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Due to importance of menopause and it’s effects on the menopausal women, and also the use of hormonal replacement therapy, we decided to evaluate side effects of Estrogen therapy on menopausal women, such as sleep disorder and related problems. 60 menopausal women entered a 3-months prospective, placebo-case controlled, double blind and accidental study. They were selected after taking history and physical examination, some necessary laboratory data, exclusion of interfering factors. They were divided in 2 groups with equal members. Conjugated Estrogen (0.625 mg per day) was given orally for 3 months to case group. Placebo (1 tablet per day) was given to control group. The 2 groups evaluated again after 3 months. A questionnaire with 7 questions was given to the members of 2 groups before and after treatment. Treatment with Estrogen reduce number of sleep awakening, daily drawsiness, morning tiredness and improve the sleeping and resleeping (P<0.05) and with confidence interval of (95%). In our study, there was not significant correlation between weight, age, duration of menopause, cause of menopause with sleep disorders. According to this study, we conclude that Estrogen replacement therapy reduce sleep disorders in post menopausal women. These findings confirm HRT benefits.

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Anemia especially those due to Iron deficiency is one of the nutritional problems. Women are more susceptible to anemia during the age of fertility. The main purpose of this study is to determine the prevalence of anemia among 18-35 years old women in the villages around Gorgan. It was carried out in the 20 villages on 415 women. They were chosen by compound sampling. The mean age of the cases was 24.92 years old. Blood sampling and filling the questionnaire were carried out. On the chosen samples ferum Iron, TIBC, was determined using spectrophotometer hematolog tests was carried out using electronic cell counter. The prevalence of Iron deficiency, anemia, and the anemia due to Iron depletion were 37.78%, 25.1% and 13.45% respectively. There was not a meaningful relationship between marital status age with Iron depletion anemia and anemia due to Iron depletion. The conclusion out of this research showed that the anemia and especially anemia due to Iron depletion is one of the main nutritional problems among the women living in the villages around Gorgan.

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Urinary tract infection is common disease in pregnancy and most symptomatic infection with grate danger for fetus and mother’s. This study has been done to determine the prevalency of asymptomatic bacteriuria in pregnant women in Gorgan in 2000. Mid-stream urine from 900 pregnant women was obtained. Urine analysis and culture for all of them have been done and positive cultured (Isolated bacteria with 100000-colony count) was antibiogramed by Kerby Buer method. Out of 900 urine specimen 3.7% of samples had positive urinary tract infection. The common organism isolated was E.coli (33.3%), Coagulase negative, Staphylococci (30.3%) and Klebsiella (15.2%). There was not a significant correlation between age, pariety, pregnancy age, fresh urinary infection and asymptomatic bacteriuria but there was a significant and correlation kidney stone between bacteriuria. Anti-microbial sensitivity pattern demonstrates more sensitivity of strain with Amikacin and Gentamycin. Although prevalence of bacteriuria in this (3.7%) lower than other studies in this country but for their severe sequele. This phenomen should be taken into more consideration further investigation in other part of the country should be done to face the probable difficulties.

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Background & Objective: No nutrient deficiency is as bad as Iodine deficiency which attributed to a broad spectrum of disorders like goiter, abortion, hypothyroidism, etc. Screening for hypothyroidism must be done before or just after pregnancy. The present study was conducted to evaluate serum TSH and urinary Iodine concentration in pregnant women in Gorgan several years after salt iodization in Iran was implemented. Materials & Methods: From December to March 2004, 97 pregnant women referred for prenatal care to the Deziani Hospital in Gorgan were selected. 2 cc of blood for serum TSH measurement and 2 cc of urine for Iodine concentration measurement were collected. Urine Iodine concentration was measured by Acid digestion and TSH concentration measured by ELISA method. Results: 97 women, 86 (89%) women had normally urinary Iodine, 11 women had Iodine deficiency, 9 women had mild Iodine deficiency (82%) and 2 women (18%) had moderate Iodine deficiency none of them had severe Iodine deficiency. Serum TSH was normal in 90 women and only in 7 women it was more than 4 and none of them had TSH less than 0.3. There were not any significant statistical correlation between age, weight, height, parity, goiter grading, salary, gestational age and urinary Iodine concentration. Conclusion: According to low prevalence of Iodine deficiency in this study Iodine programs were successful in Gorgan and the mean urinary Iodine is high so evaluating of Iodine consumption for preventing of Iodine overload is necessary. Because of complications of Iodine deficiency especially in the 1st trimester of pregnancy regular measurement of urinary Iodine must be done in reproductive ages before pregnancy or just after pregnancy.

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Background&Objective: Abusing the married women are among one of the most difficult problem in many countries. In the study, mental health status of spouse abused women was evaluated. Materials&Methods: 1186 women were selected randomly from all districts of Tehran, undergoing spouse abuse questionnaire and general health questionnaire (GHQ-28). Collected data were analyzed by SPSS software with t-test and multiple regression analysis. Results: In 1186 study case, 1013 women (85.4%) experienced emotional abuse, 374 ones (31.5%) physical abuse, 360 ones (30.4%) sexual abuse and 206 ones (17.4%) all types of abuse. Also, the abuse victims suffered worse status of general health (p<0.05). Examining relation between all types of abuse, as a predictive factor ,and general health aspects as an(y) factor,with multiple regression analysis revealed a positive relation, i.e. experiencing any type of abuse could predict worsening of general health (p<0.05). Conclusion: Spouse abused women suffer a worse status in general health. Also they showed emotional disorders. The victims of sexual and physical abuse suffered worse than victims of emotional abuse.

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Background and Objective: Many factors are known to be involved in a number of human pathologies of obesity including serum leptin and thyroid hormones levels. The purpose of this study was to compare the serum levels of leptin and thyroid hormones in obese and non-obese women, in Shiraz-Iran during 2006. Materials and Methods: In this case- control study, 35 women with BMI≥30 Kg/m2 recruited as an obese group (Case group) and 35 women with healthy BMI (BMI<25 Kg/m2) were selected as a control group. General information data were gathered from each sample using questionnaires and face-to-face interviews. Body weight, height, waist and hip circumferences were measured and BMI, WHR and percent of body fat (%TBF) were calculated for each subject. Venous blood samples were drawn from subjects and serum was separated to determine the concentrations of serum leptin and thyroid hormones (T4, T3 and TSH) levels. Results: Mean serum concentration of leptin was significantly higher in obese group than control group (p<0.001). Serum leptin levels positively correlated to anthropometric indices (BMI, WHR, %TBF). No significant difference was observed between obese and non-obese groups in serum thyroid hormones concentration. Serum leptin levels positively related to serum T3 levels (P<0.05). Conclusion: This study indicated that obese women had higher leptin levels compared to non-obese. The interaction between thyroid hormone in particular T3 and leptin can be one of the reason for increasing the serum leptin level among obse women.

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Background and Objective: Sexual function is an important aspect of quality of life, and reflects on the physical, psychological and mental well being of the individual. The aim of this study was to compare the effects of Tibolone on sexual function, in healthy postmenopausal women. Materials and Methods: This randomized clinical trial study was done on 96 postmenopausal women with no absolute contraindication for hormone replacement therapy. Women were divided into two groups: 52 women in Tibolone group received Tibolone 2.5mg/day + Ca-D (500 mg +200 IU) and 44 women in placebo group received only Ca-D (500 mg +200 IU) for six months. Blood samples were collected at baseline and after 6 months of treatment for hormone determinations. Sexual function was assessed by female sexual function index (FSFI) in six domains. Side effect and satisfaction was assessed. Data was analyzed by Paired and independent t-test, Chi Square and Mann-Whitney tests. Results: 41 women in Tibolone group and 40 women in placebo completed the study. Compare to baseline values and placebo, the Tibolone group significantly improved on all of six FSFI domains (P<0.05). Testosterone, FTI and FEI increased and sex hormone binding golobulin (SHBG) decreased about 57% in Tibolone group (P<0.05). Headache, weightening, vaginal spotting and bleeding, were observed in case groups. Conclusion: Tibolone significantly improved all aspects of sexual function and increased quality of life by desirable changes in level of sex hormones and SHBG in Post menopausal women.

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Background and Objective: Lipoprotein (a) [Lp(a)] is a new cardiovascular risk factor and its concentration increase cardiovascular diseases, while physical activity decrease cardiovascular diseases. This study intend to investigate the effect of eight week walking program on lipoprotein (a) concentration in non-athlete iranian menopausal  women.

Materials and Methods: Twenty two healthy menopause women of 47-55 year of age any specific disorder were enrolled in this study. The subjects randomly divided into experimental and control groups. Anthropometric characteristics including height ,weight, body mass index (BMI), body fat percent and Waist-to-Hip ratio (WHR) and serum lipoprotein on fasting were measured pre and post-walking program. The data were compared using independent t-test, U mann witny and pearson correlation caefficeint was used for assessement of relation between lipoprotein (a) with anthropometric indexes.

Results: According to these results, there was a significant reduction of serum lipoprotein (a) (pre test12.5±4/1 post test 10.5±3md), WHR, BMI and body fat percent prior and after the training in experimental group (P<0.05) while non significant changes was observed in control group. Also, there was non significant relationship between lipoprotein (a) with Anthropometric indexes.

Conclusion: This study revealed that 8-week walking program had useful effects on menopausal women’ serum lipoprotein (a) concentration, WHR, BMI and body fat percent.

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Background and Objective: Urinary tract infection is the most common bacterial infection during pregnancy. The pregnant women seems to be at risk for pyelonephritis and untreated infection. Timely recognition and on-time appropriate treatment of urinary tract infection particularly in pregnant women reduce the related complications. This study was done to assesse Sensitivity of isolated E.coli from pregnant women urine to antibiotics. Materials and Methods: In this descriptive study E.coli isolated from 360 urine samples from pregnant women, were examined, using Eosin Methylene Blue, blood sugar method. Antibiogram diffusion disk Kirby-Bauer was performed to assess the antibiotic response. Results: The persent of sensitivity of Escherichia coli to antibiotics were Co-amoxiclav (5.72%), Ampicillin (8.86%), Amoxicillin (11.87%), Cefazolin (32.12), Cephalexin (36.1%), Gentamicin (40.28%), Co-trimoxazole (48.15%), Nalidixic acid (55.3%), Nitrofurantoin (72.48%) and Ceftriaxone (80.78%). Conclusion: This study showed that there is a high level of E.coli antibiotics resistance toward Amoxicillin and Ampicillin high sensevity is related to Ceftriaxone and Nitrofurantoin in this region.

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Background and Objective: Domestic violence can place mother and fetus at risk. This issue can be prevented through education and basic knowledge. This study carried out to determine the frequency and severity of domestic violence in pregnant women referred to health centers in Arak, Iran. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional descriptive study was done on 400 pregnant women referring in health centers in Arak North-West of Iran during 2009. This research was implemented through questionnaires including the demographic chracteristic aspects of physical violence, emotional, verbal and financial severity and the factors effected violence on pregnant women. Data was analyzed using Chi-Square, one way ANOVA and Tukey tests. Results: The overall prevalence of violence during pregnancy was 34.5%. For this rate, 56%, 48%, 23% and 11% were emotional violence, verbal, financial and physical violences, respectively. Marrige age (P<0.035), partnership lenght (P<0.018), family history of marriage (P<0.001), education (P<0.001), occupation of woman and husband (P<0.001) with the outbreak of violence during pregnancy were significantly associated. Conclusion: This study indicated that the frequency of domestic violence in pregnant women is high, therefore it is sugested women clinic to be established to protect pregnant women suffering from domestic violence during pregnancy.

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Background and Objective: The prevalence of hepatitis B infection is increasing worldwide. The main way to prevent hepatitis B transmission to newborns can be through accurate detection of HBsAg positive pregnant women and implementation of standard protocol for their infants. Therefore, this study carried out to determine the frequency of HBsAg in pregnant women in Gorgan, Iran. Materials and Methods: This cross sectional study was done on 1553 pregnant women whom attended to Dezyani hospital in Gorgan, North of Iran during 2008-09. Blood samples were taken and tested for HBsAg and HBeAg using ELISA method. Results: HBsAg was found positive in 15 (1%) pregnant women. However, HBeAg were negative in all cases. Seven of these cases (46.7%) were not diagnosed before admission to the hospital for delivery and therefore had not received any immunoprophylaxis or HBIG treatment for their newborns. In contrary, six mothers and their newborns received immunoprophylaxis due to falsely diagnosed HBsAg seropositive. Conclusion: This study showed that the current protocols for dealing with HBsAg seropositivity and case finding among pregnant women in this region should be thoroughly revised. Furthermore, it is suggested that pregnant women during third trimester should be screened for HBsAg.

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Background and Objective: Cardiovascular diseases are the most significant factors leading to death. This study was done to determine the effect of eight weeks aerobic training on level serum lipid and lipoprotein in non athletic women.

Materials and Methods: This quasi-experimental study was carried out on 30 non athletic women. Subjects were devided into control and experimental groups through gained Vo²max. HDL-c, total cholesterol (TC), LDL-c, VLDL-c, RF (TC/HCL) and subdermal fat percent were evaluted perior and after training for eight weeks as follow: three session in each weeks with one hour aerobic training in each session. Data analyzed using SPSS-14 and independent and dependent T student tests.

Results: The significant reduction of RF, TC and percent of subdermal fat were observed in experimental group after training in comparison with prieor phase (P<0.05). Significant reduction of RF, LDL-C, TC and subdermal fat were observed in experimental group in comparison with contols after training (P<0.05). The increase of HDL-c and reduction of TG and VLDL-c were observed in experimental group compared to control but these differences were not significant.

Conclusion: This study showed that aerobic training reduce total cholesterol, LDL-c, RF and percent of subdermal fat in non athletic women.

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Background and Objective: Sleep disurbance is considered to be one of the most common problems in menopausal women. Herbal supplements are being used as herbal supplemental medication to solve the problem. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of Sedamin capsule on sleep disorder among menopausal women. Materials and Methods: This randomized controlled trial study was done on 100 Menopausal women aged 50-60 with sleep disorder. Women randomly divided into intervention and contol groups. Subjects intervention group were received Sedamin capsule (530 mg Valerian root) twice a day for 30 days. Women in control group were received capsule (50 mg of carbohydrate) twice a day for 30 days. Demographic data form and Pittsburg sleep quality index was instrumented for the evaluation of disorder. Data analyzed with using independent T and ANOVA tests. Results: Mean score of sleep disorder peior and after intervention was 9.8±3.6 and 6.02±2.6 (P<0.05) in interventional group and 11.14±4 and 9.4±3.9 in controls, respectively. Also, 40% of the participants in the intervention group and 12% in the control group showed an improvement in the quality of sleep (P<0.05). Conclusion: This study showed that consumption of Sedamin capsule improves the quality of sleep in menopausal women with sleep disorder.

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Background and Objective: Domestic violence is the most common against women with negative effect on mother’s health, family, children and society. This study was performed to determine the prevalence of domestic violence against women in Bandar Abbas, Iran. Methods: This descriptive cross - sectional study was conducted on 500 women referred to Shahid Mohammadi hospital in Bandar Abbas, Southern Iran. Violence and physical injuries were recorded for each woman using a questionnaire. Results: Domestic violence was reported in 460 (92 %) women. The mean age of women was 33.80±8.64 years. The mean years of marriage were 10.53±7.83 years. 389 (77.8%), 102 (20.4%) and 9 (1.8%) of women were housewive, employee and self employee, respectively. 14 (2.8%) women had addiction background. The most common type of violence against women was psychological (54%), followed by verbal (31%), physical (24.8%) and sexual (6.8%). Level of education and addiction in the families were the main factors in domestic violence. Conclusion: Psychological violence is the most common type of domestic violence and it is related to the level of education and addiction in the families.

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Background and Objective: There are controversial reports about the effect of training on serum level of visfatin and TNF-α Cytokine .This study was done to evaluate the effect of 8 weeks of aerobic training on serum level of visfatin and TNF-α in non-athletic young women. Methods: In this quasi-experimental study, thirty non-athletic healthy women were non-randomly based on the weight, height, BMI index and body fat percentage divided into two control and training groups. In the training group 8 weeks of aerobic exercise on a stationary bicycle 3 times a week was performed. Serum level of visfatin and TNF-α was measured using ELISA method, prior and at the end of 8th week of training while the subjects were fasted for 12-14 hours. Results: At the end of 8 weeks of aerobic exercise, serum level of visfatin and TNF-α significantly reduced in the training group in comparison with controls (P<0.05). Conclusion: Eight weeks of aerobic training reduces visfatin and TNF-α serum level in non-athletic healthy women.

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Background and Objective: Obesity presented as the most pivotal public health problem. Motivational interviewing is a client-centered and direct technique to improve intrinsic motivation of people to change behavior using search and resolve ambivalence that its beneficial outcomes have widely been confirmed. This study was carried out to evaluate the effect of motivational interviewing on weight loss in women. Methods: In this randomized clinical trial study, 150 women with overweight and obesity were randomly divided into control, motivational interviewing and motivational interviewing and intention implementation groups. Data were collected through a researcher made questionnaire at baseline and 2 month follow up. Results: The score of protection motivation theory constructs including susceptibility, severity, rewards, self-efficacy, response efficacy and cost were significantly increased in the two intervention groups compared to the control group (P<0.05). Anthropometric characteristics were significantly reduced in the motivational interviewing and motivational interviewing with intention implementation group (P<0.05) in compare to the control group (P<0.05). Conclusion: Motivational interviewing integrated into intention implementation causes weight loss and increase the constructs score in women.

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Background and Objective: Divorce as a life crisis can lead to emotional and behavioral problems. This study was done to determine the effectiveness of group based reality therapy based on Glasser choice theory on the general health and obsessive beliefs of divorced women.
Methods: In this quasi-experimental study 30 divorced women were non-randomly divided into the two interventions and control groups (15 participants in each group). Perior of the study the general health questionnaire (GHQ) (anxiety, social function, somatic symptoms and depression) and obsessive thoughts questionnaire (OBQ-44) (responsibility, perfectionisn and importance of thoughts) were completed by subjects in both groups. Counselling with Glasser approach was performed for intervention group through 8 group sessions once a week and lasted for 120 minutes. Control group received no intervention. At the end of the study, Post-test was performed from both groups.
Results: Group training based on reality therapy in intervention group's participants caused a significant reduction in all items of the two variables, general health and obsessive thoughts in compared to the control group (P<0.05).
Conclusion: Group based reality therapy based on Glasser choice theory improves general health of divorced women and reduces their obsessive beliefs.

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Background and Objective: Couple burnout is phenomenon which affects many couples. It is the main cause of emotional divorce, and it can provide a ground for formal divorce of couples. This study was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of stress inoculation training (SIT) on reducing couple burnout among married women.

Methods: This quasi-experimental study was performed on 30 married women whom refered to Aram psychological and counseling service center in Gorgan, norhern Iran during 2016. The subjects selected by available sampling method and were assigned into intervention and control groups via a non-randomized method. Subjects in intervention group were received the stress inoculation training intervention in eight 2-hour session in groups (one session per week). The control group did not receive intervention until the end of the follow up stage. The data gathering tool was Couple Burnout Measure of Pinez (1996) which was completed by all subjects in pre-test, post-test and one-month follow up.

Results: After treatment and one-month follow up, the stress inoculation training intervention was effective on reducing couple burnout and its components including physical fatigue, mental fatigue, and emotional fatigue (P<0.05).

Conclusion: Stress inoculation training reduces couple burnout and its components in married women. Therfore, stress inoculation training recommends to be an appropriate interventional option for reducing marital problems and improving couple relationships.

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Background and Objective: Lung volume loss, airway obstruction and air flow limitation, and also hypertension are risk factors for mortality in patients with type 2 diabetes. This study was done to determine the effect of supplementation of saffron and exercise training on blood pressure changes, pulmonary function and spirometric indices in obese and overweight women affected by type 2 diabetes.

Methods: In this quasi-experimental study, forty-eight type 2 diabetic obese and overweight women were non randomly divided into four equal groups including placebo, saffron + training, training + placebo, saffron plus placebo). The saffron group + training and training + placebo groups did aerobic training with intensity of 60-75% of maximal heart rate for 8 weeks (three sessions per week). A daily dose of 400 mg of saffron sprout powder (once a day) was used for two months. The variables were measured in the pre-test, 48 hours and two weeks after the last training session.

Results: Intra-group results showed a significant increase in pulmonary function variables (VO2max, FVC, FEV1, FVC/FEV1, PEF, MVV), and significant reduction in systolic blood pressure and anthropometric indices (weight, BMI, and body fat percentage) in all three groups of exercise, saffron and practice + saffron (P<0.05). However, the results intra-group showed a significant difference in the above variables between the exercise + saffron supplement group in compared to other intervention groups (P<0.05), also, the highest effect was observed in the exercise + supplemental group.

Conclusion: According to the results of this study, saffron with exercise led to significant improvement in pulmonary volume and capacities, as well as a decrease in blood pressure in obese and overweight women affected by type 2 diabetes.

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Background and Objective: Fibromyalgia syndrome is a chronic disease with extensive musculoskeletal pain that primarily involves women and also it has negatively effects on many aspects of psychological and social life. Cognitive-behavioral therapy examines dysfunctional emotions and maladaptive cognitive behaviors, processes, and themes, and cognitive-behavioral hypnotherapy combines hypnotherapy with the methods and concepts of cognitive-behavioral therapy. The aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral therapy with cognitive-behavioral hypnotherapy on sexual satisfaction of women with fibromyalgia syndrome.
Methods: This clinical trial study was done on 9 women with fibromyalgia syndrome who referred to rheumatology clinic in Gorgan, northern Iran in 2020. The patients were randomly divided into three groups including cognitive-behavioral therapy, combination cognitive-behavioral hypnotherapy and control group. The treatments used were performed for 8 sessions separately for 2 groups of 3 people in Pars Tavan Comprehensive Center. Control group did not receive any intervention. A multidimensional sexual satisfaction questionnaire of Roshan 2014 was used to evaluate patients.
Results: Sexual satisfaction in post-test on both interventional group showed a significant improvement compared to control group (P<0.05). Cognitive-behavioral hypnotherapy with 59.38% was more effective than cognitive-behavioral therapy with 43.01 and also it was the same 2 month after follow up (P<0.05).
Conclusion: Combined therapy of cognitive-behavioral hypnotherapy increased sexual satisfaction in women with fibromyalgia syndrome more than cognitive-behavioral therapy.