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Background&Objective: Vibrio species are oxidase positive, gram negative bacilli that predominantly reside in surface waters such as lakes , rivers. They cause predominantly intestinal diseases as well as a few extra-intestinal complications. Vibrio-related diseases often rise during natural disasters such as floods. Vibrio cholerae cause cholera in humans. In this study, the occurance of Vibrio cholerae in the surface waters of Golestan province, was investigated. Materials&Methods: The APW and TCBS agar culture media were used for primary isolation of Vibrio cholerae and the exact species identification were done by performing the following tests oxidase reaction, growth in 0% , 1% , 3% , 6% salt solution, lysine and ornithine decarboxylase, Arginine dehydrolase, ONPG and VP test, simmon citrate, bile esculin, indole, CAMP reaction, string test and specific antisera to V.cholerae 01. to confirm the findings, the special antiserum Ogawa and Inaba, were used. Results: We were able to isolate 42 Vibrio spp. from a total of 54 water samples collected. The species included 35 non-01 V.cholerae (84.2%), 2 V.mimicus (2.63%) and 5 V.cholerae 01 (13.1%) isolat. Conclusion: This study confirmed the existence of Vibrio cholerae 01 in 9% of samples from surface waters of Golestan province.

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Background and Objective: Chronic infection with Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is one of the main causes of cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The pathogenicity of the virus is determined by the multi-functional protein x (HBx). Changing the sequence of the gene encoding this protein causes the regulation of transcription and pathogenicity factors. This study was done to analyze the genetic dynamics of the HBx coding gene in a person with chronic HBV.
Methods: In this descriptive laboratory study, an infected person with chronic hepatitis B virus infection was first amplified and cloned into complete sequence of HBx encoder. Then, the reference sequences of genotypes, serotypes and different virus subtypes of the GenBank database were matched by CLC Sequence Viewer software. The comparative result was used to plot the phylogenic tree by T-rex server and population genetic analysis using DnaSP software. Natural selection at the nucleotide and protein level was performed by the Tajima's D test.
Results: No known mutation at the level of the protein was found in the chronic sequence of the HBx encoder. The results of natural selection indicated neutral mutations in the HBx gene. The phylogenetic results showed that the HBx encoding sequences in the chronic infected individual had a genetic affinity with genotype D and ayw2 subtype.
Conclusion: Neutrality polymorphism takes place in HBx coding region. Also, the phylogenetic results of the present study are consistent with the previous findings of Golestan province and Iran which have reported the prevalence of genotype D and subspecies ayw2.