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Background and Objective: In particular medical situation administration of muscle relaxants following intravenous anesthetics for tracheal intubation may be unnecessary or hazardous. The aim of this study was the comparison of larengoscopy and intubation conditions after induction of anesthesia with propofol or thiopental with remifentanil in the absence of muscle relaxants. Materials and Methods: In a randomized, and double – blind clinical trails, 42 ASA class 1 and 2 patients assigned randomly to propofol 2mg/kg group or thiopental 5mg/kg group. All patients received lidocaine 1.5mg/kg and remifentanil 2.5 µg/kg 30 second before anesthetics administration. Ninety second after administration of the hypnotic agent's, larengoscopy and intubation were attempted. Intubating conditions were assessed as excellent, good, suitable or poor on the basis of mask ventilation, jaw relaxation, vocal cords position and patient's response to intubations and indotracheal tube cuff inflation. The mean arterial pressure and heart rate were measured before and after anesthetic administration, and immidately, 2 and 5 minutes after intubations. Results: 40% of patients in thiopental group and 80% of patients in propofol group showed either excellent or good conditions for larengoscopy and tracheal intubation (P<0.05). Mean arterial pressure and heart rate were decreased more significantly in propofol group in respect to thiopental group (P<0.05). Conclusion: This investigation showed that propofol in combination with remifentanil is better than thiopental for tracheal intubation without muscle relaxants. However, it induces more homodynamic changes.

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Background and Objective: The Candida albicans is an opportunistic fungi that can be pathogenic in patients suffering from diabetes and AIDS. This organism can cause various infections such as superficial of the skin and mucosa to deep tissue infections. In this study the antifungal effects of ZnO and SDS on Candida albicans in comparison with Fluconazole were investigated. Materials and Methods: This was an experimental study which evaluated the antifungal effects of biocide SDS and ZnO on Candida albicans by microbroth dilution assay in broth and agar medium. Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) was determinated for each inhibitor during colony count in comparison with control. Results: MIC of ZnO was 1.013-296 µg/ml and for SDS and Fluconazole were 0.001-0.56 and 0.062-128 µg/ml respectively. Conclusion: This study demonstrated antifungal activity of ZnO can be a candidates for the elimination of candida in medicine particular in medical instruments.

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Background and Objective: In pathogenesis of beta major thalassemia, tissue damage is occurring due to oxidative stress. The present study was designed to evaluate the effects of vitamin E supplementation on serum Paraoxonase, SOD, GPX enzyme activity and lipid profiles in beta major thalassemia patients. Materials and Methods: In this clinical tiral study, Sixty (25 males, 35 females) beta major thalassemia patients with age≥18 years who had criterias to enter the study, were selected randomely in two groups. The patients in interventional group, vitamin E at a dose of 400 mg/day were given for three months, with no supplementations in control group. The enzyme activities of paraoxonase, SOD, GPX and lipid profiles (LDL-c, HDL-c, triglyceride, total Antixidant Capacity) were measured prior and after 3 months in both case and control groups. Data analyzed by using paired t-test. Results: Significant increases in serum levels of vitamin E, Paraoxonase activity, HDL cholesterol (P<0.001), BMI (P≤0.001) and a significant reduction in GPX activity (P<0.05) were observed in cases compared to controls. Conclusion: The vitamin E supplementation may be useful in reducing oxidative stress and lipid profiles in beta major thalassemic patients.

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Background and Objective: Monosodium glutamate (MSG) is used as a food additive. Several studies have reported the adverse effects of Monosodium glutamate on the testis and brain. This study was performed to determine the effect of Monosodium glutamate in rat cerebellum. Methods: In this experimental study, 24 adult wistar rats randomly allocated into three groups including experiment A, experiment B and control (C). The animals in experiment A and B were received 3g and 6g of MSG thoroughly mixed with their feeds for 14 days, respectively. Animals in control group were received MSG free diet. Food and water for rats to be free in all of experimental time. The rats were sacrificed on fifteen day. The cerebellum dissected and fixed with formalin 10% buffer and stained with hematoxylin and eosin. Results: Disorders and detachment were observed in Purkinje and granular cell layers. Neural cell distribution in granular layer redeuced in the experimental groups. Cellular degenerative changes in the granular layer of the experimental B were more severe than experimental group A. The mean number of neuron of the granular layer in the experimental A, B and control groups were 2750, 2140 and 3150, respectively. Conclusion: The consumption of monosodium glutamate dose dependly causes histopathological changes and reduces the number of the cerebellumllar neurons in adult rat.

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Background and Objective: Sodium Arsenite is an environmental pollutant which can generate free radicals causing tissue damage. This study was done to evaluate the effect of Green Tea (GTE), as a strong antioxidant, on kidney tissue in mice treated with Sodium Arsenite. Methods: In this experimental study 24 adult male NMRI mice were randomly allocated into four groups including: control, GTE (100mg/kg/day), Sodium Arsenite (5mg/kg/day) and Sodium Arsenite + GTE, for 34 days, orally. Animals were scarified and left kidney was taken out, fixed, sectioned, processed and stained using Heidenhain'azan method. Using stereological technique the total volume of kidney, volume of cortex, medulla, proximal and distal tubule, renal corpuscle, gelomerelus, tuft and capillary, membrane and space of Bowman's capsule and length of proximal and distal tubule were determined. Creatinine, BUN and MDA serum samples were measured. Results: The mean of total volume of cortex, proximal tubule, distal tubule, renal corpuscle and gelomerolus, taft, Bowman's capsule space, size of epithelium and lumen of proximal and distal tubule were significantly reduced in Sodium Arsenite group compared to control (P<0.05). These parameters were significantly increased in the Sodium Arsenite + GTE group in comparison with Sodium Arsenite group (P<0.05). The creatinine, Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and MDA were significantly increased in the Sodium Arsenite group in compared to the control group (P<0.05). These parameters were significantly reduced in the Sodium Arsenite + GTE group in comparison with Sodium Arsenite group (P<0.05). Conclusion: Green tea has a protective role in Sodium Arsenite induced nephrotoxicity.

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Background and Objective: The blood–brain barrier (BBB) is considered to be the main barrier to drug transport into the central nervous system. In this study, the capability of biopartitioning micellar chromatography (BMC) using the mixed micellar system of Brij-35/sodium dodecyl sulfate (Brij-35/SDS, 85:15 mol/mol) has been studied to predict pharmacokinetic parameter (BBB penetration ability) of 14 basic drugs.

Methods: In this descriptive-analytical study, the potential of BMC using mixed micellar system (Brij-35/SDS, 85:15 mol/mol) in 0.04 M at physiological pH 7.4 was evaluated to predict pharmacokinetic parameter (BBB penetration ability) of 14 basic drugs. The regression model for the prediction of blood-brain distribution coefficient is derived from the multiple linear regression analysis using the training set in mixed micellar mobile phase. Also, the predictive ability of model was evaluated for a prediction set of 5 compounds (Chlorpromazine, Mianserin, Propranolol, Cimetidine, and Thioridazine). The fair R2 indicates good stability and predictive ability of the developed model for the drugs not included in modeling.

Results: The relationship between the BMC retention data of 14 basic drugs and their log BB parameter showed a good statistically model (R2=0.822, F=25.42, SE=0.225, R2CV=0.781).

Conclusion: This study points out the usefulness of mixed micellar solution of Brij-35/SDS, 85:15 (mol/mol) in BMC as a high-throughput primary screening tool that can provide key information about the blood-brain distribution of basic drugs in a simple and economical way.

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Background and Objective: Sodium meta-bisulphite is used as a preservative in food and pharmaceutical industries. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of vitamin E on the improvement of sodium-meta bisulphite-induced complications on ovarian tissue and sex hormones in rats.
Methods: In this experimental study, 70 adult Wistar rats were randomly allocated into 7 groups including control, sham and interventional groups were received vitamin E (200 mg/kg/bw), sodium metabisulfite (520 mg/kg/bw), and sodium meta-bisulphite (520 mg/kg/bw) was combined with vitamin E in 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg/bw doses. Prescriptions were taken as gavage for 30 days. Blood samples were taken from animals to measure LH, FSH, estrogen and progesterone hormones. Ovaries were removed and follicles were counted after tissue sections.
Results: The concentration of estrogen hormones, progesterone, LH, FSH and number of ovarian follicles in the groups receiving sodium meta-bisulphite and vitamin E alone was significantly lower than control group (P<0.05). In animals treated with sodium meta-bisulphite and vitamin E at 100 and 200 mg/kg/bw, no significant difference was observed. However, in animals which were simultaneously treated with meta-bi-sulfite sodium and vitamin E at dose 100 and 200 mg/kg, in compared with the control group, significant improvement was not observed.
Conclusion: Sodium meta-bisulphite consumption with 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg body weight of vitamin E can reduce the effect of sodium meta-bisulphite on ovarian follicles and sex hormones.

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Background and Objective: The prevention of clot formation during hemodialysis improves the effectiveness of treatment by maintaining patency in the dialyzer. This study was done to evaluate the effect of intermittent bolus of normal saline on the quality of clot formation in venous chamber and dialyzer.
Methods: In this clinical trial study, 51 eligible patients were divided into intervention (n=26) and control (n=25) groups. Patients in the control group received routine care and the intervention group received 100ml of normal saline, each hour, as an intermittent bolus, during 4 hours of dialysis beside the routine care. After three consecutive hemodialysis sessions (first round), all patients received routine care to clear the intervention effect (washout period). Then, patients crossed over from intervention group to control and vice versa. At the end of each session, the quality of clot formation in intravenous chamber and dialyzer was recorded and analyzed.
Results: The venous chamber of dialysis circuit in 74% of patient in intervention group no clot was formed, whereas in 58% of patient in control group it contained fibrous ring (P<0.05). After intervention, dialyzer of 68% of patients in intervention group, were free of clot, whereas in control group only 16% of dialyzers were free of clots (P<0.05).
Conclusion: Using intermittent bolus of normal saline during hemodialysis can reduce the risk of clot formation in venous chamber and dialyzer.

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Background and Objective: Sodium levothyroxine is one of the common medicines used for treatment of hypothyroidism and thyroid cancer. The study was done to determine the effect of sodium levothyroxine on knee articular cartilage tidemark integrity, plateau tibia cartilage thickness (calcified and non-calcified) and liver enzymes in induced hypothyroidism rats.
Methods: In this experimental study, 50 adult female BALB/c mice, weighting 25-30 grams were randomly allocated into one control and four experimental groups. Animals in control did not receive any medicine. Animals in the second group were received different increasing doses of sodium levothyroxine daily for 8 weeks. Animals in the third group were received constantly high dose of levothyroxine daily for 8 weeks. In the fourth group, the animals became hypothyroid with propylthiouracil (PTU). In the fifth group, animals with hypothyroidism were received sodium levothyroxine by gavage same as group 2. After 8 weeks serum samples were taken to determine ALT, AST and ALP. The plateau tibia cartilage stained with hematoxylin-eosin. Histologic changes evaluated by light microscopy. Using a light microscope equipped with camera, the samples were photographed and using a computer equipped with axiovision software. Cartilage (calcified and non-calcified) thickness measured in micrometer. The integrity of tidemark line on hematoxylin-eosin staining also evaluated.
Results: The results of the present study showed separation, disruption and destruction in tidemark line in group 3 (the group with high dosage of sodium levothyroxine from the beginning of the treatment). The total cartilage and non-calcified part thickness in groups 3, 4, 5 were reduced and in group 3 showed significant reduction (P<0.05). Calcified cartilage thickness in all groups were reduced and in group 3 showed significant reduction (P<0.05). ALT level decreased in all groups compared to control group but only in the second and third groups, the decrease of ALT was significant (P<0.05). AST serum level in all groups significantly increased in compared to control group (P<0.05). ALP serum level in all groups increased compared to the control group, but this increase was significant only in the groups 4, 5.
Conclusion: Consumption of sodium levothyroxine with constantly high dose can cause severe alteration in knee joint cartilage in hypothyroidism rats.