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Background and Objective: Attention deficit / hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopment abnormality. Inattentive behavior is considered a core and pervasive feature of ADHD. This study was done to compare the executive function and working memory in attention deficit / hyperactivity disorder and healthy children. Materials and Methods: This case – control study was done on 50 children with ADHD as cases and 40 healthy children as controls. The disorder was diagnosed by applying Kanerz teacher test and confirmed by a psychiatrist. Stroop test, Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST), Continuous Performance Test (CPT) and n-back test were used to assess the executive function and working memory. Results: There was a significant difference between case and control groups in regard to executive function and working memory (P<0.05). Error omission was 16.98±8.157 and 7.3±3.824 in cases and controls, respectively (P<0.05). Conclusion: Attention deficit / hyperactivity disorder reduces executive function and working memory in children.

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Background and Objective: Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a development nervous disorder that it is usually caused by a defect in the executive functions of the brain and reduces the amount of attention, accuracy, and increased mobility and impulsive behaviors in the individual. This study was performed to determine the effectiveness of cognitive rehabilitation and cognitive rehabilitation after drug therapy on the executive functions of brains of childrens with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.
Methods: In this clinical trial study, 45 children with ADHD were randomly divided into three groups including one control and two intervention groups, were monitored by the education counseling center. Intervention group one (cognitive rehabilitation) and intervention group two (cognitive rehabilitation after medication) were received therapeutic intervention for 12 sessions of 45 minutes, twice a week. No intervention was performed for the control group. After the last treatment session, a post-test was performed. The follow-up phase took place 1.5 months after the end of the last intervention session.
Results: The executive functions of the brains of children with cognitive impairment in the cognitive rehabilitation group and the cognitive rehabilitation group after drug therapy showed a significant increase in comparison with the control group (P<0.05). The executive functions of fertilizer after 1.5 months of follow-up in the cognitive rehabilitation group after drug therapy were higher than in the cognitive rehabilitation group (P<0.05).
Conclusion: Cognitive rehabilitation therapy after drug therapy was more effective in treating increased executive functions of the brain in children with cognitive impairment than cognitive rehabilitation therapy alone.

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Background and Objective: Previous studies have advanced our understanding of the impact of executive functions on eating behavior. Given the considerable evidence of executive dysfunction among obese individuals and the bidirectional relationship between cognition and obesity, it is crucial to include educational components in interventions aimed at enhancing executive functions among obese populations. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of cognitive hypnotherapy in improving executive functions among women with obesity.
Methods: This clinical trial enrolled 30 obese women who were randomly assigned to either an intervention or control group (n=15). The mean ages of the experimental and control groups, respectively, were 40.80±6.02 and 38.47±7.50 years, while their BMIs (kg/m2) were 33.45±3.50 and 33.12±3.47, and hypnotizability scores were 39.67±5.98 and 37.40±7.09. The intervention group received 12 sessions of 2-hour cognitive hypnotherapy. Data collection instruments included the Stanford Hypnosis Susceptibility Scale (1962), Life Experiences, Interests and Values Checklist (1998), and Cognitive Ability Questionnaire (2013).
Results: The results demonstrated that cognitive hypnotherapy significantly improved executive functions (F=7.02, P≤0.01), including inhibitory control and selective attention (F=2.83, P≤0.05), decision making (F=4.13, P≤0.05), planning (F=3.32, P≤0.05), and sustained attention (F=2.83, P≤0.05) in the intervention group.
Conclusion: Given the relationship between cognitive abilities, eating behaviors, and obesity, and the effectiveness of cognitive hypnotherapy in enhancing executive functions, this approach can be used to enhance cognitive functions among individuals with obesity.