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Background and Objective: The modern life condition has caused the human to be exposed to electromegnetic fields. Epidemiologic and animal laboratory studies have illustrated the adverse effects of electromegnetic fields on biologic systems. The aim of study was to assess the effects of low density electromegnetic on heart tissue of male rat. Materials and Methods: In this experimental study 30 Wistar rats with weight of 10-150 gram and 5weeks age were used. Rats were allocated randomly in two aqual groups: case and control. Experimenal group rats were exposed to the electromegnetic field 8 hours a day for 2 months (50 HZ, 1 mili Tesla). After 2months the rats were sacrified, the heart tissues were removed and stained by H&E method. Results: There was not any altherations in cells and tissue of control groups. In experimental group there was a sever disruptions on heart tissue, polymorphysm of cardic myocyte nuclues with same hollow spaced in perinucluar, nuclear cytoplasem and fibrotic tissue. Also, the number and size of cells in case group were reduced. Cagulated necrosis and vacolization of cytoplasm of cardiac myocyte was observed in case group. Conclusion: This study showed that low density of electromegnetic Fields for two months durtion can cause pathological changes in cells and heart tissue of male rats.

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Background and Objective: Acetaminophen is a commonly used analgesic and antipyretic agent which, in high doses, causes liver and kidney necrosis in man and animals. Carthamus tinctorius L. (Safflower) is a colorful and cheap plant that used often instead of saffron. In this study, protective effects of Carthamus tinctorius L. aqueous extract on acetaminophen induced nephrotoxicity in mice were investigated.

Methods: In this experimental study, forty adult NMRI male mice were randomly divided into five groups. Group 1 (control group) received normal salin for 15 days. Group 2 received 300 mg/kg Carthamus tinctorius L. extract for 15 days. Group 3 received normal salin for 15 days and 500 mg/kg acetaminophen was given in 15^th day. Groups 4 and 5 received daily 150 and 300 mg/kg Carthamus tinctorius L. extract for 15 days, respectively, and acetaminophen was also given in 15^th day. In 16^th day, blood samples were taken for BUN (Blood Urea Nitrogen), Cr (Creatinine) and Uric acid tests, and the mice kidneys were removed for histopathology assessments.

Results: Acute renal necrosis and BUN, Cr and Uric acid levels were significantly increased in acetaminophen treated mice (P<0.05). BUN, Cr and Uric acid levels were significantly reduced in the Carthamus tinctorius L. treated groups in comparison to acetaminophen group (P<0.05) and this reduction was greater in group 5. Carthamus tinctorius L. extract also reduced tubular necrosis-induced by acetaminophen.

Conclusion: Carthamus tinctorius L. extract have protective effects on acute renal injury induced by acetaminophen.

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Background and Objective: Liver is an important organ with specific function in relation to drug metabolism. Haloperidol is a drug for the treatment of schizophrenia, mania in bipolar disorder and dizziness. This study was performed to determine the changes in tissue and hepatic enzymes in male rats born to mothers treated with haloperidol.
Methods: In this experimental study, 25 adult female Wistar rats were allocated into 5 groups. The control group, the sham group and experimental groups 1, 2, 3. Dams in experimental groups 1, 2, 3 in the pregnancy period were received 12.5, 25 ,50 mg/kg /bw of haloperidol for 21 days orally, respectively. The control groups were sham and three experimental, first, second and third experimental groups. Mothers of mice received 12.5, 25 and 50 mg/kg of haloperidol during the pregnancy as 21 days of gavage. At the end of pregnancy and 22 days of infant, all infants were weighed. Alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and aspartate transaminase (AST), albumin and total protein were measured by autoanalysis and liver tissues were stained using hepatoxylin-eosin method.
Results: The mean concentration of albumin and total protein in the second and third experimental groups significantly reduced in compare to control group (P<0.05). The mean concentration of AST in the second and third experimental groups significantly increased in comparsion with control group (P<0.05). The mean concentration of ALT and ALP in all experimental groups was significantly higher than the control group (P<0.05). The mean of liver indices in all experimental groups was not significant in comparison with the control group. In the tissue samples of the experimental groups, necrosis was observed with increasing dosage.
Conclusion: Haloperidol has been shown to increase liver enzymes and liver necrosis and increase liver necrosis in a dose-proportional manner.

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Background and Objective: The comorbidity of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and hypertension may exacerbate chronic inflammation and regular exercise training considered as an important therapeutic approach for such patients. This study was done to evaluate the eight weeks effects of regular exercise training on apelin and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-a) plasma levels in hypertensive postmenopausal women with T2DM.
Methods: This quasi-experimental study was conducted on 20 postmenopausal women with hypertension and T2DM. Subjects non-randomlly allocated into intervention and control groups. Training program consisted of 25-40 minutes of aerobic exercise at 50-70 percent of maximal heart rate, 3 sessions per week for 8 weeks. The plasma level of apelin, TNF-a and glucose was measured, subsequently.
Results: 8 weeks exercise training was significantly reduced apelin, TNF-a, and glucose levels in the intervention group compared to the control group (P<0.05).
Conclusion: Aerobic exercise can mediate some of its favorable effects on hypertension pathological conditions associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus by reducing plasma apelin and TNF-a levels.

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Background and Objective: The diazinon insecticide is a strong acetylcholinesterase controller at the nerve terminals. This study was conducted to determine the effect of diazinon on functional tests and tissue alterations in rat liver.
Methods: In this experimental study, 40 adult male Wistar rats were allocated into 5 groups including the first, second and third experimental groups were received 50, 100 and 150 mg/kg/bw of diazinon, respectively, orally during 21 days. The control group did not receive any medication and the sham group received solvent. At the end of study, blood samples were obtained from animals and Alanine transaminase (ALT), Aspartate transaminase (AST), Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) hepatic enzymes, total protein, albumin and bilirubin were measured. After anesthesia the liver of animals were removed and evaluated by hematoxylin eosin histological staining methods.
Results: The level of AST and ALT enzymes in the experimental groups receiving 100 and 150 mg/kg/bw doses of diazinon significantly increased in compared to the control group (p<0.05). The level of ALP of animals in all groups receiving diazinon was significantly higher than the control group (P<0.05). Total protein level significantly reduced in all groups receiving diazinon compared to the control group (P<0.05). The level of albumin in the experimental group receiving 150 mg/kg/bw dose of diazinon significantly reduced in comparision with controls. In the experimental groups, tissue samples showed more necrosis with increasing doses of diazinon.
Conclusion: Diazinon increases level of liver enzymes and decreased total protein and albumin level and causes the histological alterations in rat liver.

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Pediatric femoral neck fracture is rare and account for less than 1% of all fractures in childhood. The proximal femur in children is extremely strong, and high-energy forces in 80-90%, following the axial force associated with hip rotation or direct blow are necessary to cause fracture. In this report, the method of femoral neck fracture fixation in eight-year-old girl after car accident is reported. During the operation, we noted a severe femoral neck fracture that was irreparable with the available tools (pin, screw, plate and DHS), which inevitably had to be used by Transosseous method with fiber wire #2, used in proximal humeral fracture fixation. Then, we obtained a fairly satisfactory result with a distal femoral pin inserting it into two-sided spica cast. Although, this kind of fracture is rare, but with a qualified clinical examination, early diagnosis, proper treatment, familiarity with surgical techniques and fixation reduces the complications and this method can be effective in obtaining the desired result.

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Background and Objective: The acute exercise leads to the induction of some cardiac and inflammatory biomarkers that are related to factors such as severity, type, training experience, gender and environment. This study was conducted to compare the effect of acute endurance and resistance training at two different intensity levels of high-sensitivity cardiac Troponin T (hs-cTnT) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) in male runners and bodybuilders.
Methods: In this quasi-experimental study, 20 male runners and bodybuilders with an age range of 20-24 years were purposefully and accessibly selected. The study was performed with a pre-test-post-test design on 10 male runners (endurance training) and 10 bodybuilding men (resistance training). The runners ran 6 km with moderate (70-75% of reserve heart rate) and high (85-85% of reserve heart rate) intensities at intervals of one week, during separate sessions. Bodybuilders also performed resistance training at moderate (70-75% of one repetition maximum) and high (80-85% of one repetition maximum) intensities.  Bodybuilders also performed resistance training at moderate (70 to 75% of a maximum repetition) and high (80 to 85% of a maximum repetition) intensities. Blood samples were taken before and immediately after exercise. Then the serum levels of hs-cTnT and TNF-α were measured.
Results: The serum level of hs-cTnT and TNF-α was significantly increased after acute running and resistance training with moderate and high intensities (P˂0.05), but intense acute exercise had a greater effect on increasing the levels of these variables. Also, the acute effect of intense aerobic exercise was associated with a greater increase in hs-cTnT level in compared to moderate-intensity aerobic exercise, high and moderate-intensity resistance training (P˂0.05).
Conclusion: In endurance and resistance athletes, the hs-cTnT and TNF-α responses are affected by the intensity of training and increase more with intense training. But the high intensity aerobic exercise is associated with a greater increase in hs-cTnT levels.

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Background and Objective: Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is highly prevalent in the group of autoimmune and inflammatory patients. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-a) and interleukin-10 (IL-10) plays an important role in regulating complex interactions between pancreatic beta cells and immune cells in the development of T1D. This study was performed to determine the simultaneous effect of resistance training and endothelial progenitor cell injection on blood glucose levels and protein expression of proinflammatory factors TNF-a and IL-10 in muscle tissue of streptozotocin (STZ) induced diabetic male rats.
Methods: In this experimental study, 36 male Wistar rats weighing approximately 200±20 g and six weeks old were randomly divided into six groups. Induction of diabetes was performed by intraperitoneal injection of STZ at a dose of 45 mg/kg body weight. Groups included diabetes + stem cell injection + resistance training group, diabetes + resistance training group, diabetes + stem cell injection group, control diabetic group to control the passage of time, and healthy basal and diabetic groups for defaults. Exercises were performed for 17 sessions of resistance training, including climbing ladders with increasing weight three days a week in the same laboratory conditions. Endothelial progenitor cells were cultured by femoral bone marrow aspiration and culture and then injection into the tail vein. 68 hours after the last training session, blood glucose levels were assessed by ELISA and the expression of TNF-a and IL-10 protein in muscle tissue was assessed by Western blotting.
Results: Endothelial stem cell injection, resistance training and resistance training with the simultaneous injection of endothelial stem cells significantly increased the anti-inflammatory factor IL-10 in the skeletal muscle tissue of diabetic rats in compared to control group (P<0.05). Expression of the anti-inflammatory factor IL-10 in the skeletal muscle tissue was significantly increased in resistance training plus the simultaneous injection of endothelial stem cells group in compared to injection of stem cells and resistance training groups (P<0.05). Glucose concentration in the skeletal muscle tissue was significantly reduced in resistance training plus the simultaneous injection of endothelial stem cells group in compared to injection of stem cells and resistance training groups (P<0.05).
Conclusion: It seems that 17 sessions of resistance training reduces blood glucose level and improves inflammatory conditions in response to an increase in IL-10 and a decrease in TNF-a in a group of diabetic rats with resistance training and simultaneous injection of endothelial progenitor cells in diabetic male rats.

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Background and Objective: Leptin is associated with metabolic disorders and promotes the development of liver steatosis to steatohepatitis. It selectively increases the secretion of Tumor-necrosis factor-α (TNF-a) in response to saturated fatty acid. The general purpose of this research was to determine the effects of eight weeks of continuous training and silymarin supplementation on the serum levels of TNF-α and leptin in Wistar rats with fatty liver disease.
Methods: In this experimental study, 40 male Wistar rats aged three weeks and weighting 159±3 grams were randomly divided into five groups: normal diet/saline, high-fat diet/saline (control), high-fat diet/supplemented, high-fat diet/exercise/saline, and high-fat diet/exercise/supplement. The rats were fed 10 grams per 100 grams of body weight (standard diet 13% fat and high-fat diet 41% fat) for eight weeks, and silymarin (140 mg per kilogram body weight) were given by gavage for 2 weeks. The continuous aerobic exercise protocol consisted 30 minutes of treadmill running at 70-75% of VO₂max for eight weeks, five days a week. After sacrificing the animals, samples were taken and sent to the laboratory for histological analysis. The expression of leptin and TNF-α in the liver was measured using commercial ELISA kits.
Results: The findings showed a greater decrease in hepatic leptin concentration in the high-fat diet + continuous exercise + supplement group (P<0.05) compared to the high-fat diet + continuous exercise + saline group (P<0.05). Tukey's post hoc test showed a greater decrease in the concentration of hepatic TNF-α in the high-fat diet + saline group (compared to the high-fat diet + supplement group) (P<0.05), and the high-fat + exercise + saline group (P<0.05). The weight of the rats in the normal diet + saline group differed significantly from other groups (P<0.05).
Conclusion: The results indicated that the combination of continuous training with silymarin supplementation can help reduce leptin and TNF-α in rats with a high-fat diet, an effect not observed by silymarin supplementation alone. Therefore, the combination of continuous aerobic exercises and silymarin supplementation can further oxidize fat and reduce inflammation in the body.
 

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Background and Objective: Paraquat toxicity can damage organisms through mechanisms that are not yet fully understood. Evidence shows that regular exercise and appropriate antioxidant supplements can help reduce the complications caused by paraquat toxicity. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of aerobic exercise training, along with piperine supplement, on the liver levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-a) and interleukin-10 (IL-10) in Wistar rats induced with paraquat.
Methods: In this experimental study, 40 adult Wistar rats were randomly placed into 5 groups of 8, including 1) sham, 2) negative control-paraquat, 3) paraquat + training, 4) paraquat + training + piperine, and 5) paraquat + piperine. Aerobic training included 7 weeks of walking on a treadmill (5 sessions per week for 30-40 min per session, at a speed of 10-18 m/min). Paraquat was administered to the rats by intraperitoneal injection at a dose of 5 mg/kg of body weight. The piperine supplement was daily gavaged at a dose of 10 mg/kg of body weight. The concentration of TNF-a and IL-10 was measured in the liver tissue.
Results: A significant increase in IL-10 and a decrease in TNF-a concentrations were observed between the paraquat-negative control groups compared to the sham, paraquat + exercise, paraquat + piperine, and paraquat + exercise + piperine groups (P<0.05). There was a significant difference between the mean concentrations of TNF-a in the liver tissue between the two negative control groups - paraquat with paraquat + piperine supplement (P<0.05), paraquat + exercise + piperine (P<0.05), paraquat + exercise (P<0.05), and sham (P<0.05). There was a significant difference in concentrations of IL-10 in the liver tissue between the two negative control groups - paraquat with paraquat + piperine supplement, paraquat + exercise + piperine, paraquat + exercise), and sham (P<0.05).
Conclusion: The concentration of TNF-a and IL-10 in male rats induced with paraquat were significantly decreased and increased, respectively, compared to paraquat + piperine supplement, paraquat + exercise + piperine, paraquat + exercise, and sham groups. Therefore, it seems that performing aerobic exercise, along with piperine supplementation, can be a proper way to reduce the inflammation caused by paraquat.