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Structurally diverse groups of compounds are known to be effective as Calcium antagonists. The most potent class of antagonists comprises derivatives of 1, 4 Dihydropyridine of which the most widely known agent is Nifedipine. This class of compounds has been subject of many structure-activity relationship studies. In this research we evaluated the Calcium channel antagonists activity of various diester analogues of Nifedipine on rat ileal smooth muscle. In these analogues, the Orthophenyl group at position 4 is replaced by 1 Methyl-2-Meythlusulfonyl or Methylthio-5 Imidazolyl. Wistar rats (180-250 g) were killed by a blow to the head. The intestine was removed above the ileocecal junction and longitudinal smooth muscle segments of 2 cm length were maintained at 37°C in a 10 ml jacket organ bath containing oxygenated intestinal Krbps solution. The contraction were recorded with a forced displacement transducer connected to a physiograph. The contraction was elicited with 80 mmol kcl. Test compounds were cumulatively added to produce 50% relaxation of contracted ileal smooth muscle (IC50) that was determined from the concentration response trace recorded by physiograph. The comparison of activities of symmetrical esters indicates that increasing the length of methylen chain in C3 and C5 esters substituent decreased the activity and comparison of activities of a symmetrical ester, compound indicate when at C3 was a small substituent, increasing the length of methylen chain increase activity.

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Increase blood level of thyroid hormones due to hyperthyroidism can change the balance between resorption and bone formation and result in hypercalcemia, increase Alkaline Phosphatase and increase in urinary Calcium excretion. Due to these finding and the nutritional conditions of our country in Calcium containing food, we decided to evaluate some of bone indexes in hyperthyroid patients. 30 women, 6 men between 17-40 years (23 patients) and more then 40 years (13 patients) were the sample populations. The control subjects were 35 healthy people 17-40 years (25 persons) and more than 40 years (10 persons). The serum Calcium, phosphorus and Alkaline Phosphatase were determined in these hyperthyroid patients. There were a meaningful correlation between the Alkaline Phosphatase of hyperthyroid patients compared to normal subject (P<0.05) in the patients more than 40 years old, and (P<0.01) in the 17-40 years patients. There were no differences between serum Calcium of hyperthyroid patients and normal subjects. The results from this investigation indicate that in hyperthyroid patients the average Alkaline Phosphatase level is higher than normal subjects. On the other hand the reason for not having a meaningful differences in Calcium level between the hyperthyroid patients and normal population may be due to low dietary intake of dairy produce and proteins in daily diet, which results in low amount of Calcium in nutrition.

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Background&Objective: Electromagnetic fields are present everywhere in our environment with various intensities, so, investigation about their effects on living organism is very important. The aim of this experiment study to investigate the effect of magnetic field on bone resorption, PTH and calcitonin concentration and their correlations. Materials&Methods: In this experimental research, 30 Sprague-Dawley male rats were divided into 3 groups. Test group animals, were exposed to magnetic field (100µT, 50 Hz), 4 hours per day for a period of 42 days. Experimental condition for control-1 group was the same as test group, except that, they were not exposed. Animals of control-2 group were killed at the first day of experiment (day 0). Total left femoral bone calcium and phosphorus content and its fracture energy was measured at days 28 and 42 in control-1 and test group and on day 0 in control-2 group. However, serum calcium, phosphorus, PTH and calcitonin concentration were measured on day 0, the first day of exposure, and thereafter once per two weeks. Results: Total bone calcium content in test group was significantly lower than control-1 and 2 groups, and bone fracture energy showed a slightly decrease. On the other hand, serum calcium and phosphorus concentration increased significantly on 28th and 42nd days compared to day 0. There was a decrement in serum PTH concentration and increment in serum calcitonin concentration during the exposure period. Conclusion: Our results suggested that magnetic field could have a direct effect on bone resorption, and observed changes in PTH and calcitonin were in good correlation with serum calcium and phosphorus concentrations (negative feed back) and these changes also prevent further increase in bone resorption.

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Several medicines are used in the nervous system disorders. Since there are several adverse effects of neurological medicines are reported, traditional and complementary medicine itself as new alternative regiment, which require further knowledge about the herbal medicine which the core center of complementary medicine. Lavandula angustifolia with the formal name of Lavandula Officinalis has many effects including widespread effect on central and peripheral nervous system, including anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptosis, antioxidant, antimutant, and neuroprotective effects. It shows analgesic effects and can alleviate pain, tolerance and dependency similar to morphine. Lavandula angustifolia has anti - inflammatory effect. Also this plant affects on cellular mechanisms like oxidative reactions (decrease of oxidative stress), apoptosis (anti - apoptosis), and nitric oxide production decrease of no production), anti - mutation and anti - cancer by this plant is reportd. It seems that effects of Lavandula are mediated through Calcium-Calmodulin and its kinase dependent.

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Background and Objective: Malnutrition is considered as one of most serious disorder in childhood. This study was carried out to determine the prevalence of malnutrition and its relation to serum level of Magnesium, Zinc, Iron and Calcium in 6-36 months hospitalized children. Methods: In this case-control study upon CDC chart, 166 children were in control group diagnosed with no malnutrition and 151 children were also in case group with malnutrition. BMI and serum level of Magnesium, Zinc, Iron and Calcium were measeared for each child. Results: Out of 151 children with malnutrition, 128 (84.76%) and 23 (15.23%) were involved in mild and moderate malnutrition, respectively. The serum level of Magnesium and Zinc in case group was non-significantly lower than controls, while the serum level of Calcium and Iron non-significantly higher than controls. BMI was significantly reduced in cases in compared to controls and this reduction was related with malnutrition (95% CI: 0.38-0.59, OR=0.47, P<0.05). Conclusion: Malnutrition in 6-36 month children was not related to serum level of Zinc, Magnesium, Iron and Calcium, while children with malnutrition had lower body mass index.

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Background and Objective: Soybean as a cheap protein and without side effects has been introduced to food industry. This study carried out to determine the effect of diet containing soybean on histology and histomorphometry of duodenal villi and serum levels of Calcium, Phosphorus and Glucose in mice.

Methods: In this experimental study, 30 female immature BALB/c mice with 3 weeks of age were randomly allocated into control, and experimental 1 and 2. The control group was fed a diet with complete protein. Animals in the experimental 1 and 2 were received a diet of complete protein with 40% soybean and 20% soybean, respectively. After 3 months the mice were anesthetized and blood samples were taken from the heart for determining serum level of Calcium, Phosphorus and glucose. Duodenum specimens from were prepared and stained with hematoxylin and eosin.

Results: Tissue structure of duodenum in experimental groups in compare to control group was not significantly changed, except for some scant specimens who showed some degrees of destruction in villi apicese. In histomorphometrical evaluation, the thickness of sub - mucosa and musculature were significantly increased in experimental groups compared to the controls group (P<0.05). The height of villi, depth of crypts and serum Glucose level were significantly reduced in experimental groups compared to the controls group (P<0.05), whereas the level of Calcium was significantly increased in experimental with the control group (P<0.05), but the level of Phosphorus did not show any significant changes in experimental groups compared to the controls.

Conclusion: Long term consumption of soybean can induce significant alteration in serum Calcium and glucose level, thickness of sub mucosa and musculature, the height of villi and depth of crypt in duodenum.