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Background and Objective: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is one of the most common progressive neurological diseases affecting the motor pathways leading to muscle fatigue. This study was done to evaluate the effect of eight weeks of aquatic exercises on fatigue, balance and functional training in male patients with multiple sclerosis.
Methods: This clinical trial study was done on 15 men with multiple sclerosis in Zahedan, south-east of Iran. The subjects selected by available and purposeful sampling method participated in research. After primary screening and reconnaissance person of bona fide, subjects randomly divided into intervention group (n=8) with average age 42.62±6.67 height 171.87±2.47 weight 69.62±12.39 and control group (n=7) with average age 30.28±7.11, height 171.57±8.05 weight 66.68±17.26. During study the patients used and follow medicinal drugs according to prescription. Subjects in interventional group were received aquatic exercises program. Aquatic exercises program consisted of 8 weeks, 3 sessions per week. The level of fatigue, balance and functional movement respectively evaluated with fatigue assessment battery for MS, Y balance and side hop jump tests.
Results: The mean of functional movement was significantly increased in interventional group in comparison with controls (P<0.05). The mean of fatigue was significantly reduced in interventional group compared to controls (P<0.05).
Conclusion: Eight weeks of aquatic exercises improves functional movement and reduce fatigue in male patients with multiple sclerosis.

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Background and Objective: Alteration of scapular position and motion are called scapular dyskinesis (SD), that leads to symptoms such as pain in the shoulder joint. This study was performed to determine the effect of eight weeks scapular stabilization exercises on shoulder pain of archer men with scapular dyskinesis.
Methods: In this clinical trial study 30 archer men of recurve sport field with SD and shoulder pain were randomly divided into two intervention and control groups. Shoulder pain of all subjects was evaluated by using numeric pain rating scale. Then the interventional groups were received scapular stabilization exercises in three sessions per week for eight weeks. The control group performed only their normal daily exercises. At the end of the training, post-test was performed for both groups.
Results: The results of the present study showed that after scapular stabilization exercises, the reduction of dominant shoulder pain both during exercise and at rest was significant in interventional group in compared to controls (P<0.05). But in Non-dominant shoulder, there was significant effect in pain reduction only in intergroup (P<0.05) and there was no significant effect between interventional and control groups.
Conclusion: Scapular stabilization exercises can use to reduce the pain of dominant shoulder joint of archer sport men with scapular dyskinesis.

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Background and Objective: Spastic diplegia cerebral palsy is a movement disorder originating from brain injury before, during, or immediately after birth. Exercise plays an important role in motor recovery. This study was performed to determine the effect of high-intensity circuit training on balance and activity daily living in children with cerebral palsy (CP).
Methods: In this clinical trial, 34 children with cerebral palsy were randomly divided into two groups of 17 including occupational therapy (control group) and circuit training group with occupational therapy as interventional group. Berg balance scale and activity scale for kids were used to assess changes in balance and activity of daily living before and after 12 weeks of exercise, respectively. High-intensity circuit training consisting of 3 rounds and each round consisting of 6,
30-second stations and a 30-second break between stations, which were performed three times a week for 12 weeks. Occupational therapy was performed one session per week.
Results: The rate of balance and activities of daily living and its components in the circuit training group with occupational therapy showed a significant improvement compared to control group (P<0.05).
Conclusion: Circuit trainings with occupational therapy can further improve the performance of balance and activity of daily living in children with Spastic diplegia cerebral palsy compared to occupational therapy.

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Background and Objective: Genu valgum is one of the most common lower limb malformations that affects on walking mechanics. This study was done to evaluate the effect of corrective exercise with Thera-band on the lower limb muscles’ co-contraction in males with genu valgum during walking.
Methods: In this clinical trial study, 24 male students with genu valgus with age range of 20-30 years were randomly divided into two control (n=12) and intervention (n=12) groups. Using the caliper, the intensity of the genu valgum was measured by assessing the distance between the medial malleolus of the subjects. Corrective exercises were performed for 8 weeks using Thera-band in interventional group. The electrical activity of selected muscles was recorded by electromyography system (biometrics ltd, UK).
Results: In the interventional group, the knee joint flexor/extensor directed co-contraction was increased significantly during the heel contact phase in the post-test than that in the pre-test (P<0.05). There was also a significant increase in knee joint general co-contraction during heel off phase (P<0.05). In the interventional group, directed co-contraction of vastus lateralis / vastus medialis muscles during the swing phase was significantly increased during the post-test in compared to the pre-test (P<0.05). During post-test, knee joint flexor/extensor directed co-contraction during the heel, knee joint general
co-contraction during heel off phase and directed co-contraction of vastus lateralis / vastus medialis muscles during the swing phase were more in the interventional group in compared to control group (P<0.05).
Conclusion: The increase of general co-contraction in the knee joint during the heel off phase reflects an improvement in activity of the knee support muscles after corrective exercises and increases balance and stability. There was also an increase in the knee joint flexor / extensor direction co-contraction, which increase the distribution of the load and pressure between the femur and tibia in the knee joint.

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This systematic review aimed to evaluate the effects of various corrective exercises and supportive tools in individuals with genu valgum. To ensure a comprehensive review, a search for original research, review articles, and clinical trials in both Persian and English was conducted using databases such as WOS, SID, ISC, Magiran, Scopus, PubMed, and Google Scholar. The search covered publications during January 2008 to March 2023. A total of 76 relevant articles were selected based on strict inclusion and exclusion criteria, with 22 articles ultimately reviewed and analyzed regarding the effects of various corrective exercises and supportive tools on genu valgum. Findings from one study indicated that aerobic exercises had a significant impact on reducing body mass index (BMI) and the severity of genuvalgum. Other studies reported positive effects of resistance and corrective exercises on improving muscle electrical activity and knee stability. One study demonstrated that the use of orthotic insoles could significantly enhance knee joint support during stair descent. Six studies highlighted the positive effects of using orthoses, wedges, and braces in individuals with genu valgum. Conversely, one study pointed out the negative impact of these tools, citing the reduced limiting angle of the brace, increased applied forces, and, ultimately, greater injury risk. However, findings from three studies overwhelmingly supported the positive effects of using kinesiotape in individuals with genu valgum, providing optimism about the effectiveness of these interventions. In conclusion, our review underscores the promising potential of corrective exercises, particularly resistance exercises with TheraBand, and the combination of these with supportive tools such as insoles for arch support and kinesiotape. These interventions show significant promise in reducing the degree of knee valgus in individuals with genu valgum. This hopeful outlook can inspire healthcare professionals and individuals seeking evidence-based interventions for genu valgum, empowering them with the knowledge to make informed decisions about their care.