---

Background & Objective: There are a tramandous changes are happened after a person entered to the university. This period considered to be a very deligate part of student life. During this phase usually there are anxiety and combination of other problems, which could affect health status of the person. The mental health considered a high ranking items among the different groups in one society, especially more when we are talking about the medical sciences students, because these students are goings to look after other people health in the community, the health status of medical and paramedical students should be seriously taken into consideration. On the basis of these facts, this research has been set-up to investigate the mental health status of trainee medical and paramedical students of Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences. Materials & Methods: This research project was an descriptive analytical study on all of the medical and paramedical trainee students in 2nd term of the academic year 1999-2000 of Mazandaran University. The basis for this research’s was the questionnaires which contained the personal demographic and also GHQ tests. Results: The GHQ test was set up on physical disability, sleep disorder, anxiety and unsociable. In 2 groups of students and there was no differences between the 2 groups, in dimension of depression the prevalence among the medical students was more than para-medical student, that this difference was significant (P<0.05). Conclusion: In regard to the results of this research and the steady increase of mental problems numbers of suspected cases among the students, in addition to the attention of health authorities. The establishment of student’s advisory unit is required.

---

Background & Objective: Anxiety and assertiveness lead to disorder achievement, destroying intelligence and learning abilities, decreasing thinking attention and declining talents. It causes damage to individuals, family and community. Several therapeutic procedures suggested such as drug therapy for solving anxiety and increasing assertiveness, one of none drug therapy (Behavioral therapy) is assertive training. In respect of contradiction of any results in the field of assertive training, we decided to design and carry out the present study. Materials & Methods: In study of field trial, first, we distributed overt and latent Spilberger’s anxiety questionnaire and Gambrilrichy’s assertive questionnaire among all nursing student’s of nursing and midwifery department of Nassibeh in Sari by sensus, and a number of 60 students with anxiety ranging were from moderate to sever with low assertiveness were selected, after matching than on the bases of sex, degree of interesting, course of study the degree, anxiety and assertiveness, they are divided in case and control group equally. For case group, assertive training performed during 6 weeks, once in a week for half an hour and no training is considered for control group. Degree of anxiety and assertiveness of nursing students in control and case group assessed and compaired by the use of couple T-test. Results: Couple T-test’s presented that decrease of overt and latent anxiety of nursing students in case group pre and post assertiveness training was significant (Latent anxiety, T=7.68, overt anxiety, T=4.97, P<0.05) on the bases couple T-test, increase of assertiveness degree in control group in pre and post assertive training was significant compairing to control group (T=-9.93, P<0.05). Conclusion: Regarding that increasing anxiety and decreasing assertiveness has undesirable effect on job performance, individual achievement and ability and with respecting to usefulness of assertive training procedure in decreasing anxiety and increasing assertiveness, it is suggested that assertive training is used as an on therapeutic procedure for decreasing anxiety and increasing assertiveness for nursing students.

---

Background&Objective: Nowadays epidemiologic paterns of the diseases are verifying rapidly non-contagious diseases like mental disorders are replacing contagious one. Several people, unaware of their psychiatric problems seek medical advise and treating. College students are susceptible to mental disorders because of their conditions. This research was done to evaluate mental health state in students of Golestan University of Medical Sciences. Materials&Methods: 218 students of Golestan University took part in this research. SCL-90-R was the test for evaluation, after collecting the questionnaires and entering into SPSS-10 software, data were analyzed with chi-square and Fisher-exact test. Results: The momental prevalence was estimated 72%. 157 persons had disorder, at least in one dimension, and 16 persons (7.34%) had severe disorder at least in one. Marriage and psychosis, paranoid & anxiety had meaningful relations (P<0.05), residental site and paranoid had meaningful relations (P<0.05), higher levels of father’s education and interpersonal sensitivity had meaningful relation (P<0.05), Family history of mental disorders, moderate interest in education, field of study and phobia had meaningful relationships (P<0.05), females had higher scores in depression (P<0.05). Conclusion: According to this high prevelence of mental disorders it seems that mental health’s problem is critically high in this region, much more attention should be paid to prevent further complications.

---

Background and Objective: The compound of MDMA or 3,4methyl deoxy met amphetamine, so called ecstasy, is a new narcotice compound. Ecstasy tablets have a temporary exciting and deteriorating side effects. This study was done to determine the knowledge and attitude of University students about ecstasy tablets in Gorgan, Iran. Materials and Methods: This descriptive - analytic study was done on 300 university students in Gorgan during 2006. The tools of data collection were questionnaire. This questionnaire developed by authors, consists of demographic, knowledge and attitude questions respectively. The data were analized by SPSS software and Kruskal- Wallis and Mann- Whitney tests. Results: 3% of subjects had previous usage of ecstasy. The 27.3% of students had poor knowledge about ecstasy, also 52.3% and 12.7% of students had middle and high knowledge about ecstasy respectivly. There was significant relation between knowledge and attitude with educational level, family income, parents occupation and previous usage of ecstasy (P<0.05). But there was not any relation between knowledge and attitude and age, gender, and filed of education and source of information enquiry. There was a possitive correlation between knowledge and attitude of students (P<0.001, r=0.243). Conclusion: This study showed that knowledge and attitude of University students about ecstasy is low. Therefore educational programs about ecstasy is nessecery to increase the knowledge and attitude of university students.

---

Background and Objective: Genital herpes is increasing in Asia and the world. Based on other studies, knowledge has an important role in reducing high risk sexual behavior. In this study we evaluated knowledge among Shahid Beheshti University students as a sample of young and educated population of Iran. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study carried out on 409 of Shahid Beheshti University students in Tehran - Iran at Autumn 2004. Research material was questionnaire and data analyzed by SPSS-13, T-student, Chi-square, Mann-Whitney, Kruskal-Wallis Tests. Results: Mean±SD of level of knowledge, nature and transmission of genital herpes was 26.5±26%, 23.7±24.2% and 30.56±36.8%, respectively. The level of knowledge about signs, treatment and prevention of disease was 18.8%, 16.4% and 46.2%, respectively. There was a significant relation between age, marital status and education with knowledge (P<0.05). The level of knowledge among engineering students was higher than humman sciences students (P<0.05). Conclusion: Based on our study, most of participants had no enough knowledge about genital herpes. Most of participants were willing to know more about it as they obviously welcomed to our pamphlets. It seems that educations about genital herpes should be added to educational programs.

---

Background and Objective: The safety of teenagers and young are the major factor in developing a community and they are also the major group at risk of behavioural problems. So, this study was performed to evaluate the prevalence of risky behaviours among different university students in Babol, located in Norther of Iran.

Materials and Methods: This cross sectional study was carried out in a random sample of Babol university students including medical university, university of engineering and Azad University with roughly equal sampling ratio with respect to university and gender. The data was gathered by a designed questionnaire including demographic characteristics, physical involvement with others (violence), cigarette smoking, drug abuse, physical inactivity, overweight and obesity. In statistical analysis the Chi square test was used to determine the association of risky behaviours with demographic characteristics.

Results: The results revealed that in general the prevalence of physical involvement with others (violence) during a recent year was 33.3% current cigarette smoking 13.7%, overweight and obesity 25.6%, physical inactivity 15.3% and drug user during recent year 0.3%. In general, the prevalence of some risky behaviour was more in boys than girls (P<0.001), and it was more in single than married (P<0.001) and in residence of dormitory and rented houses than personal houses (P<0.001) and also in engineering and Azad university in contrast to medical university (P<0.001). For example, the prevalence of cigarette smoking was 25.7% in boys and 3.6% in girls (P<0.001).

Conclusion: This study showed a rather high frequency of risky behaviours among students in Babol city in North of Iran.

---

Background and Objective: Identification of disorders frequency in adolescence stage has implications for child and adolescence psychiatry. This study was carried out to determine the prevalence of DSM-IV behavioral disorders among 12-17 years pupiles of Golestan province during 2010-11.

Materials and Methods: In a cross-sectional descriptive study, 1500 pupiles (715 boys and 785 girls) from schools of Golestan State were selected through stratified random sampling method. Demographical questionnaire and DSM-IV based behavioral disorders of Achenbach youth self-report scale (YSR) were recorded. Data were analyzed through descriptive statistic and nonparametric test of Chi-Square and calculation of Odd Ratio and 95%CI with PASW software.

Results: Prevalence of behavioral disorders among the sample population 12-14 years, 15-17 years and as total were 5.47%, 5.05% and 5.27%, respectively. Prevalence of somatic disorders and anxiety were 5.8% and 4.7%, respectively. Moreover, the difference between prevalence of conduct and ADHD disorders in males and females were significant (P<0.05). Odd ratio for both genders in prediction of conduct disorder and ADHD and for the scholastic grade in prediction of affective and anxious disorders was significant (P<0.05).

Conclusion: Total prevalence of behavioral disorders among the pupiles of Golestan province in Iran was 5.27%, which is approximately similar to the other studies in Iran.

---

Background and Objective: Although acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) is a vital medical problem but it is more prominant as a personal behavior social cultural phenomenon. Adolescents have been identified as risk population in immune deficiency virus. Health education is only effective method to prevent AIDS. This study was carried out to determine the effect of educational program on knowledge and health belief model structures about acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) among high school female student in Isfahan, Iran. Materials and Methods: This quasi-experimental study conducted on 72 female students whom divided equaly into case and control groups. The questionnaire included demographic characteristics, knowledge and health belief model. Educational interventions were performed in lecture and group discussion. Data were analyzed using SPSS-18, paired t-test and independent t-test. Results: There were no significant differences in knowledge, perceived severity, benefits and barrier in two groups before intervention. After intervention, there were significant increases in knowledge, perceived severity, perceived benefits and perceived barriers (P<0.05), in the intervention group, but there was not significant increases in perceived susceptibility. Conclusion: Education based on health belief model can improve knowledge, perceived severity, benefits and barriers in female student. More educational sessions are required for improving perceived susceptibility in high school female students.

---

Background and Objective: According to destructive consequences of untreated attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), this study was done to evaluate of the prevalence of adult ADHD and its relation with depression among Iranian students. Methods: This descriptive study was carried out on 414 students of Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran during 2010-11. ADHD was screened by ADHD self report scale for adult ADHD and asking DSM-IV criteria from parents for childhood ADHD. Beck depression inventory questionnaire was used to determine depression. Results: The prevalence of adult ADHD and childhood ADHD was 3.9% and 8.5%, respectively. Depression was more prevalent in those with adult or childhood ADHD. Depression was more prevalent in under graduate than post graduate students (P<0.05). Conclusion: Depression is more prevalent in students with adult ADHD or with history of childhood ADHD.

---

Background and Objective: Individuals habit has been changed due to technology improvement as a result fast food consumption has dramatically increased in Iran. This study was done to determine the effective factors on Fast food consumption among high-school students based on planned behavior theory.

Methods: This descriptive-analytic, cross-sectional study was conducted on 500 high-school students in Aliabad city in Golestan province in north of Iran in one year study from October 2014-2015. A valid and reliable researcher-made and self-administered questionnaire based on TPB constructs (including attitude, subjective norms, perceived behavioral control and behavior intention) was utilized to collect the data.

Results: The frequency of fast food consumption was 4.01 per month and hamburger and pizza were the most prevalent fast foods. TPB explained fast food consumption behaviors with relatively high R2 around 0.65, effectively. Frequency of fast food consumption was significantly associated with behavioral intention and subjective norms (P<0.05).

Conclusion: As friends are the effective subjective norm for student fast food consumption therefore, they must specifically be considered in developing beneficial educational interventions.

---

Background and Objective: Irrational beliefs underlie a wide range of cognitive impairments. This study was performed to compare the effect of cognitive-behavioral therapy and acceptance and commitment therapy on irrational beliefs of medical students.
Methods: In this quasi-experimental study, 45 medical students of Golestan University of Medical Sciences in north of Iran were non-randomly divided into control, cognitive-behavioral therapy (first intervention) and acceptance, commitment therapy (second intervention) groups. All three groups completed the pre-test, but the control group did not receive any therapy. The intervention groups were received 8 sessions of therapy. The data were collected through Jones's 1969 (IBQ-40) irrational beliefs questionnaire.
Results: The total score of irrational beliefs in the both intervention groups were reduced in comparison with control group (P<0.05). The mean score of the problem-based avoidance subscale (35.26±6.32) was significantly reduced in the second intervention group compared to the first intervention group (30.53±9.47) (P<0.05). Also, the mean scores of emotional impulsivity in the first intervention group (22.73±9.49) were significantly increased compared to the second intervention group (29.93±1.75) (P<0.05).
Conclusion: Two methods of cognitive-behavioral therapy and acceptance and commitment therapy reduce the irrational beliefs of medical students.

---

Background and Objective: Gingival recession is a common disease leads to esthetic problems, increased sensitivity of teeth and root caries. This study was done to determine the prevalence of gingival recession in dental students with high level of oral hygiene.
Methods: This descriptive-analytic study was performed on 214 dental students of Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran during 2017-2018. After collecting demographic information, clinical examination including Oral Hygiene Index (OHI) and Gingival Index (GI), Severity of gingival recession, width of keratinized gingival, attachment of frenulum, toothbrush trauma, tooth malpositions, periodontal diseases and other iatrogenic factors was measured.
Results: Prevalence of gingival recession was 23.8% .Class 1 and 2 of gingival recession was 84.62 % and 15.38%, respectively. Class 3 and 4 of gingival recession did not observe in any subjects. Toothbrush trauma was the most etiologic factor in 35.4% of dental students suffering of gingival recession (P<0.05). Also, dental malposition with 20.83%, loss of keratinized gingival with 14.58%, orthodontics procedures with 12.5%, periodontal diseases with 10.4% were the other factors in gingival recession.
Conclusion: Toothbrush trauma and dental malposition are the most important etiologic factors in dentistry students suffering from gingival recession.

---

Background and Objective: Depression is the most common psychiatric diagnosis. It causes major health problems. Women are more likely to develop depression than men. This study was done to investigate the effect of group mindfulness-based cognitive therapy on reducing depression and improving the quality of life of female students.
Methods: This quasi-experimental study was performed on 26 female students. Students non-randomly were divided into control and intervention groups. Students in intervention group were received the two periods (8 sessions, 2 hours at week) of training in mindfulness-based cognitive therapy. All the participants filled out Beck depression inventory II (BDI-II) and World Health Organization Quality of Life – BREF (WHOQOL-BREF) in perior and after the study.
Results: In the intervention group the mean and standard deviation of pre-test and post-test scores of BDI-II was 20.23±6.98 and 13.38±4.97, respectively (P<0.05). In the intervention group, mean and standard deviation of pre-test and post-test scores of WHOQOL-BREF questionnaire was 66.77±13.39 and 86.84±10.60, respectively (P<0.05). Also, the mean scores of post-test of quality of life in all subgroups items  was significantly increased in compared to the pre-test in the intervention group (P<0.05).
Conclusion: Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy increases the quality of life and reduced depression in female students.

---

Background and Objective: Postural defects are increased among students due to inactivity. Their unwillingness to perform traditional activities, requires finding appropriate ways to increase physical activity. This study was done to compare the effect of selected Xbox Kinect games and normal on the posture in low activity students.
Methods: In this quasi-experimental study, 26 sedentary fourth and fifth grade students were non-randomly divided into two groups. During the 6-week period, one group engaged in 3 sessions per week of selected Xbox Kinect games and the other group engaged in routine school physical education activities during school hours. The photogrammetry and Kinovea software was used to study the posture of the joint angles.
Results: In static posture, head position angle, thoracic arrow, horizontal scapula alignment, horizontal pelvic alignment, and body alignment were found positive effect in Xbox Kinect group in compared to  normal physical activity (P<0.05). There was not any significant difference between the two groups in Lumbar Arrow, Lumbar Angle, pelvic Tilt Pelvis, Knee Position, Quadriceps Angle and Foot Pronation.
Conclusion: Xbox Kinect games are a good way to correct postural deviations in sedentary students in low activity student.

---

Background and Objective: Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a neuropsychiatric disorder that can be time-consuming and cause considerable disruption to routine activities, occupational functioning, social activities, and relationships with others. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of obsessive-compulsive disorder among high school girl students.
Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study was done on 342 high school female students in Amol city, northern Iran in the academic year of 2018-19. Cluster random sampling mehod was applied in this study. The Maudsley OCD Questionnaire was used for screening and the Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Questionnaire was used to confirm obsessive-compulsive disorder.
Results: 98 students (28.7 %) had positive symptoms. The highest frequency was related to slowness and repetition (37 cases), followed by doubting (36 cases), repetitive checking (35 cases), cleaning (31 cases), and finally rumination (12 cases). Among the 98 screened individuals, 67 were positive based on the Yale-Brown questionnaire. Severity of the obsessive compulsive disorder was mild in 37 cases (55.2 %), moderate in 21 cases (31.34%) and severe in 9 cases (13.43%).
Conclusion: The prevalence of obsessive-compulsive disorder observed in one-third of high school students in the area.