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Background and Objective: Athletes suffer from poor physical fitness in some sports fields, which can cause long-term pain in their hands. This study was carried out to compare the musculoskeletal abnormalities in professional wushu athletes and wrestlers with non-athletes.
Methods: This descriptive-analytical study was carried out on 30 wrestlers, 30 Wushu athletes and 30 non-athlete subjects in Mazandaran province, north of Iran. Kyphosis and lordosis angles evaluation was performed by using flexible ruler. Evaluation of forward head and forward shoulders perform from side view with digital cameras and angles analyzed by AutoCAD 2010 software.
Results: The forward head in wushu athletes and wrestlers was significantly more than non-athletes (P<0.05). Also, forward shoulder in wrestlers and wushu athletes was significantly higher than non-athletes (P<0.05). In addition, kyphosis angle in wushu athletes and wrestlers were significantly higher than non-athletes. Also, Lordosis in wrestlers was higher than non-athletes (P<0.05). Uneven shoulder in wushu athletes was more than non-athletes (P<0.05).
Conclusion: This study showed that head, shoulder and spine status can be influenced by type of sport.

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Background and Objective: Stiffness and restricted range of movement (ROM) affect muscle balance and body alignment. The purpose of this research is the study the relationship between Iliopsoas tightness and hip active range of motion, extensor-flexor muscle strength and thoracolumbar curves.
Methods: This case-control study was carried out on 15 adolescent's male soccer players with short length of Iliopsoas muscle as case group and 15 healthy adolescents witch matched based on age, height, weight, BMI, dominant leg and sport experience as control group. The range of motion was measured with universal goniometer, kyphosis and lordosis with flexible ruler and muscle strength with manual dynamometer.
Results: The range of motion of the hip extension and the strength of the Iliopsoas muscle in the case group were statistically lower than the control group (P<0.05). The rate of lumbar lordosis and the ratio of gluteus maximus to the strength of the Iliopsoas muscle in the case group were significantly higher than the control group (P<0.05). There was no statistically significant difference between the range of motion of hip flexion, dyspnea kyphosis, and gluteus maximus muscle strength in the studied groups.
Conclusion: Adolescents with Iliopsoas tightness have limited hip extension and greater lumbar lordosis and weaker Iliopsoas strength in comparison to healthy counterparts.

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Background and Objective: Developmental disorder and environmental factors are considered as the main causes in postural abnormalities in children and adolescents. This study was done to evaluate the role of BMI, physical activity and the use of electronic device in the status of trunk abnormalities in male adolescents.
Methods: This descriptive-analytical study was conducted on 480 boys of 13 to 15 years old in Golestan province, northern Iran. Trunk abnormalities were measured using a spinal mouse. Physical activity was assessed using a standard physical activity questionnaire. Use of electronic device was measured using the form of rate of use of electronic device.
Results: Kyphosis abnormality in 13, 14 and 15 years-old male adolescents were reported 70%, 65% and 75%, respectively. In addition, 60% of 13 years-old, 40% of 14-years-old, and 50% of 15-years-old adolescents had lordosis abnormality. There was a direct and significant correlation between kyphosis abnormalities with BMI and using electronic device as well as a reverse significant correlation between lordosis abnormality and BMI was demonstrated.
Conclusion: This study indicated that trunk abnormalities are relatively common in male adolescents in Golestan province, northern Iran. Also, BMI and the use of electronic device can also affect these abnormalities.