hospital and Shahid Heidari clinic, Tehran (2006-2007). We studied the immunochromatography 149 children aged less than 14 years with URI. Rapid test was performed on pharyngeal samples of all cases. We used independent T test to compare the means of variables. (CI 95%, p<0.05). Results: The Signs of the studied children are fever (58.4%), sore throat (60.4%), coughing, runny nose and hoarseness (45%) and gastric signs (<20%) while in Influenza cases, they are 86.7%, 40% and 40% respectively. Fifteen (10.1%) of the subjects have positive rapid influenza test. The average age of the influenza case is 80 months, which is not significantly different from non-influenza cases. While no under one-year-old child has Positive influenza test, by increasing age the number of positive test is increased. As the frequency in children, aged over 10 is increased to 15.4%. There is significant difference between positive influenza test and signs such as fever, sore throat and previous antibiotic usage (p<0.5). Conclusion: Although this study was not done in epidemic period for influenza, it indicated Influenza as the etiology of 10.6% of URI. Since the cost for prevention and treatment of influenza is high and drug resistance is problematic, we can decrease the URI in non-epidemic period by mass vaccination in children, at least in high-risk cases. Key words: URI (upper respiratory infection), Influenza virus, rapid Immunochromatography Influenza test, Influenza vaccine.

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Abstract Background and Objectives: Women of reproductive age are at risk of Iron deficiency. Some Studies reported That There is a relationship between Body indices and iron. Iron overload is also harmful. It enhances the risk of cardiovascular disease which is due to increased Lipid peroxidation. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between obesity and iron status in women of reproductive age. Material and Methods: In this case-control study, the relationship between iron status and obesity in women of reproductive age was studied in 35 obese (BMIِ≥30kg/m²) and 35 non-obese (BMI=19-25kg/m²) women matched by age. Demographic data was gathered by a questionnaire. Body weight and height were measured and body mass index (BMI) was calculated for each subject. After taking Venous blood samples and separating plasma, we investigated iron status by measuring hemoglobin, hematocrit, and plasma iron and ferritin concentrations. Results: Although no difference is observed in plasma iron and Total Iron Binding Capacity (TIBC), the results of obese group show significant higher hemoglobin (137 ± 8 versus 129 ± 7 g/L, p<0.05), hematocrit (0.41 ± 0.02 versus 0.38 ± 0.03, p<0.05), and plasma ferritin concentrations (49.3 ± 32.2 versus 28.6 ± 19.7µg/L, p<0.001). In addition, BMI was positively correlated with hemoglobin (rho=0.29, p<0.001), hematocrit (rho=0.28, p<0.001), and plasma ferritin concentrations (rho=0.39, p<0.0001). Conclusion: we conclude that obese women of reproductive age have higher iron stores than the non-obese women. Therefore, obese- reproductive women are at low risk of depleting iron stores. On the other hand, systematic iron-fortification programs may enhance the prevalence of iron overload in these subjects. Keywords: Obesity, iron status, reproductive age women

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Abstract Background and objectives: Today, specialists who are responsible for controlling infection in hospital use different disinfectants for instrument used in hospital to prevent from transmitting infection. The spectrum of antimicrobial effect, the condition of exploiting, the time of efficiency, the effect on environment, the destructive effect on metal and plastic materials etc. are different therefore, we did this study to determine the antimicrobial effect of five disinfectants on those special resistant bacterial strains. Material and Methods: In the current study the antimicrobial effects of five disinfectant solutions including Nanocide, Anizosin, Sulfanidis, Micros 10, and Colloid on hospital resistant strains by concentrations of 0.5 and 1 McFarland Were examined and evaluated. The concentration of disinfectants was prepared according to proposed protocol by manufacturing company. The time of contact with bacteria was defined in three times (the proposed time by company, less and more than porposed time by company). Results: Nanocide haven't shown any inhibitory effect on resistant strains in none of the three times but Colloid indicates its effect only in more than proposed time. Anizosin in all three times have inhibitory effect on S.aureus in concentration 0.5 and 1 McFarland. Sulfanidis and Micros to have prevented from the growth of resistant strains in all three times. Conclusion: It has been determined that disinfectant Micros 10 made of ammonium chloride stands as first degree of quality and Sulfanidis made of poly hegza methylen bigouanid hydrochloride stands as second degree of quality with respect to proper antibacterial effect for the purpose of disinfecting. Key words: Disinfectant, antiseptic, Staphylococcus auras,Pseudomonas aeroginosa, Acinetobacter calcoaceticus

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Abstract Background and objectives: Blood culture is a critical part of evaluation of Neonate suspected wath Septicaemia. This phenomenon is one of the most important causes of neonates in Neonatal. Material and Methods: This study was carried out on 1470 somples of neonates suspected with bacteraemia , using reutine microbiologicul technique. The samples wene assessed in hazrate Masoomeh hospilal of Kermansha,Iran. Results and Conclusions: of all samples, 112 (7.62%) ane pasitive. Most of the Positive cultures were obtained after 24 hours of incubation in broth mediu. we Confirmed this result by using diseriminafiue culture media the Isolated bacteria are Coagulase-negative Staphylococus(28.6%),Alfahymolylic Streptococus(0.09%), staphylococus aureus(10.7%),Klebseilla(6.2%),pseudomonas(12.5%),moraxella(0.9%),acin eto bacter(13.4%), Alcalingenes(13.4%),protenos(1.8%) and salmonela (0.9%). Conclusion: the frequency of Coagulase-negative Staphylococus Isolated from neonates Blood culture is more than the other micro organisms. Generally, the frequency of gram negative bacteria is higher than gram Positive. Key words: Septicaemia, Blood culture, Bacteraemia, Neonatal

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Abstract

Bachground and objectives:

micro-organisms, usually made from strains of the genera

Probiotics are nonpathogenic and beneficialLactobacillus and

Bifidobacterium. The probiotics are known as dietary supplements withLactobacillus and

Bifidobacterium , in sufficient quantities and specific compound, are used for

Material and Methods:

obtained from dairy products, yogurt, grains cheese, saffron flower, fresh

pinto beans, red beans, fresh green beans . All samples were incubated in

MRS Agar cultures at 42, 37, and 25

isolated, concentrated, and lyophilized. Finally the differential recognition

was performed in deferential cultures.

In this cross-sectional study 100 Samples were°c for two days, and then bacteria were

Results

isolated. Lactobacillus delbrueki and L.bulgaris(each 10 cases)

(8 cases) and L .casei (5 cases) are the most prevalent Lactobacillus strains.

Lactococcus themrophilus the most frequent Lactococcus where isolated in

this study.

: Of 100 food samples 19 Lactobacillus and Lactococcus strains were، L.salivarius

Conclusion:

especially Lactobacillus strains are presented in foods. It is recommended that

these probiotics be isolated and proliferated and used in industry and also for

therapeutic purposes.

Based on the results of this study, many kinds of probiotics

Key words:

probiotic, Lactobacillus, foods

therapeutic purposes and food industry. The aim of this study was to evaluate

the frequency of Lactobacillus and Lactococcus strains in food stuffs cities in

Eastern Azerbaijan, Iran.

beneficial effects on consumer health. In some countries,

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Abstract Bachground and objectives: Improvement of the effectiveness of services is one of the most important strategies in many clinical and research laboratory centers. The increased client satisfaction (researchers or patients), resource development innovation efficacy, continuity of services and income are also the important strategies of these centers. For achieving these strategies, we combined the qualitative and the quantitative approaches to evaluate the effective model based on frameworks of the Balance Scorecard (BSC) and the Laboratory Quality Management Systems (LQMS). Material and Methods: This paper describes the basic steps required for designing and developing of a model for performance measurement in laboratory centers. For model validation, the relationship between the criteria, the strategies and the strategic objectives was evaluated using both the AHP method and the evaluation by the experts. Results: Implementation of the above mentioned model, conducted in one of the largest Laboratory centers, has resulted in a remarkable enhancement in the efficiency (22%), profit (33%), and level of quality of service (27%) and in the clients' satisfaction (4%). Conclusion: This research model is a valuable tool for effective evaluation and continuous improvement of the clinical and research laboratory centers. Applying this model leads to increased resource productivity as well as the clients and community satisfaction from the laboratories services. Key words: Laboratory Centers, Performance Management, Balance Scorecard (BSC), Laboratory Quality Management Systems (LQMS)

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Abstract Bachground and objectives: Salmonella is one of the most important agents of gastrointestinal infection and diarrhea in our country. Misdiagnosis of these bacteria leads to cure failure. The aim of this study was to make a comparison between PCR and the API-20E and conventional biochemical tests carried out for the identification of Salmonella. Material and Methods: In this study 470 specimens taken from children, with acute gastroenteritis, referred to teaching hospitals called Imam, Shariati and children medical centre. The specimens were transferred to microbiology laboratory in public health school for identification of Salmonella with PCR and API-20E methods. Results: Of 470 specimens, 65(13.8%) are positive for salmonella in hospital laboratory, while 37 (7.9%) for API-20E and 39 (8.3%) for PCR are positive. The results of antibiotic sensitivity tests on 39 salmonella isolated from diarrhea specimens show that 73.3% of them are resistance to at least one of the sixteen antibiotics tested. Conclusion: Based on the the results, there is significant difference (P<0.05) between conventional method, API-20E and PCR Key words: Salmonella, conventional identification, molecular identification

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Abstract Background and objectives: Helicobacter pylori is a helical gram negative bacterium with polar flagella, discovered by Warren and Marshall in 1983. Helicobacter pylori exist in the stomach mucus tissue of less than 20% of people under 30 years old, but this amount would increase up to 40% and 60% in 60- year- old people. The aim of this study was to compare three methods of culture media, direct slide staining and the urease test for the rapid diagnosis of bacterium in case of peptic or duodenal ulcer. Material and Methods: In This descriptive study, duplicate biopsy specimens were taken from 82 clients referring to four different Hospitals .In endoscopy room of the Hospitals, a rapid urease test were carried out on one of duplicate specimens for the presence or non-presence of Helicobacter pylori. In order to see the Helicobacter pylori in the tissues, three slides using foushin, giemsa, and gram staining were prepared from the second specimens. Then, the specimens were incubated into selective culture media and incubated for 4-6 days in micoraerophilic condition. Results: Of 82 tested specimens 70(85.5%) and 66(80.5%) are identified as Helicobacter pylori by positive urease and culture medium, respectively. The frequency of foushin, giemsa, and gram staining are 67 (81.7%), 66 (80.5%), and 61 (74.4%), respectively. The foushin staining is the best with 100% sensitivity among the other methods. Conclusion: Based on difference between proportions, There is no significant difference between staining methods (foshin, giemsa, gram staining) and culture media in all cases. Key words: Helicobacter pylori, microscopic methods, urease test, culture media, identification

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Abstract Background and Objectives: gasterointertidis is one of the most common forms of Salmonellosis, which is a worldwide problem. The invasive characteristic of intestinal bacteria is one of their pathogenicity Mechanisms , which can be easily investigated by cell culture technique. In this study ,the invasive characteristic of some Salmonella serogroup were investigated by using HEP-2 cell. Methods and Material: The rectals soap were prepared from 280 diarrhea patients referred to Imam Khomeyni and children medical centres , 140 with bloody diarrhea and 140 with watery diarrhea as a comparison group. The rectal soap was taken before patients taking any antibiotics, and 140 rectal specimens were taken from healthy people as a control group. All the samples were inoculated in differential and selective media, like Hektoen enteric agar and Xylose lysine deoxycholate (XLD) agar .After incubation at 37C for 24 hours, the colonies were examined and identified by conventional biochemical and serological tests. Using HEP-2, cellular invasion characteristic of Salmonella serogroups was assessed. Moreover, the antibiotic resistance patterns were performed according to Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). Results: Of all tested samples, 35(8.3%) are Salmonella strains. The frequency of Salmonella is reported for bloody diarrhea (5.2%) , watery diarrhea ( 1.7%) and control group( 1.4%) .The most abundant serogroups with invasive characteristic, using HEP-2 cell culture, are serogroup B ( 62.9%) and D (17.2%). Conclusion The results obtained in this study show that the majority of Salmonella isolates are without invasive characteristic. Key words: Salmonella, Diarrhea, Cell invasion, Cell culture

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Abstract Background and Objective: Nowadays, downsizing the government to have an effective and flexible organization is considered to be government’s top priority in the world and outsourcing is one of the ways to achieve this goal. Accordingly, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences has delegated some of its hospitals' duties to the private sectors. The present study has been carried out to assess the performance of outsourced clinical laboratories. Material and Methods: This Descriptive Evaluation study was carried out during 6 month (May 2011 till February 2012). The data was collected by two questionnaires with close-ended questions and one with open-ended questions, and analyzed by Wilcoxon, using SPSS software. Results: There is an improvement in outsourcing laboratory services. For example, increase in the number of tests (32%) and in the type of tests (37%). Consequently, increase of hospital income (51%). The number of personnel is decreased and their responsibility and behavior are improved. Conclusion: Overall, it seems that outsourcing laboratory program could achieve its major goals such as: Absorbing non-governmental resources in both administrative and financial aspects, omitting extra expenditure, acquiring benefits, and upgrading productivity of laboratories. Key words: Outsourcing Laboratory Peformance

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Abstract Background and Objective: Cercarial dermatitis (CD) or swimmer’s itch is a severe inflammatory reaction caused by penetration of the skin by avian and herbivorous schistosomes, esp genus Trichobilharzia. Since both intermediate and final host of this parasite exist in North of Iran, we aimed at determining the prevalence of cercarial dermatitis among paddy-field workers in Central areas of Mazandaran Province. Material and Methods: To perform this descriptive-cross sectional study, we refer to bird refuges of migrating water and Paddy-field around man-made ponds of Babol, Sari, Ghaemshahr and Savadkoh districts. The Hand and foot of the farmers were examined clinically for detection of infected people and their signs and symptoms were recorded on a sheet of paper. Results: Based on the results, 77.5 % of the workers suffer from CD. All of them are males and the majority of them are indigenous. Conclusion: High prevalence of Cercarial dermatitis among paddy-field workers led to a health dilemma. Thus, by increasing awareness of farmers, implementing suitable approaches, controlling the disease and sanitizing the contaminated areas can promote health situation. Key Words: Trichobilharzia Avian Schistosomiasis Cercaria Dermatitis Paddy-Field Workers Itch

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Abstract Background and Objective: Understanding the resistance patterns of bacteria and their sensitivity and attempting to find new compounds with broad effective spectrum would be significant in controlling infection. This study aimed at evaluating antibacterial potential of three honey samples produced in Golestan province, Iran, against Enterococcus faecalis strains. Material and Methods: After the isolation and identification of bacterial strains, their antibiotic resistance was determined using Kirby-Bauer method. Then, seven isolates of Enterococcus faecalis with multidrug-resistance were selected and antibacterial activities of honey samples assessed by disk-diffusion, well-diffusion and minimum inhibitory concentration test (MIC). Results: The highest diameter of inhibition zone in disk-diffusion and well diffusion methods is 20 mm and 26 mm, respectively. Also the MIC is measured 62.5 mg.ml for all samples. Conclusion: In prohibiting microbial growth, all three samples were successful and they could prevent growing bacterial infection in spite of remarkable resistance of Entrococcus. Hence, further research should be conducted to assess the effects of honey samples against other bacteria. Keywords: Multidrug-Resistance Enterococcus spp Honey Golestan Province

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Abstract Background and Objective: Proficiency testing schemes as a part of quality system in clinical and research laboratory centers provides the opportunity to evaluate the quality of test results. In this paper, we try to introduce the proficiency testing schemes as a useful method for achieving standardization and homogenization of test results in clinical and research laboratory centers. Keywords: Proficiency Testing Schemes, Quality Improvement, Laboratory Centers

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Abstract Background and Objective: Superficial mycoses are increasing in special conditions. This retrospective study was conducted to determine the epidemiological parameters of Pityriasis versicolor and Erythrasma during 1994 – 2011. Material and Methods: In this study, we assessed the results of direct microscopic study and the other data of the patients for Pityriasis versicolor and Erythrasma in 1994 – 2011. Results: Of 2265, 1294 (57%) suffered from pityriasis versicolor, who were mostly males (60%). The highest frequency was related to 20-29 year old and the lowest to 0-9. High school and university students were the most infected groups (33%), September was the most common period and the most common site of involvement was chest and abdomen. The people infected with Erythrasma (971 42%), were mostly 30 -39 year old , males( 58% ) , urban ( 98% ) , reported in July and involved in groin. Conclusion: The frequency of both diseases was high in active age group, males, and the hot months of the year, which are the most common predisposing factors. Keywords: Pityriasis versicolor Erythrasma Kermanshah

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Abstract Background and Objective: Listeria bacteria with worldwide widespread are commonly found in soil, sewage, dust and water. Among which,Listeria monocytogenes can cause a serious food-borne disease. The objective of this study was to investigate the prevalence of Listeria species in ready-to-eat foods. Material and Methods: The samples (n=235) including oloveyh salad (n = 64), Yogurt stew (n= 35), vegetable salad (n=52), macaroni salad (n= 48) and meat salad (n =36) were collected from the restaurants in Shahrekord, Iran. Enrichment and selective media were used to determine the prevalence of Listeria species. . Results: The results showed that 8.5 % of the samples were infected by Listeria spp. The highest were isolated from vegetable salad (17.3%) and the lowest from macaroni salad (4.2%). Listeria monocytogenes was isolated from 7 samples (3.0%). Other isolated species were L.innocua (4.7%) and L.seeligeri (0.9%). Conclusion: It seems that eating ready-to- eat food or raw and undercooked foods has the potential risk of contamination to the Listeria species. Keywords: Listeria, Ready- to- Eat Food, Shahrekord

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Abstract Background and Objective: The Outbreak of human parasitic diseases associated with the consumption of raw vegetables often occurs in both developing and developed countries. This study aimed to evaluate parasitic contamination of edible vegetables in Golestan Province. Material and Methods: This cross-sectional study was carried out in the cities of Golestan Province for six months, 2012. The samples (N = 100) were randomly chosen among different vegetables (parsley, lettuce, radish, and cress), and examined for the presence of helminthic and protozoan parasitic contaminations following washing, centrifuging and sedimentation. Results: Thirty-seven (37%) were found to have parasitic contamination, and of these 30 (81.1%) and 7 (18.9%) were helminths and protozoa, respectively. The highest rate of contamination was detected in parsley (37.9%), and the lowest in radish (12.0%). Moreover, free living larva with 58.6% and Hymenolepis nana ova with 5.1% were the highest and lowest contaminated rates, respectively. Conclusion: Based on our results, consumed vegetables in Golestan Province is considered as a potential risk for some human parasitic infections. Keywords: Vegetable, Parasite, Parasitic Infections, Golestan Province

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Abstract Background and Objective: Trichomonas vaginalis is a pathogenic agent known worldwide and affects about 180 million annually. We aimed to investigate the prevalence of Trichomonas vaginalis in diabetic patients referred to diabetic research center. Material and Methods: In this descriptive-analytic study, 215 women referring to the Diabetic Center in Kermanshah Province were investigated for Trichomonas vaginalis. After collecting the data by a questionnaire, the samples were obtained from posterior fornix by sterile swabs and sent for assessing by direct microscopy and Dorset medium. Results: Totally, 1.3 percent of the women were confirmed to be infected with T. vaginalis. Conclusion: The range of blood sugar cannot remarkably affect the prevalence of T. vaginalis. Given the limitations of this study and low prevalence compared to similar studies, we recommend further comprehensive research for better understanding. Keywords: Trichomonas Vaginalis, Diabet, Prevalence

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Abstract Background and Objective: Listeria monocytogenes is a bacterium transferred by foods and is the agent of many sporadic and epidemic diseases in humans. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of L. monocytogenes and to determinine their antibiotic resistance profile in red meats. Material and Methods: this cross-sectional study was performed on 400 red meat samples obtained from industrial slaughterhouses placed in Kerman, Iran. First, the samples were enriched with Simultaneous Enrichment Broth (SEB), and then plated onto Palcam agar and Tryptic Soy Broth Yeast Extract Broth (TSAYE). After identification of the isolates based on biochemical tests and PCR, the isolates were checked for their antibiotic resistance profile using disk Diffusion Results: of 400 samples, 12 samples (3%) were contaminated with different species of Listeria. Using PCR, hly gene was recognized in eight samples (2%) of L. monocytogenes. Furthermore, there was a significant difference in isolation rate of lamb samples compared to cow ones. While all of the isolates were resistant to clindamycin, amikacin and chloramphenicol, they were sensitive to penicillin. Conclusion: in spite of low rate of infection in red meat samples in Kerman city, due to high risk of Listeria contamination in red meats, we recommend applying a routine screening to identify this bacterium in our county. Keywords: Listeria Monocytogenes, Hly Gene, Red Meat, Antibiotic, Kerman

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Abstract Bachground and Objective: most of environmental microorganisms have the genes resistance to antibiotics and metals. The aim of the current study was to survey resistance pattern to some antibiotics and heavy metals in three pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from different ecological areas. Material and Methods: first, the isolates were identified by biochemical methods and phylogenetic analysis. Then, the evaluation of antibiotic resistance was conducted by disc diffusion and that of Heavy metal resistant by agar dilution, in a range of 50-500 µg/ml. Results: The results showed that all three isolates were resistant to beta lactam antibiotics. Although these isolates were highly resistant to heavy metals, no relationship was observed between ecological sources and the resistance pattern in ICT1 and Abt2 strains. However, strain Q isolated from digestive system of ParmacellaIberica showed high resistance to antibiotics and low resistance to heavy metals. Conclusion: given that environmental bacteria have a high potentiality for carrying resistance genes and this can be an advantage environmentally, they could be used to remove heavy metals from polluted areas. On the other hand, resistance genes medically are a concern due to probability of transferring to pathogen strains. Keywords: Antibiotic Resistance, Heavy Metal Resistance, Pseudomonas Aeruginosa

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Abstract Background and Objective: The bacteria living in the specific ecological conditions are among the most promising antimicrobial producers. This study aimed at isolating antimicrobial producing bacteria from soils contaminated with crude oil. Material and Methods: the samples were obtained from crude oil contaminated soils around Dezful located in Khuzestan province, Iran, and antimicrobial producing bacteria were isolated using disc diffusion and cross streak culture. Then, the best bacterium was selected and its antimicrobial potency was studied against indicator microorganisms. The isolate was also characterized based on biochemical properties and phylogenetic analysis. Results: based on the results, the highest antimicrobial activity of isolated bacterium was related to Candida albicans, Aspergillus niger, Bacillus subtilis, E. coli and Klebsiella pneumonia. An intermediate effect was determined against Serratia marcesens and Staphylococcus aureus, whereas no effect was observed against three strains of Enterococcus. Using biochemical characteristics and phenotypic traits, the isolate was identified as Alcaligenes faecalis. Conclusion: given that the isolate has broad spectrum activity against a various range of microorganisms and in comparison with some antimicrobial compounds produced by other Alcaligenes species, it seems the novelty of this antimicrobial compound. Keywords: Antimicrobial Compound, Oil Contaminated Soil, Alcaligenes faecalis