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The amount of stainable Iron in the bone marrow is frequently used as a means of assessing Iron stores. In our study marrow Iron assessed in needle biopsy sections and simultaneously obtained aspirated smears from 75 patients. Significantly different amounts of stainable Iron were observed in needle biopsy and aspirated smears in 53.3% of the specimen. The usual difference consisted of significantly less stainable Iron in needle biopsy sections as compared to the aspirated smears (49.3%). In according to this study, in comparison of needle biopsy section to aspirated smears (As a golden test), sensitivity and specificity were 88 and 64 percent, respectively. Also, positive and negative predictive values were 56.5 and 91%, respectively. It can be appreciated that marrow assessment of Iron content may be associated with distinct differences between the needle biopsy specimens, and the aspirated smears, and could lead to diagnostic error, although, with some limitations and cautions biopsy specimen can be used for Iron assessment.

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Background&Objective: Electromagnetic fields are present everywhere in our environment with various intensities, so, investigation about their effects on living organism is very important. The aim of this experiment study to investigate the effect of magnetic field on bone resorption, PTH and calcitonin concentration and their correlations. Materials&Methods: In this experimental research, 30 Sprague-Dawley male rats were divided into 3 groups. Test group animals, were exposed to magnetic field (100µT, 50 Hz), 4 hours per day for a period of 42 days. Experimental condition for control-1 group was the same as test group, except that, they were not exposed. Animals of control-2 group were killed at the first day of experiment (day 0). Total left femoral bone calcium and phosphorus content and its fracture energy was measured at days 28 and 42 in control-1 and test group and on day 0 in control-2 group. However, serum calcium, phosphorus, PTH and calcitonin concentration were measured on day 0, the first day of exposure, and thereafter once per two weeks. Results: Total bone calcium content in test group was significantly lower than control-1 and 2 groups, and bone fracture energy showed a slightly decrease. On the other hand, serum calcium and phosphorus concentration increased significantly on 28th and 42nd days compared to day 0. There was a decrement in serum PTH concentration and increment in serum calcitonin concentration during the exposure period. Conclusion: Our results suggested that magnetic field could have a direct effect on bone resorption, and observed changes in PTH and calcitonin were in good correlation with serum calcium and phosphorus concentrations (negative feed back) and these changes also prevent further increase in bone resorption.

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Background & Objective: Bone densitometry is an appropriate method for the evaluation of the patients’ skeletal status. This study was done to determine, the relationship between MI (Mental Index) of mandibular bone in panoramic radiography and skeletal status in femoral neck and lumbar vertebrae (L2-L4) in women referring to the radiology department.

Materials & Methods: In this cross sectional descriptive study, the panoramic radiographs of 67 healthy women over 35 years old referring to radiology department Mashhad, Iran during 2004, were assessed and their MIs recorded. All of the patients were then referred to Toos Bone Densitometry Center, for bone densitometry in left femoral neck and lumbar vertebrae (L2-L4), using DEXA technique with Osteocore apparatus. The patients were divided into three categories of normal, osteopenic and osteoporotic in each skeletal region according to their T-score. The data were analyzed using ANOVA and Pearson's correlation coefficient.

Results: The mean of Mental Index between normal and osteopenic subgroups of skeletal status in femoral neck showed a significant difference (P=0.042). The mean of Mental Index between normal and osteoporotic and osteopenic and osteoporotic subgroups of skeletal status in lumbar spine region showed a significant differences (P=0.02 & 0.05, respectively). The Mental Index was significantly related to T-scores in femoral neck and L2-L4 regions (r = 0.33 & 0.32, respectively, P<0.01).

Conclusion: This study showed that using Mental Index of mandibular bone can be useful for estimating skeletal status of patients but is not enough for precise evaluation of skeletal status of patients.

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Background and Objective: Osteoporosis is the most common metabolic bone disease that characterized by reduced bone strength. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of effective factors in decreased bone density and secondary causes of osteoporosis.

Materials and Methods: This descriptive cross sectional study was done on 105 patients (76 female and 29 male) suffering from osteoporosis, evaluated in the endocrinology Department of Sina hospital, Tabriz- Iran from March 2003 to March 2006. Past medical history clinical symptoms and biochemical results were of patients. Data analyzed using SPSS-14  and chi square test.

Results: Osteoporosis and osteopenia were seen in 55% and 45% of patients with reduced bone density, respectively. Daily calcium intake in patients with less than 400 mg, between 400-1000 mg and more than 1000 mg were 63.8%, 31.9% and 3.4%, respectively. The mean±SD of sera calcium and vitamin D level were 9.5±0.6 mg/dl, 45±37.1 nmol/l respectively. 61.2% of patients had vitamin D deficiency. 33% of patients had secondry osteoprosis. Among the patient with primary osteoprosis 11.3% afflicted to hyper claciuria.

Conclusion: This study showed that decresing bone density was more prominate in women. The rate of daily calcium intake among patients were low. It is sugested these patients osteoprosis could be prevented by consumption food nutrient rich in calcium and vitamin D suplementation.

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Background and Objective: Low electromagnetic fields (LEMF) are produced by instruments which are works with electricity. This study was done to determine the effect of LEMF on fetal death and bone marrow megakaryocytes in NMRI mouse neonates. Materials and Methods: In this experimental study 64 females’ mice with 6-8 old weeks were used. 2 female mice coupled with one male, and positive vaginal plaque was interpreted as the zero day of pregnancy (GD=0). The pregnant mice were randomly categorized into control and experimental groups. The experimental group were exposed to50HZ, 0.5 mT Low electromagnetic fields on 7-11 days of pregnant period (8h/d). The weight of neonate and death fetus were studied after delivery. The live neonates were dissected on 15th day, and 1 ml of bone marrow was extracted from Tibia and vertebral column, by pressing method. The bone marrow cells suspended in 1:1 IMDM in 15cc (FULCON) tubule and cells was counted with neobar lam. The data were tested by t-student test significance was set up at p<0.05. Results: There was significant differences between the mean weight of one day neonate in cases with controls (P<0.05). The mean of dead fetus in experimental group was higher than controls (P<0.05). The mean of megakaryocytes numbers higher than controls, but this differences was not significant. Conclusion: This study showed that the number of megakaryocytes and fetal death were increased by low electromagnetic fields exposure during pregnancy.

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Background and Objective: Legg-Calve-Perthes disease is one of the most common disabling diseases of childhood and if not managed appropriately is truly disabling. Severity of disease and duration of disease onset are main determinants of choosing treatment strategy of either conservative management or surgical treatment. This study was designed to determine Legg-Calve-Perthes treatments and relation between type of treatment and duration of the disease.

Materials and Methods: This descriptive study was carreid out on 50 patients with Legg-Calve-Perthes disease admitted in Ghaem Hospital in Mashhad, North East of Iran from 1995-2005.

Results: According to age of patients and severity of disease, the subjects allocated to conservatine (11 patients) and surgical treatment (39 patients). Clinical improvment signs include pain reduction, range of joints motion, which were avaluate by physical examination and taking medical history of patients. In conservative group, only 4 patients assumed to be successfully treated with mean age of 7.25 years and the mean interval between disease onset and beginning of treatment was 2.25 months. Surgical group had mean age of 10.85 years and mean interval between onset of disease and initiation of treatment was 18 months. Conservative group showed less sever form of disease (lateral pillar group A and group B with age less than 8 years), but patients treated surgically were more severely involved (lateral pillar group B with age more than 8 years and group C).

Conclusion: This study showed that age and severity of disease (lateral pillar classification) are main elements in treatment strategy (choosing conservative VS surgical treatment). The interval between onset of disease and onset of treatment strongly affects treatment success.

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Background and Objective: Research have been focused on the applying the chemical inducer for trans-differentiation the adult BMSCs into neural cell. So that, at the first should investigate the toxcity effect of the chemical inducer on the induced cells. Plasticity and easy accessibility of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells is a unique charactristic for treatment of neural disorderies. This study was desgined to determine the inductive effect of Deprenyl and Dimethyl sulfoxide on proliferation and survival of the mesenchymal stem cells. Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, BMSCs isolated from the adult rat bone marrow and cultured in αMEM containing 10% FBS. Cell identity for surface antigens was performed in third passage by immunocytochemistry and multipotancy capacity of BMSCs was done by BMSC differentiation into adipocytes and osteocytes. The cells were exposed to chemical agents (a: the αMEM medium supplemented with 2% DMSO, b: the αMEM medium supplemented with 10^-8M Deprenyl) for 24 houres and then transferred to αMEM containing 10% FBS cell survival and proliferation was evaluated after the 24, 48, 72 and 96 houres by MTT [3-(4-5-Dimethylthiazolyl-2-y1)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromid] test. Data were analyzed using SPSS-16, One-Way ANOVA and Tukey tests. Results: In addition to expression the surface antigens and adipogenic and osteogenic differentiation by BMSCs, MTT test results showed that proliferation and survival of induced-deprenyl and DMSO cells within 48, 72 and 96 hours after the induction was increased significantly than negative control group. Conclusion: Deprenyl increases survival and cell proliferation compared to Dimethyl Sulfoxide. It can be used as cell inducer.

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Background and Objective: The vertebra is the most common site of bone metastases. Diagnosis of metastases particularly in the early stages can improve patients’ prognosis and therapy. This study was done to compare the diagnostic value of magnetic resonance imaging and bone scan for the diagnosis of vertebral metastases. Methods: This descriptive study was done on 43 patients with any types of primary cancer. Patients underwent spinal magnetic resonance imaging and nuclear scan. Bone scan results were considered as the gold standard. The sensitivity and specificity were calculated for magnetic resonance imaging and nuclear scan. Results: The magnetic resonance imaging diagnosed 19 cases of thoracic vertebral metastases which previously diagnosed as negative by bone scan. Sensitivity and specificity of magnetic resonance imaging compared to bone scan was 90.7% and 95.6%, respectively. The magnetic resonance imaging diagnosed 4 cases of lumbar vertebral metastases which were reported negative in bone scan. Sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of magnetic resonance imaging in compare to bone scan were 97.6%, 97% and 97.2%, respectively. Conclusion: In diagnosis of vertebral metastases, the magnetic resonance imaging is more sensitive than bone scan.

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Background and Objective: Chronic osteomyelitis with huge bone defect is one of the most catastrophic problems in long bone fractures. This study was done to evaluate the distraction osteogenesis with AO tubular external fixator in chronic osteomyelitis with huge bone defect. Methods: In this descriptive study, 12 patients (11 males, 1 woman) with chronic osteomyelitis with huge bone defect underwent distraction osteogenesis with AO tubular external fixator in 5th Azar teaching hospital in Gorgan, Iran. Patients were followed up for 16 months and the onset of re-infection, bone graft, pin loosening, refracture and neurovascular injury were evaluated. Results: All of fractures were open, due to vehicle accident. The fractures include four legs, seven femurs and one tibial plateu fracture. Primary fixation was done with plate (5 cases), Intramedullary Nail (5 cases) and skeletal traction (2 cases). Mean time onset of fracture to treatment with AO tubular external fixator was 75.5 days. Mean sequestrum length was 8.8 cm which it was in femur 10.71 cm and in leg was 6 cm. Mean overall treatment was 16.08 months or 1.91 month/cm. Re-infection and neurovascular injury were not seen. Eight superficial infections treated with antibiotic and four cases of pin loosening were assembled with pin fixation. Seven cases required bone grafting. Premature consolidation in five cases and deviation of bone transport segment were found in four patients which treated with modification in external fixation. Conclusion: Distraction osteogenesis using AO tubular external fixator in chronic osteomyelitis with huge bone defect is suitable treatment method, saving the organ and prevents the amputation.

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Background and Objective: Stem cells are a suitable treatment method for improvement of central nervous system diseases. Neuron regeneration is occure in damaged region using stem cell transplantation. This study was done to determine the effect of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells on memory and neuronal cells graft number in the trimethyltin chloride damaged hippocampus. Methods: In this experimental study, 28 wistar male rats were allocated into four groups including control, model, Vehicle and treatment groups. Animals were received 8 mg/kg/bw of neurotoxin trimethyltin chloride by the intraperitoneal injection for causing damaged in hippocampus. One week after intraperitoneal injection of trimethyltin chloride, stem cells was injected by stereotaxy method. Six weeks after stem cells injection, the spatial memory was assessed by Morris water maze and histological studies were done by Nissl staining and normal cells count by Olysia bio report software. Results: After bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells graft, the number of normal cells were more in the treatment group (74±15.190) in compared to the Vehicle (44.67±12.971) and Model (48.56±18.105) groups (P<0.05). Also in Morris water maze test, the treatment group (387.35±189.18), (31.30±13.67) spent shorter distance and escape latency to reach the hidden platform, but this reduced non significantly in compared to Vehicle (438.18±192.56), (40.14±14.89) and model (407.98±225.44), (37.68±17.15) groups. The model and Vehicle groups spent longer distance to reach the hidden platform in comparision with the control (275.45±165.10) group (P<0.05). Also the traveled distance in target quarter had significant increased in the treatment groups (799.80±125.91) in compared to model (588.51±136.94) and Vehicle (546.48±86.47) groups (P<0.05). Conclusion: Using the bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells leads to reduce hippocampal lesions and increase the number of pyramidal neurons and improving memory in damaged hippocampus in animal model.

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Background and Objective: Car accidents are one of the most common causes of traumatic mental disorders. This study was done to evaluate the symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in patients with lumbar spinal dislocation fractures caused by road accidents.
Methods: This case-control study was performed on 100 patients with lumbar spine dislocation fractures due to road accidents. After the seventh day, they were admitted to the orthopedic and trauma wards of Imam Khomeini Hospital in Sari. It was done six months after hospitalization. Data collected from 100 non-injured individuals using the Marmar and Weiss Revised Event Impact Questionnaire (Impact of Event Scale - Revised: IES-R) were compared.
Results: There was no statistically significant relationship between PTSD and age, sex, marital status, education of the two groups. In all subscales related to the effect of the event, ie avoidance, disturbing thoughts, and over stimulation indices, the mean score of the participants in the case group was significantly higher than the mean scores of the individuals in the control group (P<0.05). The mean in case group was significantly higher than the mean in the control group (P<0.05).
Conclusion: The results of this study indicate the important role of road accidents in the formation of PTSD symptoms.

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Background and Objective: Alkaline phosphatase, BMP, and GATA proteins are important factors in the process of spermatogenesis. This study aims to investigate the effect of alkaline phosphatase, GATA, and BMP expression on spermatogenic stem cells, embryonic cells, and embryonic stem-like cells (ES-like) in C57BL mice.
Methods: In this experimental study, spermatogonial stem cells were isolated from three heads of 4-week-old C57BL mice, and embryonic stem cells and ES-like cells were prepared. Alkaline phosphatase staining test was performed on spermatogenic stem cells, embryonic cells, and ES-like cells. The expression of BMP and GATA genes was analyzed using Fluidigm PCR. Protein-protein interaction networks were isolated and drawn using databases.
Results: Positive alkaline phosphatase expression in stem cells and negative expression in testicular Sertoli cells indicated the presence of this enzyme in pluripotent cells. The gene expression of BMP and GATA in spermatogonial stem cells (6.3 and 2.7, respectively), embryonic cells (3.2 and 4.4, respectively), and ES-like cells (8.5 and 2.5, respectively) was positive, but not statistically significant. Bioinformatics studies showed the regulatory role of these genes and their direct effect on alkaline phosphatase.
Conclusion: BMP and GATA genes, along with alkaline phosphatase enzymes, play a crucial role in controlling embryonic and spermatogonial stem cells, maintaining their pluripotency, and guiding them towards differentiated cells.
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