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This study was designed to evaluate the effects of total extract of Phytolacca Decandra on electrophysiological properties of atrioventricular node. Male rat heart after isolation was attached to a Langendorff perfusion system. The stimulation protocol was carried out during control condition (No intervention) and on the presence of selected concentration (1.10-7 %w/v, 2.10-7 %w/v, 5.10-7 %w/v) of Phytolacca Decandra. The basic (Wenchebach, AVCT and ERP) and functional (Recovery) properties of AV-node were studied in solated, perfused male rat cardiac preparations. Total extract of P.decandra significantly increased WBCL, AVCT and ERP in the concentration dependent manner, but had no significant effect on the time constant of recovery. The results of this study demonstrate that total extract of P.decandra had parasympathic-like effect on time-independent properties of AV-node and the above results also showed a potential anti-arrhythmic role of P.decandra in terminating supraventricular tachyarrhythmia.

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The term Noonan syndrome has been applied to phenotypic male and female who have certain anomalies that occur also in female with Turner’s syndrome. These patients have normal karyotype. The disorder is very rare. The most common abnormality are short stature, webbing of the neck, Pectus Carinatum or Pectus excavatum, congenital heart disease. This particular case is a 8-year-old girl-patient who referred to pediatric clinic with short stature. Another abnormality in these patients is abnormal facies (Hypertelorism, hypogonadism, piqure chest and webbing of the neck). The patient had moderate mental retardation. Chromosomal analysis revealed 46xx cytogenetic distinguished Noonan syndrome.

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All the Lipids within the cellular membranes are existed in bilayer structure, but it has been proved that when some of these Lipids extracted from the native membrane and dispersed in water, it does exhibit non-bilayer structure, although the same Lipids have got bilayer structure in the membrane itself. It has been reported that some factors such as, enzymes (Lipase), temperature, change of pH and presence of some ions, some biochemical, biophysical and physiological variation, can convert the bilayer forming Lipids into the non-bilayer structure within the native membrane itself. Endocytotic vesicles are generated when segments of plasma membrane invaginated enclosing a minute volume of extracellular fluid and its contents. In exocytosis also remodeling of membrane is involved and most cells release macromolecules to the exterior by exocytosis, the processes of diffusion also happen with some Lipids change into the non-bilayer structure. The question that represent the subject of this review article is the way the Lipids in cellular membrane change their molecular structure from the bilayer to non-bilayer structure, to pave the way for the above processes.

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Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women. Histologic grading is one of the prognostic factors in breast cancer. The present study performed in analytic descriptive method and based on the slide review of beast biopsies received in the pathology department of 5th Azar Hospital from 1976 to 1978, and on the basis of Bloom-Richardson criteria (Mitoses, tubule formation and nuclear pleomorphism). The results are consist of: 1) Infiltrating duct carcinoma is the most common histopathologic form, and tubular carcinoma is the least common 2) The most common age is 36-45 years 3) There is meaningful relationship between mitoses and tubule formation and between pleomorphism and tubule formation. But there is no relation between nuclear pleomorphism and tubule formation in the tumor. Histologic grading of breast carcinoma should be reported by pathologist for clear determination of prognosis and also the best choice for management of the tumors.

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Diarrhea and malnutrition are important health problems in human societies, especially in developing countries, leading to a huge number of deaths annually. Numerous studies have death with the relationship between malnutrition as a predisposing factor and acute diarrhea, but they have yielded conflicted results. In a cross-sectional controlled study, we examined 398 infants 1-24 month-old referred to the diarrhea-training unit (DTU) of hospital. After treating dehydration, height, weight were measured and compared with an age-matched control group. In cases with acute diarrhea, 3.2% had severe, 14.8% had moderate, 48.8% had light malnutrition, 33.2% had no malnutrition according to Gomez scale. In the control group, the percentage of subjects with severe, moderate, light, and with out malnutrition were 0.5%, 2.2%, 32.4%, and 64.8%, respectively. Average weight for age and weight for height scores were significantly lower in cases with acute diarrhea than in control subjects. However, average for age score was not statistically different in the 2 groups. Patients with acute diarrhea suffered a higher prevalence of malnutrition compared with those from the control group. There was not statistically significant relationship between growth indices and socioeconomic class of the family. A lower percentage of infants with acute diarrhea compared with control group enjoyed breast-feeding as the primary feeding routine. The period of breast-feeding was shorter in infants with acute diarrhea. Nevertheless, breast-feeding neither have significant effects on malnutrition nor on weight and height growth indices. Overall, we concluded that malnutrition and decreased weight growth index might be important predisposing factors for acute diarrhea. Early diagnosis and treatment of malnutrition (Especially moderate and light degrees) are very important measures to be taken in order to decrease diarrhea and its complications.

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The word human population has been terrified nay AIDS. The barbers are persons that work with sharp tools. If their instruments become infected, they can transmit the infection to others. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to determine the barber’s knowledge, attitude and performance about AIDS prevention. This project is a descriptive study on 150 selected barbers. The methodology of research was a set up questionnaires, that have been completed by the barbers. The results showed that, their knowledge, performance about the AIDS are moderate (50%, 48.43%) and their attitude are weak. Performance among men and women is significant (P?0.02) in addition correlation between knowledge and attitude, attitude and performance are significant, according to the duration of working as barber (P?0.01). In general knowledge, attitude and performance among barbers are weak, therefore it is suggested that health and hygienic official teach the barbers how to behave in this regard.

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Gardenerlla Vaginalis is a tiny pleomorphic gram negative mostly isolated from secretions of females with bacteria vaginosis. The organism cause infections such as endometritis, salpingitis, urethritis and in pregnant women cause the delivery of low-birth weight babies with less than 2500 grams. This study was done as a descriptive study on 200 pregnant and non-pregnant women in 2 groups, referred to gynecology and obstetric ward of Babol University of Medical Sciences. We gathered information by questionnaires then clinical examination and sampling from posterior fornix was obtained. PH values of the samples were determined, wiff test, wet mount examination and gram staining were practiced and finally the isolated bacteria from media such as HBT, PSDA, etc were examined by proper microbiologic tests to confirm the diagnosis. In this study 24% of non-pregnant and 14% of pregnant women found to be infected with GV. In 30.7% of infected women the rate of colonization of GV was high. However detection of bacterial vaginosis by clinical diagnosis has shown an incidence of 41% in non-pregnant women and 27% in pregnant women. Meanwhile 60% of non-pregnant females had positive pop-smears for GV. It should also be noted that the rate of GV infections has found to be higher during the first trimester than the second or third. Samples from patients with bacterial vaginosis show an associated increase in the number of gram negative of variable gram reaction bacilli with a decrease in the number of lactobacilli. Thus, diagnosis of bacterial vaginosis is preferably recommended to be made using simple methods such as wet mount examination and gram-staining of vaginal discharges.

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Monogalactosyl Diacylglycerol is a glycolipid and contain a high proportion of polyunsaturated fatty acid substituents and form hexagonal structure when dispersed in excess water. Catalytic hydrogenation of this Lipid in the presence of catalyst completely saturates the hydrocarbon chains and the Lipid forms typical open sheet bilayer structure in water at 20?C. Binary mintures of native and hydrogenated Lipid tend to phase-separated at 20?C, our results which was obtained by electron microscope reveals lamellar phase Lipid indispersed with regions of hexagonal structure and the proportion of each reflect the composition of mixture. Monogalactosyl Diacylglycerol is one of those Lipids, which present in high amount in thylakoid membrane of chloroplast. This membrane and others they go through this kind transformation in their Lipid structure to enable the biochemical physiological functions of the cells.

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Due to importance of menopause and it’s effects on the menopausal women, and also the use of hormonal replacement therapy, we decided to evaluate side effects of Estrogen therapy on menopausal women, such as sleep disorder and related problems. 60 menopausal women entered a 3-months prospective, placebo-case controlled, double blind and accidental study. They were selected after taking history and physical examination, some necessary laboratory data, exclusion of interfering factors. They were divided in 2 groups with equal members. Conjugated Estrogen (0.625 mg per day) was given orally for 3 months to case group. Placebo (1 tablet per day) was given to control group. The 2 groups evaluated again after 3 months. A questionnaire with 7 questions was given to the members of 2 groups before and after treatment. Treatment with Estrogen reduce number of sleep awakening, daily drawsiness, morning tiredness and improve the sleeping and resleeping (P<0.05) and with confidence interval of (95%). In our study, there was not significant correlation between weight, age, duration of menopause, cause of menopause with sleep disorders. According to this study, we conclude that Estrogen replacement therapy reduce sleep disorders in post menopausal women. These findings confirm HRT benefits.

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Adenomas of the extrahepatic biliary tuce are rare and common bile duct adenomas are rare too. They may be pessile or pedunculated our patient was a 60 years old lady who presented with RUQ pain and jaundice so with impression of cholangitic under weat laparotomy, cholecystectomy, CBD explouation and choledochoduodestomy. During CBD exploration a 0.5×0.5 cm of CBD identified that excised. Histopathology confirmed the diagnosis of CBD adenoma and the patient discharged 6 days later with no complication.

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One of the methods for CTS diagnosis is to compare distal motor latencies between median and ulnar nerves. In the previous research distal motor latency (DML) of ulnar nerve was recorded from hypothenar area and the median nerve DML was recorded from thenar. In this research we recorded DML of ulnar nerve from thenar area and compared it with DML of median nerve. The aims of this research is to shorten the process of electro diagnosis by preserving the sensitivity. The type of the research is diagnostic clinical trial on 42 normal person and 64 patients with CTS that referred to department of physical medicine and rehabilitation of Shohada Tajrish Hospital in fall and winter of 2000-01 participated in this research. The result of the research is analyzed by student T-test method. The DML of ulnar nerve recorded from thenar in normal persons was 3.52±0.5 ms and the difference between median and ulnar nerve recorded from thenar was 1.23 ms. The P-value of the study were less than 0.0001 that is significant thus this method can be used for diagnosis of CTS.

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Liver is an important organ with major role in carbohydrates, proteins and lipids metabolism. In addition, secretion and excretion of toxic materials occur in this organ. Exposure to a variety of infectious agents such as parasitic, viral, bacterial or toxic materials may lead to liver damage. Today, one of the best way for investigation and diagnosis of liver damage is measurement of some liver enzyme such as Alanine Aminotransferase (GPT or ALT), Aspartate Aminotransferase (GOT or AST). Since, these enzymes exist in other tissues, measurement of other specific enzyme is required. In this study activity of Ornithine Carbamyltransferase (OCT), the second enzyme in urea cycle, in 56 patients with liver problem (Cirrhosis and viral hepatitis) was determined. SGPT, SGOT, Alb, Bil, ?GT and ALP tests were performed. To assess the health and unhealthy liver in both control and sample groups. Our data shows a correlation between activity of OCT with SGOT (R=0.782, P<0.001) and with SGPT (R=0.857, P<0.001). Since OCT enzyme is specific for liver, further investigation of activity of this enzyme in assessment of other liver problems is required.

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It is reported that the rate of congenital malformations is about 2-3% at birth. They are one of the major causes of morbidity, mortality and disability in childhood are later in adulthood. The aim of this study was to determine the rate of gross congenital malformations that were preset at birth. The other factors studied were anatomic locations of anomalies, neonatal sex, race, maternal age and race. This study was a cross-sectional descriptive study, and the sample population was 10000 births. The rate of congenital malformations was 10.1/1000 in our sample 11.8/1000 in male and 7.5/1000 in female neonates. The rate of malformations in musculoskeletal system were 3.8 In CNS 2.8 and in urogenital system 2.5 per 1000 births. It was concluded that the most frequent malformations in CNS, musculoskeletal and urogenital system were cystic spina bifida, clubfoot and hypospadias respectively. The rate of malformations newborns were 14.5 per 1000, 8.5 per 1000 and 17 per 1000 birth in Turkman, native Fars and Sistan racial groups respectively. The results from this investigation showed that there were relations between rate of over malformations, races and sexes of individuals.

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Hydatidosis is a parasitic infection mostly in found in the liver and lung due to echinococus species. But occurrence in other locations is possible. Purpose of this report is to describe a case of bilateral Hydatid cyst in ovaries. Clinical findings with this uncommon location are poorly specific and diagnosis required histologic examination after surgical removal. Imaging and serology is useful to differentiate Hydatid cyst from benign and malignant tumors. This obligatory to examine lung and liver as the main sites of cyst when you are being faced with unusual location of Hydatid cyst especially in endemic area such as Iran. Our patients was a 35 years old woman with history of 4-month abdominal pain in left and right lower quadran. Sonography showed two cysts in adenexal lesions after surgical removal, they were sent to pathology lab. Hydatic cyst membrane was seen in histologic examination of two cystic masses.

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Background and Objective: Lectins are carbohydrate-binding proteins of plants or animal origin, which react with terminal sugars of glycoconjugates of cells and tissues. Glycoconjugates play essential role in several biological phenomena such as Cell recognition, proliferation, migration and differentiation. Notochord, a mesodermal derivative, induces nearby tissues, including Neural tube, sometimes and developing gut. Materials and Methods: The purpose of this study was to investigate distribution of glycoconjugates in component of notochord and axial vessels during mouse embryonic development. Results: Formalin fixed sections embedded in paraffin from 9 to 14 embryonic days of Balb/c mice were processed for histochemical studies by using four different horseradish peroxidase (HRP) labeled lectins including: Glycin Max (SBA), Vicia Villosa (VVA) and Maclura Pomifera (MPA) specific for GalNac terminal sugar and Lotus Tetragonolobus (LTA) that bind to ?-L-fucose terminal sugar. Our results revealed that approximately similar reactions were observed in notochord and axial vessels endothelium by using GalNac sensitive lectins during vessels morphogenesis. Fucose sensitive lectin reacted only with the notochord. The time and significant role(s) in tissue interactions and subsequent formation of adjacent tissues such as: Axial vessels development during critical morphogenic period. Conclusion: Furthermore, our findings indicate that fucosylated glycoconjugates may have no role in axial vessel formation and/or their interactions with the notochord during early morphogenic period.

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Background and objective: The south of littoral of Caspian sea is located on the Asian belt of oesophageal carcinoma, where has the highest incidence in the world. The objective of this study was to determine the epidemiologic aspects of patients with oesophageal carcinoma in the north of Iran. Materials and methods: Based on the existing data of medical charts, we conducted a descriptive study of 668 patients with oesophageal carcinoma who referred to Shahid Rajaei Radiotherapy Center in Babolsar during 1993 to 1999. The data was included age, sex, occupation, residence area, and history of alcohol, smoking, drug consumption, anatomic location and histologic type of tumor. We used T-test and Chi-square test in statistical analysis. Results: The mean (±SD) age of 668 patients was 62.8 (±11) years and the modal age group 60-69 years. The mean age of males was significantly greater than females (63.8 vs. 61.2 years, P<0.05) 54.5% of patients were male and 62.1% of males were farmers, 14.5% clerk, and 7% workers whereas 92.4% of females were housewives. Roughly, 0.7% of patients had a history of alcohol consumption, 19.3% smoker and 7.9% drug users and 50.3% of patients were residence of urban area. The most common histologic type of tumor was squamous cell carcinoma (91.3%) and 7% of tumors were adenocarcinoma. The ratio of men to women of adenocarcinoma was 3 to 1 Also squamous cell carcinoma was more common among men than women The relation between the histologic type of tumor and gender was significant (P<0.05). The most common location of squamous cell carcinoma was the upper third of oesophageal (47.1%) and for adenocarcinoma the lower third (86.4%). Also, we observed a significant relation between occupation and the histologic type of tumor. Conclusion: The results indicated that the frequency of oesophageal carcinoma is increased over the age 50 years. The relation of histologic type of tumor with location and gender are consistent with those reported in the other studies in the western countries, which shows the same pattern of epidemiologic aspects of this neoplasm in the world.

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Background and objective: Nosocomial infections are the important problems in health care centers in the world. Incidence rate in different countries is very variable and has been reported about 5% to 15%. This research was done for ascertainment of level of knowledge, attitude and practice of employed nurses to nosocomial infection in teaching hospitals of Golestan University of Medical Sciences. Materials and methods: This is a descriptive and analytical study, total number of employed nurses (518), 189 male and 328 female. The research carried out using a questionnaire. The data was used to analyze the data SPSS software. Results: Results of research showed that 26.5% of nurses had very low knowledge, 63.9% medium knowledge and 9.6% good knowledge. About attitude 52.4% had negative attitude, 36.4% medium and 11.2% positive attitude. About practice 37.1% had poor practice, 49% medium and 15.9% good practice. In this research between attitude and knowledge, knowledge and practice there was not any meaningful correlation but difference between attitude and practice was statistically significant. Conclusions: The nurses are playing important role in prevention and control of nosocomial infection. So, it is necessary for nurses to have enough knowledge about how to control the infection and to have positive attitude, if they want to do their job property.

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Cutaneous metastasis from carcinoma of the larynx are very rare. We observed a 75-year-old male patient with squamous cell carcinoma of the larynx who developed a subcutaneous nodule as an abscess presentation in the buttock. It was found to be a metastatic squamous cell carcinoma of the laryngeal cancer, histopathologically. The skin manifestations proceeded laryngeal metastases by 18 months after laryngectomy and radical neck dissection. After 3 months, the patient died. Cutaneous metastasis of laryngeal carcinoma should be considered in all patients with previous laryngeal carcinoma representing with cutaneous lesion.

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Background & Objective: Due to volatile property of monomer from Methylmethacrylate and its well known toxic side effects, in case of absorption via skin or respiratory system. Also, due to allergic reactions of it, consideration of suitable ventilation systems and using protective methods is very important. To decrease direct contact with it, the capabilities of technician and improves his health and work place, we investigate relationship between Methanol level and exposure to Methylmethacrylate. Materials & Methods: In a case-control (In vivo) study of 32 dental laboratory technicians in Babol and Sari before and after working and 32 normal subjects, urine samples were collected. Urine Methanol levels were analyzed by paper and gas chromatography. Results: Mean concentration of Methanol in case group (1.2 micro mol/l) was significantly more than control group (0.78 micro mol/l). Also, Methanol level was significantly higher after work (1.45 micro mol/l) when compared to before work (1.27 micro mol/l), (P<0.05). No relation between work history and urine Methanol level was observed. Conclusion: Due to significant increase of Methanol concentration during work in work place, the use of protective methods such as suitable ventilation, wearing mask and gloves, also, using vapor absorbing tubes can be useful in increasing dental laboratory workplace safety.

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Inguinal hernia is common in midlle age and elderly. It is in two form of direct and indirect. Often the hernia sac consists of omentum and or intestinal segmants, but bladder hernia is very rare. In present patient massive inguinal hernia and urinary retention were associated with ipsilateral nonvisulization and nonfuncting kidney that showed the disease is chronic in nature. The diagnosis is confirm by ultrasonography and retrograde cystography. In cystography, contrast maternal is show in scrotal cavity and commnication of it with bladder. In our case, the diagnosis is made preoperatively with ultrasonograpy and cystography. The patient able to void post-oprative day and scrotal enlargment is compelely reduce. In conclusion it is advised that in patients older than 50 years who have massive inguinoscrotal herina and prostatism cystography to be done mandatory and also preoperative diagnosis is to be made to prevente the injury of bladder and ureter in operating time.