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Background & Objective: Swimming pools are the most important sports field. The swimming effect on body and mental human health. The health, and disinfection of pools help to protect swimmers otherwise it can transfer agent of disease such as conjunctivitis-dermatit-athletes feet and parasitic in swimmers. The main purpose of this study is to survey the quality of health indicators in swimming pools and matching them with present standard in the Gorgan. Materials & Methods: This is a descriptive and cross-sectional study. It has performed on all of the swimming pool in summer season in Gorgan. In this study, general characteristics had determined by interview method and the parameters such as pH, turbidity, residual chlorine, Coliform bacteria, E.coli, Streptococcus Fecalis and Pseudomonas Aerogenosa determined in the laboratory. The sampling of water was performed every 10 days at 14-16 PM. The residual chlorine and pH determined in the field and the other parameters determined in the laboratory. Results: This research showed that pH>8 in 66.6% of samples and the amount of Coliform, E.coli and Streptococcus Fecalis were not at upper limit of standard, but the Pseudomonas Aerogenosa is more than limit of standard in 58.3% of samples. The residual chlorine was more limit of standard in 61.1% of samples and the amount of residual chlorine was according to limit of standard in Kiani and women’s pools. Conclusion: The lack of chlorinator system-inadequate of water treatment system and lack of knowledge pool’s incumbent cause that pH and residual chlorine were undesirable at most of the time. Additionally bacterial pollution confirms above subjects. So it is recommend that extensive research to be done on relationship between bacterial pollution and prevalence of disease in swimming pools.

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Background&Objective: Collection and Storage of roof rainwater usually has been used from long time ago in Iran and many other countries. Many residents in rural areas of Golestan province (Turkman Sahra) are providing partly of drinking and municipal water by this way. This study was purpose to determine the chemical water quality and detecting of probable contamination resources in cisterns. Materials&Methods: 140 samples were collected and analyzed for determination of chemical parameters during three seasons. Alkalinity by titrometric, hardness by E.D.T.A, Cl- by Mohr and No3- & PO4-3, by DR-2000 HACH and heavy metals by atomic absorption spectrometry (model 2380 Perkins-Elmer) were determined. These results were analyzed by SPSS and Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. Results: The chemical parameters such as: acidity, electrical conductivity, alkalinity, hardness, chloride, nitrate and manganese had desired limits but PO4- in 15%, Fe in 12%, Pb in 51% and Cr in 16% were exceeded the referrance level. Conclusion: Any of water cisterns were unfavorable for drinking because some chemical parameters and especially the heavy metals were exceeded the normal level. The probabe causes of the normal level chemical contamination water in cisterns include infiltration surface and agricultural waters, storage of Gorganrood water and precipitation of air pollution.

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Background&Objective: Vibrio species are oxidase positive, gram negative bacilli that predominantly reside in surface waters such as lakes , rivers. They cause predominantly intestinal diseases as well as a few extra-intestinal complications. Vibrio-related diseases often rise during natural disasters such as floods. Vibrio cholerae cause cholera in humans. In this study, the occurance of Vibrio cholerae in the surface waters of Golestan province, was investigated. Materials&Methods: The APW and TCBS agar culture media were used for primary isolation of Vibrio cholerae and the exact species identification were done by performing the following tests oxidase reaction, growth in 0% , 1% , 3% , 6% salt solution, lysine and ornithine decarboxylase, Arginine dehydrolase, ONPG and VP test, simmon citrate, bile esculin, indole, CAMP reaction, string test and specific antisera to V.cholerae 01. to confirm the findings, the special antiserum Ogawa and Inaba, were used. Results: We were able to isolate 42 Vibrio spp. from a total of 54 water samples collected. The species included 35 non-01 V.cholerae (84.2%), 2 V.mimicus (2.63%) and 5 V.cholerae 01 (13.1%) isolat. Conclusion: This study confirmed the existence of Vibrio cholerae 01 in 9% of samples from surface waters of Golestan province.

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Background and Objective: One of the problems in urban areas is nitrate contamination of ground waters. High nitrate concentration can cause methemoglobinemia, appearing as a risk factor is provided by ground waters. More than 80% of drinking water of Gorgan, Iran. So this investigation was done to determine of nitrate level in ground waters in Gorgan. This study has been carried out for investigation of nitrate rate in drinking water supply networks and not drinking water ground water wells of Gorgan city. Materials and Methods: This discriptive study was done on 43 ground waters and surface water samples which collected in spring and winter, in Gorgan during 2005. K+, Cl-, NO21-, NO31- of samples were analyzed by spectrophotometery method. Results: The chemical analysis of ground waters of drinking water resources of Gorgan city showed significant variation of nitrate between 3.52 to 69.52 mg/l. The rates of nitrate in certain ground waters wells in vicinity of landfills were between 84.48 to 145.2 mg/l which is more than drinking water standards. Nitrate concentration in agricultural lands such as Shast-kula and Garmabdasht aquifers is lower than Ziarate aquifer in vicinity of urban area. Conclusion: Nitrate contamination in aquifers in vicinity of urban area and unsanitary disposal of solid waste substance may result from house sewage effluents and infiltration of landfill leachs to ground water wells.

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Background and Objective: Leptospirosis is a zoonosis that is more common in tropical and semitropical regions and is endemic in Guilan province. In endemic region, only a limited number of pathogenic serovars are common, characterization of them is very important step in detecting the main reservoir(s) of the disease. This study was performed to isolate leptospires from rice farms, irrigation canals and rivers of eastern part of flat area of Guilan province to detect main endemic serotypes of leptospirosis. Materials and Methods: In this descriptive and cross – sectional study samples were taken from 8 cities of the area of Guilan province, Noth of Iran between May to September of 2007. Two ml of any processed water sample was inoculated in liquid EMJH medium with 200µg/ml 5-flurouracil after filtration, were incubated in 30ºc for 3 monthes, and were checked by darkfiel microscopy every two weeks. All positive samples were serotyped by using 30 type antisera which were main representative of serogroups. Results: 47 0f 320 specimens were positive and 273 samples were negative. One saprophytic specie (Biflexa) including two serogroups (Andamana, and Semaranga) and three pathogenic species (Interrogans, Kireshnerii, and Boirgpetersenii) including 6 serogroups were detected Icterohaemorrhagiae, Pomona, and canicola of interrogans, Hardjobovis and Sejroea of Borgpeterseni pecie, Grippotyphosa of Kircshneri. Non-pathogenic serogroups were found from surface water, but the pathogenic serogroup were detected only from rice farm water. Conclusion: The high incidence of leptospirosis in rual area concide with seasonal rice cultivation, which can be due to trafic of domestic animal in rice farms and elevation temprature, and activity of rice farm water with subsequent presence of pathogenic type and serotypes in rice farm.

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Background and Objective: In recent years, chitosan and Moringa oleifera Coagulant Protein a natural coagulant were used in order to reduce the problems occure from chemical coagulants. This investigation was done to determine effectiveness of Moringa Oleifera Coagulant Protein and Chitosan as natural coagulant aids in removal of colloidal particles and bacteria from turbid waters. Materials and Methods: In this interventional- quasi experimental study, the experiments were run by using synthetic water having low(10-20NTU), medium(100-120NTU) and high (200-220NTU) initial turbidities. In order to determine optimum pH and dosage of coagulant and coagulant aids, a conventional jar test apparatus was employed. Turbidity reading were carried out using a Hach model 2100P Turbidimeter. The samples were taken from the top four inch of the suspension for turbidity and bacteria removal measurement. Results: Optimum dose of alum for waters with three different initial turbidities were 20, 40, and 20 mg/l, respectively. Optimum pH was between 7-7.5. Moringa oleifera Coagulant Protein and chitosan were reduced the required dosage of alum from 12.5% to 62.5% and from 50% to 87.5%, respectively, in different turbidities and residual aluminum was reduced to standard limit (0.2mg/l). The bacteria removal efficiency were from 90% to 99.9999%. It was found when samples were stored during 24 hours regrowth of E.coli was not observed. Conclusion: This study showed that natural coagulant aids can reduce the turbidity to below 5NTU without filtration in optimum condition.

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Background and Objective: Esophageal and gastric cancers are among the most prevalent cancers in the world which cause a high mortality rate annually. Several risk factors are supposed for them. Water hardness is considered as a protective factor against above cancers. This ecologic study was designed to determine the correlation between water hardness and upper gastrointestinal cancers. Materials and Methods: In this ecological study data on water components in Golestan's urban areas were obtained during 2004-05 and the averages were reported. All cases of esophageal and gastric cancers resided in urban areas which were diagnosed during this period were recruited to estimate the incidence and age standardized rates (ASR). The province was divided into low, intermediate and high incidence, based on 33% and 66% quartiles of both cancers. Pearson correlation coefficient test and regression model were used to analyze the data. Results: The water hardness was in the normal standard range permitted for the drinking water, and did not have any relation with the risk of esophageal and gastric cancers. Conclusion: This study showed that water hardness has no effect on the incidence of esophageal and gastric cancer in this area.

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Background and Objective: Fungi are widely distributed in nature and they are usually present in attomospher but other sources such as water play an important role in their ecology. This study was done to evaluate mycoflora assessment in drinking tap water in Sari, North of Iran. The tap water collected form Sari water distribution system for fungi. Materials and Methods: In this descriptive study, a volume of 100 ml of tap drinking water samples (n=60) were collected in sterile bottles. All water samples passed through sterile 0.45 micrometer filters. The filters were placed directly on Malt extract agar and incubated at 27°C for 3-7 days. Routine mycological techniques were applied to identify the grown fungi. Results: Out of 468 grown fungal colonies, eight different fungal genera were identified. The total mean cfu per 100 ml for the positive samples were 8.4. Aspergillus (37.4%) and Penicillium (27.3%) were the most common isolated fungi. Rhizopus (0.6%) had the lowest frequency. Among Aspergillus species, A. flavus had the highest frequency. Conclusion: Our result showed that various fungi were present in the tap drinking water. We propose fungi should be considered as part of the microbiological analysis parameters in drinking tap water.

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Background and Objective: Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) impairs spatial learning and memory. Desmopressin acetate ameliorates the cognitive deficits induced by electroconvulsive shock. This study was designed to evaluate the protective effects of Desmopressin acetate on retention of spatial memory deficits induced by post-traumatic stress disorder in rats. Materials and Methods: In this experimental study twenty one male Wistar rats were used. Animals were trained for 5 consecutive days in Morris water maze and then were randomly assigned in three groups (Vehicle + Sham, Saline + PTSD and Desmopressin acetate + PTSD) and tested in a probe 60 sec in 24h after the last acquisition trial. The groups of PTSD+Desmopressin acetate rats and vehicle+sham, saline+PTSD were injected Desmopressin acetate (10 micro gr/kg body weight) and saline (IP), respectively. Injections performed ten minute prior to PTSD and spatial memory was tested ten minutes later. Data were analyzed using SPSS-16, One-Way ANOVA and Tukey tests. Results: The platform location latency of the Desmopressin acetate+PTSD group was significantly shorter (4.24 sec) than the control group (P<0.05) and also, had significantly smaller average proximity values (33.87 cm) compared to the saline+PTSD group (P<0.05). Desmopressin acetate + PTSD spent significantly more time (21.65%) in the target zone (P<0.05). Conclusion: This study indicated that Desmopressin acetate blocks the ability of PTSD to impair spatial memory retention.

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Background and Objective: Pollution due to the heavy metals is a problem that may have negative consequences on the hydrosphere. Identification of microorganisms resistant to heavy metals plays an important role in relation to environmental pollution bioremediation. This study was done to assess the antibiotic resistance in isolated bacteria from urban sewage and copper smeltery industrial wastewater. Materials and Methods: This laboratory study was done on the wastewater samples from urban sewage and copper smeltery in Isfahan-Iran, during 2011-12. Heavy metal resistant microorganisms were isolated and enumerated after serial dilution and culturing on PHG agar plates supplemented with 0.5 mM of each heavy metal. The pattern of resistance was assigned by Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC). Antibiotic resistance toward following medicines Ofloxacine, Penicilline, Sulfometoxasole, Lincomycin, Kanamycin, Streptomycin, Clindamycin, Vancomycin, Cefradin and Neomycin were subsequently investigated. Results: The greatest resistance in isolated bacteria has been related to the Ni (MIC: 24 mM) that’s related to the genus of Klebsiella and its minimum MIC is 2mM that’s of Acinetobacter lwoffi, Providencia stuartii, Branhamella. The minimum degree of resistance is related to Cu. Its Maximum MIC related to this metal in swage is 2 mM that’s of Klebsiella pneumoniae and its minimum degree of resistance in copper smeltery effluent is arranged as 1mM related to genus of Pseudomonas alkaligenes. In examining multi metal resistance pattern, the greatest resistance with 8 mM MIC has been related to the Cd, that’s of Ni resistant Moraxella osloensis in Copper smeltery effluent. The highest portion of isolated bacteria were resistant to Pb (P<0.05). The highest resistance of refirary wastewater was to Ni (MIC: 2 mM), which belong to Klebsiella (P<0.05). The lowest belong to Acine to bacter Lwoffi providencia Stuartii, Branhamella (MIC: 2mM) (P<0.05). In urban sewage: the highest resistance belong to copper, which was seen in Klebsiella Pneumoniae (MIC: 2mM). In Antibiogram tests of Klebsiella, Moraxella and Escherichia, it was demonstrated that the metal resistant bacteria were also resistant toward Lincomycin, Kanamycin, Streptomycin, Clindamycin, Vancomycin, Cefradin and Neomycin, as well. Conclusion: Increasing heavy metal resistance in the environment leads to increased antibiotic resistance toward microorganisms.

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Background and Objective: Different coagulants including aluminum sulfate (Alum) and Polyaluminum Chloride (PAC) are used for water clarification process and deposition of colloidal particles. The use of coagulants causes some residual aluminum in water. The residual aluminum higher than 0.2 mg/l, has adverse effects on human health and environment. This study was conducted to determine the amount of residual aluminum by applying Polyaluminium chloride and aluminum sulfate for turbidity removal from turbid water. Methods: In this laboratory study, the experiments were run by using synthetic water having low (10-30 NTU), medium (100-130 NTU) and high (200-230 NTU) initial turbidities. Synthetic turbid water was prepared by adding stock kaolin suspension into distilled water. Samples of 1 liter of water were poured on 6 Jars. After adjusting of pH, coagulant was added into each beaker at various doses and agitated at 100 rpm for 30s. The mixing speed was then reduced to 20 rpm and kept for another 15 minutes. The suspensions were left for sedimentation and after 30 minutes of sedimentation, clarified samples were collected from the top of the beakers. Residual turbidity and residual aluminum was measured. The residual turbidity was measured using a Turbidimeter according to Nephlometric method. The residual aluminum was determined by Eriochrome cyanine R method. Results: Residual alminium in low, medium and high turbidities was 0.006 mg/l, 0.05 mg/l and 0.07 mg/l by applying Polyaluminum Chloride and 0.065 mg/l, 0.15 mg/l and 0.22 mg/l by applying alum, respectively. There was a significant correlation between dosage of Alum and Polyaluminum Chloride with residual aluminium (P<0.05). Conclusion: Polyaluminum Chloride due to low sensitivity to pH variation and less residual aluminum in treated water is more suitable than alum coagulant and could be used as a recommended water coagulant.

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Background and Objective: Raw water is one of the main sources of water supply in some communities. Filteration of surface water resources is a challenging point in the rainy seasons due to the highly turbidity. This study was done to evaluate the removal of turbidity in raw water using chitosan in electrocoagulation process using aluminum electrodes. Methods: In this the descriptive –analytical study, a Plexiglas electrocoagulation reactor in a lab scale to an approximate volume of 6 liter which was equipped with four aluminum electrodes having dimension of 200×20×2 mm was proposed. The effects of operating parameters including pH (5 to 9), applied voltage (10 to 30 V), the initial turbidity (100-600 NTU), initial chitosan concentration (0.5-2 mg/L) and contact time (5 to 30 min) were evaluated. Results: Turbidity removal efficiency was over 100% (pH=7, applied voltage=30 V and initial turbidity concentration of 100NTU) in the application of electrocoagulation with chitosan but in the application of electrocoagulation without chitosan removed 87% of turbidity in the same condition. Conclusion: Chitosan as coagulant aid in low amount can increase turbidity removal efficiency rather than application of electrocoagulation alone.

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Background and Objective: Ducrosia anethifolia (Dc.) is a medicinal odor plant contains CNS effective compounds which has been used in Iranian traditional medicine. This study was done to determine the effect of Ducrosia anethifolia (Dc.) Boiss essential oil on spatial learning and memory in adult male rats.

Methods: In this experimental study, 35 wistar adult male rats were randomly allocated into the five groups (n=7) including: control, sham (injected vehicle) and Ducrosia anethifolia (Dc.) Boiss essential oil groups 0.125, 0.25 and 0.5ml/kg/bw, intraperitonally during four days. Morris water maze test was used to assess learning and memory.

Results: Ducrosia anethifolia (Dc.) Boiss essential oil (0.5 ml/kg/bw) was significantly increased escape latency in the second and third (P<0.05) as well as forth (P<0.05) days of acquisition test in compare to control group. In addition latency to find the hidden platform was significantly decreased with 0.25 essential oil in all days except first day (P<0.05) and in essential oil- treated rats at 0.125 ml/kg/bw in the second and third days (P<0.05) in compare to the control group.  Time spent and distance travelled in target zone were significantly increased in Ducrosia anethifolia (Dc.) Boiss essential oil -treated rats (0.5ml/kg/bw) in compare to control group (P<0.05).

Conclusion: Intraperental administration of the Ducrosia anethifolia (Dc.) Boiss essential oil at doses of 0.5 and 0.25 ml/kg/bw during four days can improves spatial learning and memory in adult male rats.

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Background and Objective: Bioabsorbat is one of the most effective methods for the removal of heavy metals from industrial sewages. This study was done to assess the evaluation of Copper removal from industrial sewages by the Green microalgae Chlorella vulgaris.

Methods: This descriptive-analytic study was done on three samples from Bahonar Kerman copper industry sewage samples and 63 copper biosorption synthetic samples by Green microalgae Chlorella vulgaris at a constant temperature of 25°C, optimum pH 6 and contact time of 60 minutes and adsorbent concentration of 2 g/L. The rate of residual copper was determined using atomic absorption instrument. The adsorption isotherms and metal ions kinetic modeling on to the adsorbent were determined based on Langmuir isotherm, Freundlich and kinetics of type I and II.

Results: The removal efficiency was determined as 82.62% and 91.5 % in Copper real examples and synthetic samples, respectively. Based on the obtained results, copper absorption followed Langmuir model and second order kinetic equation (P<0.05).

Conclusion: Due to high absorption potential of Green microalgae Chlorella vulgaris, this method can be effectively used for copper removal from industrial sewages.

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Background and Objective: Water resident bacteria are potentially important reservoir of antibiotic resistance genes. This study was performed to evaluate the antibiotic resistance in Escherichia coli strains isolated from raw waters of Golestan province, northern Iran.

Methods: In this descriptive study, 26 samples from Ziarat river water (13 samples pre & 13 samples post treatment) and 36 samples from Azadshahr area springs water (18 samples pre & 18 samples post treatment) were collected. 75 numbers of Escherichia coli bacterium samples (50 isolated from river and 25 isolated from springs) identified and isolated from raw waters of Golestan province, northern Iran by MPN method via differential tests. Susceptibility of Escherichia coli strains to 11 antibiotics (Amoxicillin / Clavulanic acid, Ampicillin, Imipenem, Cefalotin, Cefotaxime, Gentamicin, Amikacin, Tetracycline, Nalidixic acid, Ciprofloxacin and Trimethoprim / Sulfamethoxazole) was assayed by disk diffusion Kirby & Bauer’s method.

Results: 14 spring's raw water samples and 12 river raw water samples contained Escherichia coli. All of the river and springs samples assayed free from Escherichia coli post treatment. All of the Escherichia coli strains isolated from samples showed the similar phenotypical resistance against to surveyed 11 antibiotics. The most significance resistance to Ampicillin (river 94% & springs 88%), Amoxicillin / Clavulanic acid (river 76% & springs 80%), Tetracycline (river 14% & springs 16%) and Cefalotin (river 8% & springs 16%) viewed. Resistance to Trimethoprim / Sulfamethoxazole (8%), Nalidixic acid (2%) and Ciprofloxacin (2%) just viewed in river samples. All of the river and spring isolates were sensitive to Imipenem, Cefotaxime, Gentamicin and Amikacin and demonstrated intermediate resistance to others antibiotics.

Conclusion: Treatment of raw water from springs and rivers caused the eradication of Escherichia coli. As regard to observed phenotypical resistance in springs’ raw waters, presumably with lack of treatment springs’ raw water can be caused the transmission of antibiotic resistance to human body.

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Background and Objective: Organic aromatic compounds as common environmental pollutants can be existing in the effluent of different industries in concentrations ranging from trace quantities to hundreds of milligrams per liter. Phenol compounds extremely have been used in pharmaceutical, wood industry and paper and dyes industries which introduced to environment via effluents. This study was done to evaluate the efficacy of persulfate activated by Fe²⁺ in the present of UV for removal of phenol from aqueous solutions.
Methods: This photocatalytic degradation experiment was performed in batch mode using a 2.5 L cylindrical reactor equipped with low-pressure Hg vapor lamp of 55 W for wavelength production of 253.7 nm. The effects of operating parameters such as pH of the solution (pH: 3-10), different initial persulfate concentration (10-75 mmol/l), initial Fe²⁺ concentration (5-30 mmol/l) and initial phenol concentration (10-100 mg/l). Concentration changes of phenol were determined using UV–VIS spectroscopy at the wavelength of 500 nm.
Results: Degradation of phenol was significantly decreased with increasing of pH from 3 to 10, whereas the highest phenol removal rate was 82% at pH=3 in 45 min contact time. Also, the phenol removal rate is depending on initial persulfate and Fe²⁺ concentration. The degradation of phenol by this photocatalytic followed first order rate decay kinetics (R²>98%(. Under optimum operational conditions, the removal of TOC was obtained to be 61% in 45 min contact time.
Conclusion: This study indicated that activation of persulfate by Fe²⁺ in the present of UV process could serve as a novel treatment technique for removal of phenol in aqueous solution.
 

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Background and Objective: Atorvastatin is a member of the statin family with lipophilic character and anti-hyperlipidemic effect. There is many evidence that atorvastatin has protective effect on cognitive function. This study was done to evaluate the effect of atorvastatin on spatial memory in rats following a high-fat diet.
Methods: This experimental study was performed on 35 male Wistar male rats. Animals were randomly allocated into 5 groups including control, control plus atorvastatin and sham (received high-fat diet for 4 weeks) and high-fat diet plus atorvastatin (10 and 50 mg/kg, for 4 weeks). Learning and spatial memory were measured using Morris water maze for a 6-day period including 5 days training and the last day, test day (probe day).
Results: High-fat diet reduced learning and poor memory performance during training and probe compared to the control group, and also on the probe day, the high-fat group spent less time in the target quarter (P<0.05). Administration of atorvastatin after a high-fat diet improvement spatial memory in compared to high-fat group (P<0.05).
Conclusion: Short-term treatment (4 weeks) with atorvastatin in high-fat dietary rats can improve spatial memory.

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Background and Objective: The use of packaged drinking water is on the rise nowadays in most countries, including Iran. Currently, more than 100 different brands of packaged drinking water are produced and distributed in Iran. This study was done to evaluate the quality of Iranian, foreign packaged drinking waters and municipal drinking water in Golestan Province, north of Iran.
Methods: This descriptive-analytical study was done on 56 packaged drinking waters of different Iranian and foreign brands, eight brands produced in Golestan province and a number of municipal drinking water samples were collected from Gorgan and Gonbad Kavous cities in northern Iran. To assess the quality of packaged drinking water and drinking water, their physicochemical parameters were compared with National Iranian Standards 1053 and WHO. Stiff and Piper diagrams were plotted to determine the type and hydrochemical facies of water samples. Gibbs and Schoeller diagrams were used to determine the water chemistry controlling factors of water samples and their water quality for drinking, respectively.
Results: The concentrations of physicochemical parameters (except bicarbonate) were within the range of national drinking water standards 1053 and WHO. The average nitrate concentration in all packaged drinking and drinking water was within the standard range. The fluoride concentration of all packaged drinking waters and drinking water was within the range of WHO standard. However, only 14 samples of all packaged drinking and drinking water samples are within the range of 1053 National Iranian Water Standard. The total concentration of soluble solids and the total hardness of packaged drinking water were within the range of 1053 NW. There was also a significant difference (P<0.05) between the chemical parameters of magnesium, sodium, chloride and nitrate in packaged drinking water produced in Golestan province with the municipal drinking water samples.
Conclusion: The amount of fluoride in drinking water in this study was less than desirable and required fluorination. The quality of packaged drinking water in Golestan province is better than the municipal drinking water.

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Background and Objective: The increasing development of agricultural and aquaculture activities along the rivers has reduced the quality of running water. The aim of this study was to evaluate Chehel-chai River water quality with national sanitation foundation water quality index (NSFWQI), Iran water quality index for surface water (IRWQISC), Canadian water quality index (CWQI).
Methods: This descriptive-analytical study, was performed on all of 7 sampling stations based on standard factors such as availability, land use type, geology and dispersion along the river, 12 water quality parameters including dissolved oxygen, fecal coliform, pH, biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), temperature, organic phosphate, nitrate, ammonium, turbidity, total soluble solids and electrical conductivity and 5 cations (sodium, calcium and magnesium) and anion (chloride and sulfate) along the river for summer and autumn seasons 2018 (42 sample) with the standard method was measured.
Results: The amount of phosphate and turbidity increased from station 2 to downstream due to the existence of fish ponds and agricultural drainage. BOD, COD and fecal coliform values at station 6 have increased significantly with due to urban effluent output. River pollution in the summer has increased due to reduction of river flow and after station 3 (promenade) to the downstream, which is due to the entry of agricultural fertilizers and urban wastewater discharge. According to the average of IRWQISC and NSFWQI, the water quality of Chehel-chai River in the sampling station in the area of Minoodasht city (station 6) is in bad class. The CWQI index showed that the water of the Chehel-chai River is suitable for drinking and aquaculture at the border of the class, for agriculture in the bad class, and in terms of recreation and livestock use in the higher class.
Conclusion: The mean values of the above indices indicate high pollution quality class, and since this river is used for water supply for agricultural and aquaculture, management strategies are necessary.

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Background and Objective: The presence of many synthetic dyes in aqueous solutions can cause carcinogenesis and mutagenicity and affect human health. Reactive Red 198 is one of the types of azo dyes with complex structure, toxic, carcinogenicity, mutagenicity properties, and tolerable in the environment, which is discharged to the environment through the sewage of textile industries. This study was performed to determine the mineralization of 198 reactive red dyes by the hybrid advanced oxidation process UV/US/H₂O₂/O₃ from colored wastewater using central composite design.
Methods: In this descriptive-analytical study several factors affecting on dye mineralization process including the presence of ozone gas and ultraviolet rays (UV) as well as the initial dye concentration, Ultrasound (US), contact time, pH, and hydrogen peroxide were investigated. Experimental design and optimization were performed by design of experiment software using central composite design and its optimal conditions were determined.
Results: The maximum dye degradation efficiency of 100% was performed under optimal conditions including initial dye concentration of 200 mg/L, reaction time of 34 minutes, hydrogen peroxide concentration of 27 mg/L and pH=9 in the presence of ozone gas flow, ultraviolet rays and ultrasonic waves. Also, the influence of factors on dye removal including ozone, UV, initial dye concentration, US, contact time, pH, and peroxide were  58.8%, 19.3%, 2.3%, 1.5%, 1.1%, 0.6 %and 0.2 % ,respectively.
Conclusion: UV/US/H₂O₂/O₃ hybrid process with advantages such as performance and high speed can be recommended for wastewater treatment in various industries.