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Anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA) are produced against lysozomal constituents and primary granules of myeloid cells (Neutrophiles & monocytes) in some rheumatic diseases and wegner’s granulomtosis (WG). This antibodies not only may related to onset of vasculitis lesions, but also have a valuable diagnostic tool, thus, first we tired to evaluated the prevalence of this antibodies in 65 serum of patients with RA and 42 serum of patients with SLE. By using of indirect immunoflourescence assay (IFA), two staining patterns are recognized: Cytoplasmic (C-ANCA) pattern which in 80% of results from anti-PR3, and prenuclear (P-ANCA) pattern, which can result from any antibody directed to myeloperoxidase (MPO), cathepsin G (CG) lactoferrin (LF), elastsae (HLE) and lysozyme (LZ). The sensitivity and specificity for SLE from 1:128 serum dilution was 8% and 85.1% respectively, and for RA from 1:16 dilution was 32.2% and 87.5% respectively. Of the 19 SLE, ANCA positive patients 18 (94.7%) had P-ANCA and 1 patient (5.3%) had C-ANCA and of the 23 RA, ANCA positive patients, 17 (73.9%) had P-ANCA and 6 patients (26.1%) had C-ANCA.

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In this study 32 patients whom had only one superficial bladder tumor (T?-T1 stage) were selected to investigate the effectiveness of either BCG of Alfa-Interferon in preventing the recurrence of tumor. The other aim of this study was to compare the ideal regiment for the patient. These patients previously had neither tumor nor immunotherapy. The patients were divided randomly into two groups, each consisting of 16 people, and they were given the chosen medicine two weeks after surgery of tumor, which is usually superficial tumor (TCC type). 10 million unit of Alfa-Interferon in amount of 7 dose was injected weekly in those patients in group 1 and 120 mg BCG in group 2 respectively. Tumor recurrence in those patients, which receive interferon, was 50% and those that receive BCG was 18.5% respectively (P=0.07). The average recurrence of tumor in group 1 was 0.046 for one person per month (Patient/month) and the same index for group 2 was 0.015 recurrence for each person per month. Relative risk in equal to 3 (Relative risk=3) with accuracy of 95% between (0.87-10.38) but in those patients that were under ?-Interferon treatment only 4, and in BCG group 13 patients got the side effects of medicines.

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Problem behaviors of adolescence have severe adverse effects on teen age’s family and the society as well. Adolescence delinquency has been correlated with a variety of individual social demographical and biological variables such as locus of control (LOC) and self-esteem (SE). This study was designed to investigate the relationship between SE and LOC and delinquency in male adolescence. This case-control study was carried out with three questionnaires included demographic characteristic, Cooper Smith’s self-esteem scale, Rotter’s locus of control scale. The sample consisted of 35 delinquent adolescence from juvenile detention center (Case group) and 70 students from state’s high school and colleges (Control group). The age of subjects ranged from 15-20 years. The 2 groups were significantly different with respect to SES and LOCS. Also examining the correlations between SE and LOC showed that significant relationship was found between the 2 different groups of students. But no significant relationship was found between these 2 variables in delinquents the results of this study show there is a correlation between adolescent delinquency and locus of control and self-esteem. Therefore nurses can help the parents and those instructors who are responsible for looking after children and adolescent to adjust self-esteem and locus of control of these teen-agers who have not got any problem behavior. Also the locus of control of adolescence with problem behaviors has to be diverted from external to the internal dimension, and increase the self-esteem, and adolescent’s delinquency has to be replace with honesty. It is suggested that the next investigation to be about the relationship between the self-esteem and locus of control severity and items of the adolescent problematical behaviors. The manner of the parents behaves their children in relation to selfsteem and locus of control. It is also suggested to study the effectiveness of possible ways to up grade the self-esteem and to change the routs of locus of control for the problematic behaviors and delinquency.

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A great number of drugs have been used to inhibit preterm labor but none has been completely effective. This study has compared. The efficacy of Indomethacin and Mg-Sulfate for delaying delivery in preterm labor. In this randomized controlled trial study 120 pregnant women with intact membrane and preterm labor, cervical dilatation at least 2 cm were studied and if they had premature rupture of membranes, gestational age less than 24 or more than 32 weeks, complete cervical dilatation, severe hemorrhage, chorioamnionitis and triple or higher order gestation excluded from study. Subjects are randomly managed with Indomethacin 25 mg every 6 hours for 4 doses or Mg-Sulfate initially 4 gr/IV followed by 2 gr/h IU infusion until uterine activity diminished or decrease. The success of management was considered as either reduce or stopping the uterine contractions, and no increase in cervical dilatation or effacement. Statistical analysis were performed with Chi-square and T-test. The 2 groups understudy had the same inducer maternal matched maternal age, gestational age, parity, dilatation and effacement at initiation of study, frequency of uterine contractions. Delivery was delayed 24 hr in 66.6% and 48 hr in 58.3% by Mg-Sulfate, also delayed 24 hr in 40% and 48hr in 35% by Indomethacin (P<0.0001). No complications were reported in each group. Mg-Sulfate is more effective than Indomethacin in delaying preterm labor.

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Background&Objective: Heavy metals have a high resistance against degradation. So their amounts in human food chain, such as fish, may be increased even several times either in water or air, due to bioaccumulation. These amounts are potentially dangerous to human. This study was done to determin of heavy metals in edible tissue of Lutjans Coccineus and Tigeratooh Croaker in the Persian Gulf. Materials&Methods: 60 samples of Lutjans Coccineus and Tigeratooh Croaker were collected randomly after preparation and chemical digestion for trace elements determination. Pb, Cr, Cd and Ni were determined by flame atomic absorption in 2003. Results: Average value of Pb, Cr, Cd and Ni in the edible tissues of two fish species, Lutjans Coccineus 0.442,0.333,0.063 and 0.322 and Tigeratooh Croaker of were 0.48, 0.062, 0.064 and 0.48 ppm (dry weight basis), respectively. Conclusion: Results indicated that the mean concentrations due to heavy metals in these two species were less than acceptable limit of WHO, but related concentrations of Pb, Ni, Cd and Cr in 27%, 25%, 8% and 3% of individual studied samples respectively were more than upper acceptable limit of WHO.

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Background&Objective: Addiction is one of major problems of today's world population. The first step on combating a social issue or disease is the proper re.organization. This study was done to determine the demographic characteristic, prototype of drug consumption and its relation with some personal and social variation in Gorgan (North-East, Iran). Materials&Methods: This study was a descriptive cross sectional research. The characteristics of 3005 addicts, was studied whom research voluntarily to the addiction clinic during 2001–2005 in the 5th Azar hospital of Golestan Medical Sciences University in Gorgan. The collected data was analyzed using the SPSS software. Results: From a total 3005 files which were studied, 2786 (92.7%) were male and the reminder were females. The meanSD of age was 36.9111.41. 4.8% of samples had university education, 21.3% high school diploma, and 61.7% were either unemployed or without any certain job. Opium with 66.7% was the substance with highest rate of consumption. In 40.2% of the cases, inhaling was the main route of consumption and in 30.9% of addict subjects taking the drugs orally. From the point view of type of drug, smocking cigarette, alcohol consumption, using cannabis and pill consumption, there was a meaningful correlation (P<0.05). The rate of addicted male subjects whom referred to the clinic to leave the addiction was 14.97% times of female subjects. 93.8% of the addicts persons had 20-50 years of age, which is an indicative of the real of age of addicted people in Gorgan. Conclusion: Unemployment can be considered as one of the main cause of high rate of addiction among the people in the society and in particular in this sample population. It seems that with education and creating employment in the region, to some extend the addiction can be controlled.

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Background & Objective: Neural tube defects, growth retardation and nail hypoplasia are most common features of teratogenic effects of carbamazepine. This study was done to determine the effects of carbomazepine on eye development in Mice fetuses. Materials & Methods: In this experimental study 40 BALB/c pregnant Mice were divided into four groups. Experimental groups I and II received 15 mg/kg daily 6-15 GD (gestational days) and 30 mg/kg daily 6-15 GD intraperitoneal of carbamazepine, respectively. All drugs recolved in Tween20. Two control groups received normal saline or Tween 20. Dams were dissected on GD18 and embryos were collected. After observation of eye malformation in fetuses, we employed routine histological processes to stain the samples and also skeletal staining was performed. Results: Calvaria deformations, finger anomalies, brachygnathia and short tail in experimental groups I and II were 7% and 10.8%, 13.3% and 16.6%, 7.8% and 11.7%, 10.2% and 9.2% respectively. Ten of fetuses (8.6%) in experimental group I and nine of fetuses (7.5%) in the experimental group II had eye malformations. Premature opening of one or both eyes with mild to severe exophthalmos occurred in both of the experimental groups. Also, histological examination showed deformed lens, retinal folds with undeveloped layers, corneal fold with absence of surface epithelium. Conclusion: This study revealed that administration of carbamazepine during embryunic period can induce eye malformations in Mice fetuses.

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Background & Objective: Gorgan Gulf, with unique environmental value, has been located at the eastern south region of the Caspian Sea. It has not only valuable fish species such as strugen, Caspian roach, carp and vobla fish which supply a great part of daily protein need of our country and the world, but also its beaches are used for swimming. Therefore Lack of observation for environmental regulations result in entrance of microbial pollutants into Gorgan Gulf and creates dangers both for human health and for marine environment. So the evaluation microbial pollution for these beaches and comparing them with standards is an essential need. This study was done to evaluate microbial pollution for Caspian Sea at Gorgan Gulf. Materials & Methods: 40 sea water samples were collected during spring and autumn of 2004 at Gorgan Gulf for evaluation of sea water in Gorgan Gulf microbial pollution and also the mean total number of bacteria, coliforms, fecal coli forms and fecal streptococci was determined by standard method. Results: The results indicated that the mean total number of bacteria, coli forms, fecal coli forms and fecal streptococcus were 5001/1cc, 1555/100cc, 817/100cc and 59/100cc respectively. Conclusion: Mean results compared with related standard (both for swimming beach and piscicultres) and we found that Gorgan Gulf beaches have been polluted for swimming applications, but it is not the case for piscicultures.

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Background and Objective: Primary TORCH (Toxoplasmosis, rubella, cytomegalovirus, herpes simplex virus) and Treponema palidum infections in the mothers can lead to severe fetal anomalies. This study was done to explore the prevalance of TORCH antibodies in newborns with congenital malformations and their mothers in Gorgan-Iran. Materials and Methods: This descriptive, cross-sectional study was done on newborns with major congential malformations, during 20 months (2003-04) in Dezyani hospital- a referal gynecology center in Gorgan, in north of Iran. The blood sample of 64 newborns with congenital malformations and their mothers collected. Serologic testes were done on newborns and mothers' sera to determine IgM and IgG levels against rubella, toxoplasma gondeie, Cytomegalo virus, Herpes simplex type II with ELISA test. For Terponema palidum PRP test was used. Results: Four of 64 infants (6 %) had positive IgM antibody titers for Toxoplasma, Rubella, and Cytomegalovirus. Nine of mothers with affected newborns (14%) had positive IgM antibody titers for Toxoplasma, Rubella, and Cytomegalovirus. Conclusion: This study showed that the prevalance of TORCH antibodies are observed in 6% of birth defects, in this region.

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Background and Objective: Self-injury (SI), also called self-mutilation or cutting, is highly stigmatized emotional disorder. The aim of this study was to estimate the incidence rate of self-injury among male pupils in Tabriz – North West in Iran and to evaluate the associated risk factors. Materials and Methods: In this longitudinal study of all the pupils high school in Tabriz, 1772 (13.7%) were randomly sampled, and assessed in this and subsequent year. A self-administered questionnaire with 48 questions was distributed to high school in February and March 2005. After one year (February and March 2006), another questionnaire with 10-items was distributed to those students to determine the incidence rate of self-injury. The influence of different factors on self-injury was evaluated with a logistic regression model. Results: The mean age of the subjects was 16.3±0.87 (min 15, max 19) years. At the end of follow–up, 4.8% of pupils reported incidence of self-injury. Most type of incidenced self-injury were cutting and burning. The results of logistic regression model indicate that transition in smoking stages (OR=2.81), incidence of alcohol drinking (OR=2.27) and having smoker friend (OR=1.78) were factors associated with incidence of self-injury. Conclusion: This study showed that incidence rate of self-injury in this group of adolescents was 4.8% in one year, which related to age, alcohol and ciggaret smoking.

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Background and Objective: Biological activity of hydrogen sulphide in smooth muscle of vessel and non-vessel tissue are contradictory. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of hydrogen sulphide on smooth activity of muscle mice jejunum. Materials and Methods: Experiments were performed on mice jejunum and motor activity was recorded from in vitro segments of jejunum ~ 4 cm in length. jejunal segments were mounted horizontally in separate perfusion chamber. Furthermore, using vanilloid receptor 1 deficient mice (VR 1-/-) we tested hypothesis that extrinsic sensory nerves mediated alterations, in motor activity responses in the presence different concentration of of hydrogen sulphide (100-3000 μM). Results: Serosal application of NaHS (as hydrogen sulphide donor) produced a dose-dependent inhibition of motor activity that are not significantly different between VR 1-/- and VR 1 +/+ mice. In the presence of TTX (1μM) NaHS (300µM) caused a reduction in basal tone (19.5%, p<0.05, n=5) and inhibited the contraction evoked by 30µM bethanechol by 55% (n=5, p<0.05). Conclusion: This study showed that hydrogen sulphide is an important motor activity inhibitor in mice jejunum.

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Background and Objective: Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency is recognized as a etiological base in lung injury. Therefore this study was performed to determine plasma level of alpha-1 antitrypsin in war victims exposed to sulfur mustard gas. Materials and Methods: This historical cohort study was done on 100 incident was survivors from Sardasht, West of Iran who were exposed to sulfur mustard gas in 1987. Fifty non exposed civilians subjects were selected as control. Phonotype and of alpha-1 antitrypsin and trypsin inhibitory capacity (TIC) were measured. Results: Phonotype of alpha-1 antitrypsin in patients and control group were normal (MM) and the mean of trypsin inhibitory capacity in patients group was 3.4±0.3 μmol/min/ml which lower than control group 4.2±0.1 μmol/min/ml (P<0.05). Conclusion: This study showed that activity of alpha-1 antitrypsin in patients with lung injuries reduced due to sulfur mustard gas.

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Background and Objective: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic, progressive and degenerative myelin sheath of the central nervous system. Manifestation and side effect of this disease drastically impress patient’s body image and destruct self concept. The objective of the implementation of this study was to evaluate the effect of Orem self- care program on multiple sclerosis patients’ self concept. Materials and Methods: This quesi-experimental study was done on 34 MS patients referred to Ayatollah Kashani hospital in Shahrekord – Iran, during 2008. The patients were selected by convenience sampling. 8 sessions educational program based on patients needs and Orem self care frame work during 3 months were carried out and with self reporting sheets program was pursued. After 3 months self concept questionnaire completed and data were analyzed by using SPSS-11.5 software and paired T, will kakson and kruskal wallis tests. Results: Mean of self concept, prior and post intervention was 60.67+-4.20, 118.26+-3.53, respectively (P<0.05). No significant correlation was found between age, gender, educational level, marriage status, number of children, occupation, level of income, duration of outbreak, times of hospitalized with self esteem. Conclusion: This study showed that self care program based on the Orem frame work has positive effects on self esteem in multiple sclerosis patients. Therefore this program is recommended in MS patients.

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Background and Objective: The Candida albicans is an opportunistic fungi that can be pathogenic in patients suffering from diabetes and AIDS. This organism can cause various infections such as superficial of the skin and mucosa to deep tissue infections. In this study the antifungal effects of ZnO and SDS on Candida albicans in comparison with Fluconazole were investigated. Materials and Methods: This was an experimental study which evaluated the antifungal effects of biocide SDS and ZnO on Candida albicans by microbroth dilution assay in broth and agar medium. Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) was determinated for each inhibitor during colony count in comparison with control. Results: MIC of ZnO was 1.013-296 µg/ml and for SDS and Fluconazole were 0.001-0.56 and 0.062-128 µg/ml respectively. Conclusion: This study demonstrated antifungal activity of ZnO can be a candidates for the elimination of candida in medicine particular in medical instruments.

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Background and Objective: The majority of medicines are associated with some form of side effects due to high prevalence of self- medication in Iran .There is not any drug without side effects the prevalence of self- medication in Iran's provinces is increasing. This study was done to determine the knowledge and practice among woman about self -medication based on health belief model. Materials and Methods: This cross- sectional study carried out on 385 women whom referred to health centers in Isfahan, Iran during 2008. Data were collected by a questionnaire including knowledge, practice and health belief model structures. Results: The mean score of knowledge was 82.97±13.80 and means score of perceived susceptibility 72.48±17.11, severity 71.60±14.73, benefits 68.29±17.13 and barriers 61.64±19.67. 86% of women have done self–medication at least in one disease in 6 months earlier Including: cold 225 (57.6%), headache 28 (53.7%) and anemia 51 (13.2%). The main reasons for self –medication were previous experience and medicine accessibility .The main reasons to avoid self –medication was the side effects of medicine. Conclusion: Self-medication can be prevented thought increasing knowledge and education about severity of drug side effects.

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Background and Objective: Research have been focused on the applying the chemical inducer for trans-differentiation the adult BMSCs into neural cell. So that, at the first should investigate the toxcity effect of the chemical inducer on the induced cells. Plasticity and easy accessibility of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells is a unique charactristic for treatment of neural disorderies. This study was desgined to determine the inductive effect of Deprenyl and Dimethyl sulfoxide on proliferation and survival of the mesenchymal stem cells. Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, BMSCs isolated from the adult rat bone marrow and cultured in αMEM containing 10% FBS. Cell identity for surface antigens was performed in third passage by immunocytochemistry and multipotancy capacity of BMSCs was done by BMSC differentiation into adipocytes and osteocytes. The cells were exposed to chemical agents (a: the αMEM medium supplemented with 2% DMSO, b: the αMEM medium supplemented with 10^-8M Deprenyl) for 24 houres and then transferred to αMEM containing 10% FBS cell survival and proliferation was evaluated after the 24, 48, 72 and 96 houres by MTT [3-(4-5-Dimethylthiazolyl-2-y1)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromid] test. Data were analyzed using SPSS-16, One-Way ANOVA and Tukey tests. Results: In addition to expression the surface antigens and adipogenic and osteogenic differentiation by BMSCs, MTT test results showed that proliferation and survival of induced-deprenyl and DMSO cells within 48, 72 and 96 hours after the induction was increased significantly than negative control group. Conclusion: Deprenyl increases survival and cell proliferation compared to Dimethyl Sulfoxide. It can be used as cell inducer.

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Background and Objective: Carbamazepine during pregnancy can induce various malformations. Recent studies have showed an increase in homocysteine level due to Carbamazepine administration. This study was to evaluate the effect of Carbamazepine on homocysteine serum level in pregnant mice and fetal malformations outcome. Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, 40 BALB/c timed-pregnant mice were allocated into 2 experimental and 2 control groups. The experimental groups were received daily intraperitoneal injections of 30 mg/kg (group I) or 60 mg/kg (group II) of Carbamazepine on gestational days 6 to 15. The control groups were received either - normal saline or Tween 20. Dams underwent Cesarean section on GD 18. External examinations were done and all data concerning malformations, weight and crown-rump of fetuses collected. Blood samples were collected from Dams' hearts prior to performing the Cesarean section. Homocysteine was measured using ELISA method. Data were analyzed using SPSS-18, ANOVA, Chi-Square and Tukey tests. Results: Significant increase in Homocysteine levels of dams’ serum compared to control groups was seen in both experimental groups I and II (10.56±1.31 and 11.11±1.64 µmol/L, respectively, P<0.05). The mean weight and crown-rump of the fetuses in both experimental groups were significantly reduced compared with those of the control groups (P<0.05). Various malformations such as limb defects, vertebral defects, facial deformity and severe malformations were observed in fetuses of both experimental groups. Conclusion: Serum elevation of homocysteine in Carbamazepine exposed pregnant mice may be a risk factor for induction of fetal malformations.

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Background and Objective: Improvement in self-care and self-efficacy behaviors has proved to be a vital factor in a successful management of asthma. This study was carried out to determine the relationship of patients self-efficacy with control of asthma symptoms. Materials and Methods: This correlation study was carried out on 257 asthmatic patients (133 men and 124 women) aged 18-35, who referred to Sheykholrayis clinic of Tabriz, Iran, during 2011. Data collection tools included a questionnaire of social-personal specifications, asthma self-efficacy scale questionnaire and asthma control questionnaire as well as patients’ spirometer parameters. Data were analyzed using SPSS-17 and Pearson Correlation Coefficient test. Results: Among aspects of self efficacy, the regular use of medicine and patient relation with physician were demonstrated to be 4±0.6 and 2.7±0.7, respectively. Among aspects of asthma control, the level of activity restriction resulted by the disease during the past week and the number of spray puffs used during past week were 3±1.1 and 1.5±1.2, respectively. There was a significant relation between self-efficacy and asthma control (P<0.001, r= -0.378). Conclusion: This study showed that in asthmatic patients, self confidence is an effective factor in the control of asthmatic symptoms.

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Background and Objective: Congenital malformations are among important causes of morbidity and mortality in newborns. This study was done to determine the prevalence and pattern of congenital malformations in newborn. Materials and Methods: This descriptive study was done on 6089 newborns in maternity center in Rafsanjan, Iran during 2007-08. The newborns were examined by pediatricians and based on clinical examination the type of obvious of either minor or major malformations were recorded. Results: The 179 cases had at least a major or minor malformations. Over all the prevalence of malformations was 2.93%. The highest prevalence of obvious malformations was seen in the musculo-skeletal (43.5%), followed by genitourinary (22.9%) and cardiovascular systems (15.08%). There was significant relation between congenital malformations, gestational age and medicine used by mothers (P<0.05). Conclusion: The highest prevalence of obvious malformations was seen in the musculo-skeletal system.

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Background and Objective: The flowers of Citrus aurantium L. are traditionally used in the treatment of neurological disorders such as seizures, epilepsy and neurasthenia. With regard to the importance of nausea and vomiting and effects of strengthening the stomach of Citrus aurantium L. extract, this study, was done to determine the antiemetic effect of the metabolic, aesthetic and aqueous extract of flowers of Citrus aurantium L. in young chickens.

Methods: In this experimental study, induction of emesis was performed in 138 young chickens
(23 groups, n=6) using copper sulfate (60 mg/kg, orally) and ipecac (600 mg/kg, orally). The aqueous, methanolic and acetonic extract at doses of 50, 100 and 250 mg/kg/bw were injected intraperitoneally (i.p.) and metoclopramide (as positive control). The number of nausea was recorded 50 and 20 minutes after copper sulfate and ipecac administration, respectively.

Results: Our results showed that all kind of extract at doses of 100 and 250 mg/kg significantly inhibited copper sulfate and ipecac induced–emesis that showed better effect than metoclopramide. Also, comparison of antiemetic effect of different extract revealed that methanolic, aqueous and acetonic had better effect on prevention of nausea, respectively in comparision with metoclopramide.

Conclusion: All kinds of Citrus aurantium (Methanolic, Aesthetic and Aqueous) showed antiemetic effect due to copper sulfate and ipecac dose dependly in Young chickenin in comparision with metoclopramide.