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Background and Objective: Insulin resistance (IR) is one of the factors affecting dyslipidemia in type 2 diabetes which increases the risk of cardiovascular diseases. This study was done to determine the association of homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance with lipid profiles in type 2 diabetes. Methods: This descriptive study was conducted on 72 patients with type 2 diabetes in Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran during 2011. Anthropometric indces, fasting serum glucose, serum insulin and lipid profiles were measured and IR index and atherogenic lipid parameters were calculated. The mean of lipid profiles and parameters were compared across the IR tertiles. The association of homeostasis model assessment and insulin resistance in each tertile with lipid profiles was determined. Results: The mean±SD of IR index was 0.9±0.3, 2.1±0.4 and 4.4±1.6 in the 1th, 2th and 3th tertiles, respectively. In the 3th tertile, serum triglyceride and atherogenic lipid parameters were significantly high and serum HDL-C level was non-significantly low than normal reference range. IR index in the 2th and 3th tertiles was significantly related to serum Triglyceride (P<0.05). IR index in level of >2.8, was inversely associated with HDL-C and directly associated with atherogenic lipid parameter. Conclusion: There is association between Insulin resistance with lipid metabolic abnormality in type 2 diabetic patients.

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Background and Objective: Micro RNAs (or miRNAs) control gene regulation and different biological processes in various tissues and therefore play an important role in various diseases. In some cases, either a single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in miRNAs or in complementary sequences in their target mRNAs play significant role in human diseases. In this study, the relationship between rs531564 G>C in mir-124-1 with the susceptibility to type 2 diabetes in the Iranian population was examined.

Methods: In this case-control study, 173 individuals affected with type 2 diabetes and 162 healthy individuals were selected. Extracted DNA from peripheral blood was amplified by a pair of relevant primers and then digested by BsmAI restriction enzymes. The obtained electrophoretic patterns were used for genotyping.

Results: The genotype frequencies of GG, GC and CC for rs531564 in the patient group were 0.92, 0.06 and 0.02 respectively, 0.96, 0.04 and 0.00 in the controls. Statistical analysis showed no significant difference between the two groups regarding the genotype frequencies, however the allelic frequencies were significantly different between those groups (P<0.05).

Conclusion: There was no genotype difference between diabetes and healthy individuals, but the allelic C is related with type 2 diabetes among Iranian population.

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Background and Objective: The comorbidity of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and hypertension may exacerbate chronic inflammation and regular exercise training considered as an important therapeutic approach for such patients. This study was done to evaluate the eight weeks effects of regular exercise training on apelin and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-a) plasma levels in hypertensive postmenopausal women with T2DM.
Methods: This quasi-experimental study was conducted on 20 postmenopausal women with hypertension and T2DM. Subjects non-randomlly allocated into intervention and control groups. Training program consisted of 25-40 minutes of aerobic exercise at 50-70 percent of maximal heart rate, 3 sessions per week for 8 weeks. The plasma level of apelin, TNF-a and glucose was measured, subsequently.
Results: 8 weeks exercise training was significantly reduced apelin, TNF-a, and glucose levels in the intervention group compared to the control group (P<0.05).
Conclusion: Aerobic exercise can mediate some of its favorable effects on hypertension pathological conditions associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus by reducing plasma apelin and TNF-a levels.

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Background and Objective: Lung volume loss, airway obstruction and air flow limitation, and also hypertension are risk factors for mortality in patients with type 2 diabetes. This study was done to determine the effect of supplementation of saffron and exercise training on blood pressure changes, pulmonary function and spirometric indices in obese and overweight women affected by type 2 diabetes.

Methods: In this quasi-experimental study, forty-eight type 2 diabetic obese and overweight women were non randomly divided into four equal groups including placebo, saffron + training, training + placebo, saffron plus placebo). The saffron group + training and training + placebo groups did aerobic training with intensity of 60-75% of maximal heart rate for 8 weeks (three sessions per week). A daily dose of 400 mg of saffron sprout powder (once a day) was used for two months. The variables were measured in the pre-test, 48 hours and two weeks after the last training session.

Results: Intra-group results showed a significant increase in pulmonary function variables (VO2max, FVC, FEV1, FVC/FEV1, PEF, MVV), and significant reduction in systolic blood pressure and anthropometric indices (weight, BMI, and body fat percentage) in all three groups of exercise, saffron and practice + saffron (P<0.05). However, the results intra-group showed a significant difference in the above variables between the exercise + saffron supplement group in compared to other intervention groups (P<0.05), also, the highest effect was observed in the exercise + supplemental group.

Conclusion: According to the results of this study, saffron with exercise led to significant improvement in pulmonary volume and capacities, as well as a decrease in blood pressure in obese and overweight women affected by type 2 diabetes.

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Background and Objective: There is a corolation between meta-cognitive beliefs and psychological adaptability. The subjects with adaptability beliefs have more soci-psyclogical adaptability. Diabetes has a negative impact on the quality of life. Therefore, this study was done to determine the relationship between meta-cognitive beliefs and adaptability with quality of life in type 2 of diabetic patients.
Methods: This descriptive correlation study was done on 100 type 2 diabetic patients (60 males, 40 females) whom refered to association of diabetes center in Tehran, Iran during 2016. They were selected by network sampling method. Data collection was done by Wales and Cartwright Hatton (2004) Meta-cognitive beliefs, Bell's (1961) adjustment and ware and quality of life (1996) questionnaires.
Results: There was a positive and significant relationship between metacognitive beliefs (r=0.756) with quality of life (P<0.05). In addition, there was a significant relationship between adaptability (r=-0.917) with quality of life (P<0.05). The results of sub-scales of metacognitive beliefs showed that the strongest predictor of adjustment and quality of life is the component of positive beliefs about worry, and then the components beliefs about superstition, punishment and responsibility associated with worry and beliefs about uncontrollability of worrying and about the dangers of failing to control worrying, respectively, had a good predictor role.the severity of diabetes significantly reduced the qulity of life (P<0.05).
Conclusion: Metacognitive beliefs and compatibility can affect the quality of life in diabetic patients.

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Background and Objective: Hormone and genetic disorders are the most important causes of hyperglycemia in obese and diabetes patients. This study was done to determine the effect of the resistance training program on FOXO1 gene expression in subcutaneous adipose tissue as an effective transcription factor in insulin signaling pathways, fasting glucose and insulin resistance in type 2 diabetic rats.
Methods: In this experimental study, type 2 diabetes induced by high fat diet and Streptozotocin (STZ, 30 mg/kg/bw) intraperitoneal injection in 14 male wistar rats (220±20 g) .Animals were randomly allocated into exercise (n=7) and control (n=7) groups. Exercise group were participated in resistance training program (6 weeks, 5 days/weekly). Fasting blood glucose and insulin as well FOXO1 gene expression in subcutaneous adipose tissue were measured lasted exercise session in the two geoups.
Results: Resistance training  significantly reduces in fasting glucose, insulin resistance and FOXO1 gene expression in subcutaneous adipose tissue in exercise group in compared to control group (P<0.05).
Conclusion: Resistance training lead to decrease of insulin resistance and blood glucose by inhibiting FOXO1 gene expression in subcutaneous adipose tissue in diabetic rats.

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Background and Objective: Type 2 diabetes is a common disease that could be prevented or managed with a healthy lifestyle. This study was conducted to determine the effects of self-healing with mindfulness-integrated cognitive behavior therapy on the health-promoting lifestyle profile of patients with type 2 diabetes.
Methods: This clinical trial was done on 45 patients with type 2 diabetes who had been referred to the Sedigeh Tahereh Clinic in Isfahan (Iran) in 2021. The patients were randomly divided into 3 groups of 15 patients: a control group, a self-healing group (first intervention) and a mindfulness-integrated cognitive behavior therapy group (second intervention). Interventions for each treatment were held as a weekly 90-minute online session. Posttest was After 12 sessions and three months after the test was followed up. The research tool was a health-promoting lifestyle profile questionnaire with nutrition, exercise, health responsibility, stress management, interpersonal support and self-fulfillment components. The questionnaire was filled out by each group after the 12 sessions and three months after the last session.
Results: Both the self-healing methods and the mindfulness-integrated cognitive behavior therapy increased the lifestyle scores of patients with type 2 diabetes compared to the control group (P<0.05), and the effect was maintained in both intervention groups in the follow-up phase. No difference was observed between the two treatment methods compared with the control group.
Conclusion: Self-healing and mindfulness-integrated cognitive behavior therapy is both effective in improving the health-promoting lifestyle profile of patients with type 2 diabetes.