---

In order to determine the relationship between breast feeding and growth pattern, the information about anthropometric measurement and feeding pattern in first 4-6 months of life and after that of 324 hospitalized children were recorded and analyzed results are as follow: 67.3% were exclusively breast-fed, 61.3% were breast-fed accompanied with non-maternal milk (Cow milk, formula, pasteurized cow milk) and 11.4% were fed with non-maternal milk only. 44.8% of the total patients had weight for the age under 5th percentile, 53.7% had height for the under 5th percentile and 26.9% had head circumference (HC) for age under 5th percentile of NCHS standard. 77.8% of infants under 6 months of age who had weight for age under 5th percentile never have been fed with breast milk. In the other hand 72.2% of patients with weight for age between 5-100th percentile fed exclusively with breast milk in first 4-6 months of life (P<0.03). 63.2% of infants aged 6-12 months with weight for age under 5th percentile have never been fed with breast milk in first 4-6 months or did not commence supplementary food on time. This study suggest that exclusively breast-feeding in first 4-6 months of life and continuation of breast milk beside supplementary food on proper time can provide better growth potential relative to other options.

---

Background and Objective: Children constipation is one of the common causes of abdominal pain. Cow´s milk in children diet is suggested to be one of the main cause of chronic constipation. This study was performed to determine the effect of cow´s milk elimination from children diet with chronic constipation. Methods: This quasi-experimental study, was performed on 80 children with chronic constipation. Rome-III criteria were considered for disease diagnosis. Cow’s milk was eliminated for three weeks from children’s diet and the clinical symptoms in children were surveyed, subsequently. Results: Constipation was cured in 33.8% of children as result of cow's milk free diet. The rate of treatment response in affecting children whom their disease in began under 2 years of age (52.6%) was significantly higher than others (16.6%) (P<0.05). Children treatment was not significantly related to child’s gender and amount of milk consumption. Conclusion: Eliminating of cow's milk from the diet improves the chronic constipation in children.

---

Background and Objective: Rapid and adequate rehydration is important for many athletes, especially those taking multiple sessions of exercise each day, or those involved in weight category sports. The macronutrient and electrolyte concentration of the fluid ingested following exercise can affect the amount retained within the body can influence hydration status. This study was done to compare the effect of milk consumption on healthy young men rehydration and endurance performance after dehydration due to intermittent exercise in warm environmental condition. Methods: In this quasi-experimental study, the labroratory protocol was carried out by ten young healthy men in three sessions within one week intervals. Participants were on drinking regiment including water, low-fat milk, and powerade. Urine samples were collected pre-exercise, post-exercise, post-drinking and 1, 2 and 3 hours over recovery. Exercise capacity test commenced within 10 min after 3h recovery. This was undertaken in warm environmental condition at a power output corresponding to 70% VO2 max. Exercise continued until voluntary exhaustion. Heart rate and RPE were recorded at 5 min intervals throughout exercise. Results: Pre-exercise urine specific gravity value was not different between the milk and the, powerade and the water groups. Total urine output was significantly reduced in the milk group in compared to powerade and the water consumption (P<0.05). At the end of the study, net fluid balance was significantly positive in milk group compared to powerade and water groups (P<0.05). Time of exhaustion on the exercise capacity test (70% VO2 max) was significantly more in milk in comparision with powerade group (P<0.05). Conclusion: Low-fat milk is more effective at rehydrating compared to water and exercise capacity in intermittent activity of heat in healthy young men.

---

Background and Objective: The adoption of methods for increasing the shelf life of dairy products by using natural preservatives is necessary. This study was done to determine the antimicrobial activity of aqueous extract of orange peel and its effect on the shelf life of flavored milks.

Methods: In this descriptive –analytical studty the antimicrobial activity of aqueous extract of orange peel was investigated by using disk diffusion method and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) by successive dilution of culture broth and then its impact on the shelf life of milk.

Results: In disk diffusion method and MIC the antimicrobial effect of aqueous extract of orange peel was more effective against Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans and less effective on Escherichia coli. The growth diameter of disk diffusion method in aqueous extract of orange peel was 7.11, 29.06 and 50 mm for Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Candida albicans, respectively. The inhibitory concentration in the aqueous extract of orange peel was 15, 2 and 2 mg/ml, respectively. Also 0.17 g/ml of aqueous extract of orange peel in milk reduced the growth of microorganisms at the time of 6, 12, 24, 48 and 72 hours. Temperature affected the growth of Candida albicans in the milk, so that the growth of microorganisms reduced with decreasing temperature (P<0.05). The growth inhibitory activity of the aqueous extract of orange peel on Staphylococcus aureus was significantly more than on Escherichia coli (P<0.05).

Conclusion: This study showed that the antimicrobial activity of aqueous extract of orange peel on Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Candida albicans in vitro and in the milk.