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The appearance of the Tuberculosis drug resistance caused to expand the research about the new drugs. LSJ medium used as a main base for culturing the Mycobacterium Tuberculosis in most place of the world. A group of the anti-microbial substance which are used to treat the Tuberculosis are sensitive to heat and they can not be used in LSJ medium. In the performed research by considering the primary possibilities in each Tuberculosis research laboratory a method designed used for the drug resistance. In this method the using of the drugs for treatment of Tuberculosis examined and it was compared with the standard method. The primary contact in the 48 hours of the Mycobacterium in middle broke 7H9 broth showed the same results as the middle broke 7H10 Agar culture.

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Background and Objective: Home surplus drugs are an important problem in the developing countries especially in Iran. Iran is one of the most important consumers of drugs in the world. Materials and Methods: The study was descriptive and limited one and included 257 families of Yasuj (25 clusters) that are selected by random sampling. The method of survey is done by questionnaires and intends to evaluate home surplus drugs on basis of value, dosage forms, which is wasted from the therapeutic categorie and expiry date of drugs. Results: The findings that 83% of families had home surplus drugs on basis of dosage forms tablets, capsules, syrup and ampoules (Vials) are ranked. On basis of the therapeutic categories, gastrointestinals, analgesics, antibiotics, CNS and antihistamines are ranked. 80.50% of families are covered by one of the current insurance organizations and 19.5% are not. Conclusion: The average value of drugs for every one family was 8869 girls and from macroeconomic point of view, it will be a huge amount of money budget of country.

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Background & Objective: Pharmacological studies and traditional medical literature point to the cardiovascular effects of the Citrus aurantium L. (Rutaceae) in many instances. In the present study, we used isolated perfused AV-node of rabbit as an experimental model to determine the effect of various concentrations of essence of Citrus aurantium (0.1-0.3 v/v) on electrophysiological properties of isolated heart. The second goal of the present study was to assess the protective role of essence of Citrus aurantium on arrhythmogenic effects of ouabain. Materials & Methods: This was a semi-experimental study. We used isolated perfused rabbit AV-nodal preparation, in three groups. In the first group, the effect of various concentration of the Citrus aurantium (0.1, 0.2, 0.3 ml/l) was assesed on the AV-node. In the second and third groups, the effect of Citrus aurantium was tested in the presence of ouabain (0.1?molar) and verapamil (0.1?molar). We used 6 rabbit in each group. Statistical analysis was preformed by SPSS Mean±SE was used in the all results. Results: Our results showed depressant effects of extract of Citrus aurantium on Wenchebach Cycle Length (WBCL), AV Conduction Time (AVCT), Effective and Functional Refractory Periods (ERP & FRP). Rate-dependent properties such as Facilitation and fatigue significantly increased by Citrus.a (0.3ml/l). We had significant increase in the AVCT (32.6±3.6 to 40±6.08 msec) and FRP (147±5.1 to 166.6±3.6 msec) by Citrus.a. We had a protective role of Citrus aurantium on ouabain induced AV-nodal depression. The magnitude of facilitation and fatigue in the concentration of 0.3 C.aurantium was 7.5±0.3 and 6.5±0.5, respectively. Conclusion: The above results indicated potential inhibitory and antiarrhythmic effect of Citrus aurantium in treating supraventricular tachyarrhythmia.

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Background&Objective: Herbal remedies are suitable alternatives for synthetic drugs due to their availability, minimal side effects and lower price. Biologically active substances of plant origin represent an essential branch of modern cardiovascular pharmacotherapy. The aim of the present study was to determine concentration-dependent effects of aqueous extract of Croucus sativus on the nodal basic and functional properties. Materials&Methods: This was an experimental study. Male Newsland rabbits (1-1.3 kg) were used in all of experiments various experimental stimulating protocols (WBCL, Recovery, Facilitation, Fatigue) were applied to assessing electrophysiological properties of Node in two groups (first group n=10 and second group n=7). We used isolated preparation including some post up AV-nodal tissue preparation. All protocols were repeated in the presence and absence (control) of different concentration (A=9×10-2, B=19×10-2, C=28×10-2 mg/l) of Croucus sativus and verapamil (0.1μM). Results were shown as Mean±SE and a probability of 5% was taken to indicate statistical significance. Results: Our results showed concentratration dependent depressant effects of extract of Croucus.s on Wenchebach Cycle Length (WBCL), AV Conduction Time (AVCT), Functional Refractory Periods (FRP).Rate-dependent properties such as Facilitation and fatigue significantly increased by 19×10-2 mg/l of Croucus.s. The effect of extract was prominent on fast pathway. Conclusion: The above results indicated potential antiarrhythmic effect of Croucus.s in treating supraventricular tachyarrhythmia.

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Background and Objective: Tuberculosis is one of the major problem facing of globle health. Drug resistance of mycobacterium tuberculosis to antimicrobial agent has strongly emerged the need for achiving the new drugs. Garlic as medical plants has long been taken under investigation. This study for antibacterial effect was done to determine the morphological alteration of Mycobacterium tuberculosis due to garlic choloformic extract. Garlic extract contains allicine (thio-2-propen-sulfonic acid-s-allil ester) is one of its effective antimicrobacterial substance. Materials and Methods: In a in-vitro study, the standard strain of Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37RV and clinical isolated strain was cultured in the middle broke 7H9 broth with different concentration of garlic extract in different 12, 24, 48, 72 hours. Morphological althertits of mycobacterium inspected with macroscopic and microscopic studies. Results: The garlic exteract caused conversion of rough colonies to smooth and mucoid colonies and in microscopic studies morphologic change of mycobacterium from bacilli form to coccobacilli and cocci was observed. Also 0.67 mg/ml of garlic exteract on 48h period inhibited both of sensitive (standard strain of H37RV) and resistance (clinical strains) Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Conclusion: This study showed that garlic extract in addition to inhibiting growth, change the morphology of Mycobacterium tuberculosis from baccilli to cocoibaccill form and also alter the colony apearance from rough to smooth shap.

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Background and Objective: Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is a definition of dysfunction of immune system in human that is induced by infection with a virus named human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The most high risk group in HIV infected people are intravenous drug users (IDUs) with unsafe sex. This study was conducted to evaluate knowledge and attitude of IDUs with unsafe sex about AIDS and relation with socioeconomic levels in Golestan province in North of Iran. Materials and Methods: This Cross-Sectional study was conducted on 134 IDUs in Golestan province during 2007. Samples were chosen by a random systematic method. Data was collected with interview by standard questionnaire. Data was analyzed by SPSS-16 and One-way ANOVA,T-test student, Kruskal-wallis, Mann-Whitney U and Kendall tests. Results: This study showed that 36.6% of samples had moderate knowledge about AIDS and 49.3% of them had negative attitude about AIDS. 67% of subjects had education between 6-12 years, 44.8% were married and 53% were jobless and without income. Level of knowledge had a significant relation with age (P<0.05) and education level (P<0.05). Older subjects had better knowledge. Level of knowledge in 25-34 years group was higher than other age. Well educated people had higher knowledge compared with low educated and illitrate subjects. Level of knowledge had a significant relation with attitude (P<0.05). Conclusion: The findings of this study showed that 65% of subjects with high risk behavior on HIV/AIDS had a appropriate knowledge about transmission of HIV, but half of these population have a poor HIV/AIDS attitude.

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Background and Objective: Although directly observed treatment (DOT) strategy had decreased tuberculosis (TB) mortality, but in developing countries, TB is yet one of the leading cause of deaths. Inappropriate treatment regimens and poorly planned and one of the TB control programs have contributed to rise in its incidence. The purpose of this study was to describe knowledge, attitude and compliance with tuberculosis treatment. Materials and Methods: This sescriptive – analytic study was done on 167 tuberculosis patients in Ahvaz-Iran during 2009. A questionnaire, observation, sputum smear, potts – cozart test (for detect of isoniazide metabolites in urine) was used for data collection. Reability of questionarie was determined by alpha-cronbach correlation method (α=0.81). Data analyzed with Chi-Square test. Results: The findings showed that 52.7%, 35.3% and 12% of the patients demonstrated good, midscores and poor adherence to drug regiment respectively. Also there was a significant relation beween control of medication and knowledge and attitude in tuberculosis patients (P<0.05). Conclusion: This study showed that a half of patients used medication according to DOT strategy, knowledge and attitude were effective on quality of adherence to the medication.

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Background and Objective: The safety of teenagers and young are the major factor in developing a community and they are also the major group at risk of behavioural problems. So, this study was performed to evaluate the prevalence of risky behaviours among different university students in Babol, located in Norther of Iran.

Materials and Methods: This cross sectional study was carried out in a random sample of Babol university students including medical university, university of engineering and Azad University with roughly equal sampling ratio with respect to university and gender. The data was gathered by a designed questionnaire including demographic characteristics, physical involvement with others (violence), cigarette smoking, drug abuse, physical inactivity, overweight and obesity. In statistical analysis the Chi square test was used to determine the association of risky behaviours with demographic characteristics.

Results: The results revealed that in general the prevalence of physical involvement with others (violence) during a recent year was 33.3% current cigarette smoking 13.7%, overweight and obesity 25.6%, physical inactivity 15.3% and drug user during recent year 0.3%. In general, the prevalence of some risky behaviour was more in boys than girls (P<0.001), and it was more in single than married (P<0.001) and in residence of dormitory and rented houses than personal houses (P<0.001) and also in engineering and Azad university in contrast to medical university (P<0.001). For example, the prevalence of cigarette smoking was 25.7% in boys and 3.6% in girls (P<0.001).

Conclusion: This study showed a rather high frequency of risky behaviours among students in Babol city in North of Iran.

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Background and Objective: The majority of medicines are associated with some form of side effects due to high prevalence of self- medication in Iran .There is not any drug without side effects the prevalence of self- medication in Iran's provinces is increasing. This study was done to determine the knowledge and practice among woman about self -medication based on health belief model. Materials and Methods: This cross- sectional study carried out on 385 women whom referred to health centers in Isfahan, Iran during 2008. Data were collected by a questionnaire including knowledge, practice and health belief model structures. Results: The mean score of knowledge was 82.97±13.80 and means score of perceived susceptibility 72.48±17.11, severity 71.60±14.73, benefits 68.29±17.13 and barriers 61.64±19.67. 86% of women have done self–medication at least in one disease in 6 months earlier Including: cold 225 (57.6%), headache 28 (53.7%) and anemia 51 (13.2%). The main reasons for self –medication were previous experience and medicine accessibility .The main reasons to avoid self –medication was the side effects of medicine. Conclusion: Self-medication can be prevented thought increasing knowledge and education about severity of drug side effects.

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Background and Objective: Risk factors of tuberculosis vary in communities according to different socioeconomic conditions. Knowing these risk factors help to control the disease. This study was done to determine the main risk factors of pulmonary tuberculosis acquisition in hospitalized patients. Materials and Methods: In this data based, case-control study 173 tuberculosis patients (as cases) and 305 non tuberculosis patients (as controls) hospitalized in Razi hospital in Ahvaz, Iran during 2001-07 were gone under investigation. Risk factors included injecting drug addiction, smoking, HIV infection, diabetes mellitus, imprisonment and corticosteroid usage. Data were analyzed using SPSS-13, Chi-Square and Fisher exact tests. Odds ratio was determined for risk factors. Results: Frequencies of the main risk factors in case and control groups were as: smoking 54.3%, 14.8% (p=0.0001, OR: 6.5), HIV infection 11.5%, 3% (p=0.0002, OR: 4.3), injecting drug addiction 18%, 3.3% (p=0.0001, OR: 6.7), diabetes mellitus 22.5%, 5.9% (p=0.0001, OR: 4.6) and imprisonment 20.2%, 3.9% (p=0.0001, OR: 6.2), respectively. Corticosteroid use and renal failure were similar in cases and controls. Conclusion: This study showed that smoking, HIV infection, injecting drug addiction, diabetes mellitus and imprisonment were the main risk factors for tuberculosis acquisition in this region.

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Background and Objective: Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) pandemic is increasing word-wide. Tuberculosis is the main cause of death and low quality of life in HIV infected patients. The prevalence of Tuberculosis in HIV infected patients varies in different areas according to socioeconomic, cultural and geographical situation. This study was done to asses the pulmonary Tuberculosis risk factors in hospitalized HIV positive patients in Ahvaz, Iran. Materials and Methods: In this data based study all medical files of admitted HIV positive patients in Razi hospital in Ahvaz in south west of Iran were reviewed during 2001-09. Demographic characteristics and HIV Tuberculosis related variables were analyzed using SPSS-16, Fisher's exact test and Odds Ratio. Results: Out of 123 HIV cases 99 (80.5%) were injecting drug user (IDU), sixty eight (55.3%) had imprisoment history. Eighty one patients (65.8%) had Tuberculosis, in which 46 had co-morbidities such as infective endocarditis or viral hepatitis, 79 cases were IDU, 61 cases had imprisonment history and 24 cases had CD4 count below 200. There was a significant association between Tuberculosis and IDU, imprisonment and CD4 count (P<0.05). Conclusion: This study showed that the rate of Tuberculosis in HIV positive patients is higher than the rate in previous studies performed in Iran. Also exposure to Tuberculosis cases in prison, IDU and low CD4+ T- lymphocyte count are the main risk factors for Tuberculosis acquisition.

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Background and Objective: Ultraviolet (UV) radiation is a important disinfectant. Fungal infections with resistant isolates in patients culminate in recurrence of disease even with worse condition. This study was done to evaluate the efficacy of ultraviolet radiation on drug susceptibility of Candida Spp. to itraconazole, fluconazole and amphotericin B. Materials and Methods: This laboratory study was done on 12 Candida spp. isolated from patients according to NCCLS M27- A method. Samples were suspended with sterile saline and optical density was read by spectrophotometer at the wavelength of 530 nm. Serial dilutions (0.0313-16 µg/ml) and (0.0313-128 µg/ml) were supplied for itraconazole, amphotericin and fluconazole, respectively. MICs were determined after 48h incubation at 35°C. Following UV radiation for 1, 2, 5, 10, 60, 90 and 120 seconds MICs were determined, subsequently. Results: The highest MIC pre UV radiation was (>128 µg/ml) for fluconazole. After UV radiation, MICs were steadily decreased for all mentioned drugs while after 10 sec, MICs of itraconazole and amphotericin B were >0.0313 µg/ml. Secondary MICs significantly decreased with respect to MICs obtained in pre UV radiation (P<0.05). Conclusion: UV radiation reduces MICs of Candida spp. to itraconazole, fluconazole, amphotericin B.

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Background and Objective: Aspergillosis is the most current causative agent of exogenous fungal nosocomial infection. This study was done to evaluate the drug susceptibility of Aspergillus flavus and A.fumigatus to itraconazole and amphotericin B. Materials and Methods: This Laboratory study was done on 25 Aspergillus fumigatus and 25 Aspergillus flavus species isolated from transplant's patients. Drug susceptibility test was done according to NCCLS M38-P document. Fungal suspensions of mentioned fungi were supplied with ranges 0.5–5×10⁴ by spectrophotometer at 530 nm. Serial dilutions of drugs were supplied from 0.03125 to 16 µg/ml and MICs determined following 48h incubation at 35°C. Results: Obtained MICs ranges for Aspergillus fumigatus and Aspergillus flavus were 1-4 µg/ml and 0.5–4 µg/ml for itraconazole, respectively while MICs ranges against Aspergillus fumigatus and Aspergillus flavus were 0.5-2 µg/ml and 0.25-2 µg/ml for amphotericin B, respectively. Amphotericin B MICs were significantly lower than itraconazole (P<0.05). Conclusion: Aspergillus flavus and A.fumigatus were susceptible to amphotericin B and itraconazole.

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Background and Objective: Failure of tuberculosis (TB) treatment is a major problem of health systems in developing countries. This study was done to identify the Risk factors of tuberculosis treatment failure in the Sistan and Bulochestan province, the high risk region in South-East of Iran. Methods: This case – control study was carried out on 52 tuberculosis patients (smear -positive and category- I therapy) treated during six months period. Patients with treatment failure were considered as cases and patients with negative smear after 6 months of treatment with anti-tuberculosis (TB) medicines were considered as control group. Demographic, clinical and treatment outcomes were recorded for each patient. The multivariate logistic regression was performed to determine the predictors of treatment failure. Results: Family history of tuberculosis (95% CI: 1-12.56, OR=3.55, P=0.04,), smoking (95% CI:1.58-51.21, OR=9, P=0.01), drug addiction before or during the treatment period (95% CI: 5.28-123.91, OR=25.6, P=0.0001) and low body weight (95% CI:1.05-12.6, OR=3.65, P=0.04) were risk factors for treatment failure. Conclusion: Family history of tuberculosis, weight loss during treatment, smoking and drug addiction, were considered as risk factors for treatment failure in National Tuberculosis Control Programme (NTCP) in south-east of Iran.

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Background and Objective: Drug resistance to tuberculosis and especially multiple drug resistance tuberculosis (MDR-TB) variants are a serious problem in tuberculosis patients and make difficulties in controlling the disease. This study was coducted for detection of common mutations causing drug resistance of mycobacterium tuberculosis strains among tuberculosis patients using line probe assay method. Method: In this descriptive study, fifty four sputum samples of tuberculosis patients were randomly selected in health centers of Mazandaran, northern Iran during 2012. After culturing of sputum samples on Lowenstein–Jensen medium, genomic DNA was extracted from colonies using CTAB method. Molecular analysis of mutations causing resistance to five different antibiotics including Isiniazide, Rifampin, Sterptomycine, Amicasin / Canamycine, Kinolon were performed using long probe assay (LPA) method. Results: Out of 54 sputum samples, three (5.5%), three (5.5%), four (7.4%) were resistance to Kinolon, Amicasin / Canamycine and Sterptomycine, respectively. Mutation in KATG was seen in 2 samples resistant to Isiniazide. Mutation in rpoB 516 was seen in 3 samples resistant to Rifampin. Four samples (7.4%) were resistant to the two anti-tuberculosis antibiotics, while three samples were resistant to Sterptomycine and Kinolon and one sample was resistant to Rifampin and Canamycine. Conclusion: 7.4% of sputum samples were resistant to the two anti- tuberculosis antibiotics. Line probe assay is a rapid and suitable method for detecting tuberculosis drug resistance.

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Background and Objective: Anti tuberculosis drugs therapy is the most effective method for controling the tuberculosis (TB). Early detection and appropriate treatment can prevent the TB-drug resistance. This study was carried out to determine the complications leading to hospitalization due to consumption of anti-TB drugs in patients with tuberculosis. Methods: In this descriptive-analytic study, 1550 records of patients with TB in urban and rural health centers of Gorgan, north of Iran were assessed during 2007-12. Checklist consists of demographic and clinical data for each patient was recorded in a questionare. Results: 44 cases experienced the complications of anti-TB drugs. 27 (61.4%) of cases with complications were women. 77.3% and 22.7% of patients affected with pulmonary and extra pulmonary tuberculosis,respectively. 38.6% of patients were diabetic. The hepatic complication was seen in 37 cases (84.1%). Skin and other complications were seen in 5 and 2 cases, respectively. There was not any relationship between drug complications and other disases. Conclusion: Hepatic damage is the most common complication leading to hospitalization in tuberculosis patients using anti-TB drugs.

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Background and Objective: Bacterial resistance to Imipenem is increased in bacterial infections in Iran. In regard to the importance of Imipenem in the treatment of nosocomial infections and the key role of disc diffusion method as a major antibiotic susceptibility testing assay, this study was done to determine the prevalency of imipenem-resistant bacterial strains isolated from hospital and accuracy of Iranian imipenem disc product. Methods: In this descriptive-analytic study, 241 bacteria were isolated from patients in different wards of the Baqyatallah hospital in Tehran, Iran during 2013-14. After streaking of the organisms, identification was performed by all conventional biochemical tests. The bacterial resistance to imipenem was determined by disk diffusion method using Iranian and Mast imipenem discs. True imipenem-resistant isolates were examined for susceptibility to six different antibiotic including Ciprofloxacin, Gentamicin, Cephalexin, Azitromysin, Tetracycline and Ceftazidim, using disk diffusion method. Results: The most prevalent isolates organisms were gram-negative bacilli (Klebsiella, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, respectively). The common clinical source was urine and wound samples, respectively. Resistant to Imipenem was 68 (25.7 %) and 19 (7.8 %) based on the results of Iranian and Mast Imipenem discs, respectively. False results for Iranian Imipenem discs was higher than Mast Imipenem discs (P<0.05). Among the 19 true Imipenem resistant isolates, 17 micro organisms were Pseudomonas aeruginosa. 57% of isolated resistant to Imipenem were isolated from ICU ward. The most resistance was seen to Gentamicin (84%) and the lowest was seen to Ciprofloxacin (63%). 84% of isolated samples were multi drug resistance. Conclusion: Although a small percentage of the isolates obtained as important nosocomial pathogens were resistant to Imipenem, but the rate of multiple resistance and high rate of isolates obtained from ICU was noticeable.

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Background and Objective: Medicinal drug interactions are one of the problems caused by irrational drug prescription. It eigher change the therapeutic effect or cause drug toxicity. This study was performed to determine the prevalence of medicinal drug interactions in medicinal prescriptions in Golestan province, north of Iran.

Methods: In this descriptive study, 1100000 medicinal prescriptions under contract with the Golestan province health insurance organization were assessed for drug interactions during 20 March-
20 September 2012.

Results: Drug interactions frequency was 6262 (0.66%). 35.5%, 63.1% and 1.4% of prescriptions were severe, moderate and mild interactions, respectively. The most common severe, moderate and mild drug interactions related to Atorvastatin-Gemfibrozil (13.67%), Ceftriaxone- Gentamicin (9.05%) and Lithium Carbonate-Haloperidol (2.56%).

Conclusion: In view of moderate and severe medicinal drug interactions in physicians' prescriptions, health system should plan a comprehensive program to improve awareness and effective monitoring to reduce medicinal drug interactions.

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Background and Objective: Salmonella is one of the most important zoonotic pathogens responsible for food-borne infections all over the world. Poultry products are widely acknowledged to be a significant reservoir for Salmonella. This study was done to evaluate the antibiotic resistant of Salmonella enterica producer of beta lactamase spectrum in poultry.
Methods: In this descriptive – laboratort study 70 Salmonella enterica serotypes were collected from poultry. All Salmonella isolates were tested to antimicrobial susceptibility testing by the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion according to Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). Twenty-nine antibiotics were used in this study. Klebsiella pneumoniae; ATCC 700603 was used as quality control strains. The isolates were determined to be ESBL-producing Salmonella by the conventional double-disk synergy and genotypic method.
Results: Among 70 salmonella isolates, the most prevalent serotypes were S.typhimurium and S.enteritidis. All serotypes were susceptible to gentamicin, ciprofloxacin, oflaxacin, imipenem, enrofloxacin. The common resistance was observed to cephalexin (96%), cefazolin (96%) and cephalotin (65%). Among the 70 Salmonella isolates studied, multi-drug resistance was observed in 59 (84%) isolates. Forty-seven (67%) isolates were found to be ESBL-producing isolates. PCR assay of all isolates showed that 17 isolates (33.3%) carried bala CMY2 gene.
Conclusion: This study showed that antibiotic resistance to Salmonella enterica serotypes is due to beta lactamase enzyme in this strain is considerably increased in poultry.

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Background and Objective: Ciprofloxacin is effective against a wide range of bacteria, particularly Enterobacteriaceae. However, studies have shown that the resistance of Escherichia coli to ciprofloxacin is enhanced. Thyme is one of the medicinal plants whose essential oil has anti-microbial effects. This study was aimed to investigate the antimicrobial properties of local Thyme essential oil alone and in combination with ciprofloxacin on Escherichia coli mutant strain with intermediate resistance.
Methods: In this descriptive laboratory study, Thyme plants (10 samples) were collected from Lorestan Province, west of Iran during 2016. Theses samples belonged to T. eriocali species. Plant essential oil was extracted by distillation method with Clevenger equipment. The antimicrobial properties of local thyme were determined by measuring minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of it alone and in combination with ciprofloxacin using sequential dilution method (macrodilution and microdilution methods) in Escherichia coli strains. Minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) was measured by cultivation method. The interaction between essential oil and ciprofloxacin was determined by calculation of fractional inhibitory concentration index (FICI).
Results: MIC of essential oil for wild type strain MG1655 and mutant strain RE6 was 8 and 10 µl/ml, respectively. MBC was equal to MIC. 0.4 µl/ml of essential oil decreased 45 fold the MIC of ciprofloxacin in mutant strain and produced synergistic interaction (FICI=0.06).
Conclusion: Thyme essential oil in concentration less than its MIC in combination with ciprofloxacin via synergistic interaction reduces antibiotic MIC and antibiotic resistance.