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Stress responses have been excited by the painful stimuli, after induction of anesthesia and during the operation. In order to reduce these responses, it will be useful to select the type of anesthesia. Based on this fact, two groups of patients (Every group had 50 patients) were selected randomly. All patients are older than 18 years old and were chosen according to America Society of Anesthesiologist, class I, II, and were candidated for cataract surgery. Propofol were used for induction and maintenance of anesthesia In group 1 (TIVA group). In group 2 (Balance anesthesia), Sodium Thiopental induced anesthesia and the combination of N2O and Halothane were used for maintenance of anesthesia, respectively. Blood Glucose in two groups was measured before induction of anesthesia that all were in normal range (80-120 mg/d). Then after induction, incision and 30 minutes after start of surgery, blood Glucose was measured again and deviation from basal level were classified in three categories as: <10%, 10-20%, >20%. The results demonstrated meaningful difference between two groups, statistically (Chi-square, P<0.001). Increasing the blood Glucose in group 2, in three stages, was more than group 1. Blood Glucose level was increased about 20% from its basal level, in the majority of group 2 (32% after induction, 64% after incision, 62% 30 minutes after start of surgery). But, this amount of increasing in group 1 was detected as follow. 16% after induction, 16% after incision, 12% 30 minutes after start of surgery. It is possible that in TIVA group’s, control of blood Glucose and stress responses better than balance anesthesia group’s. The comparative measurements of catecholamine level in both groups would be the next investigations.

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Background and Objective: Several studies have demonstrated the importance of a coordinated, synchronized action of a scapular and glenohumeral muscles. Minimal alteration in performance and coordination of these muscles have the potential to lead to joint dysfunction. The impingement syndrome is the most common diagnosis of shoulder pain. The purpose of this study was to determine whether strength deficits could be detected in patients with shoulder impingement. Materials and Methods: This case – control study was done on 15 patients with impingement syndrome and 15 healthy matched persons by nonprobability sampling in Tehran, Iran during 2008. Strength of glenohumeral and scapulothoracic muscles was tested with a hand held dynamometer. Independent and paired t-test were used to statistically analyze between and within groups differences. Results: Compared to non impaired subjects, those with impingement syndrome demonstrated a significantly lower strength of shoulder muscles (P<0.05). The strength deficit between involved and noninvolved sides of patients was determined (P<0.05). In impingement syndrome patients, the external-to-internal rotator muscles strength ratio was significantly lower than on the control group (P<0.05). Conclusion: The result of this study suggest that strength deficit of shoulder muscles may be an important aspect of the impingement syndrome. Muscular strength assessment should be considered in evaluation and effective treatment of a patient. Physical therapy treatment should be emphasize strengthening of weak muscles.

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Background and Objective: Neuropathy is a diabetic burden which can causes traumedous complications on affected indivitals. This study was done to compare the speed of walking, balance and proprioception of knee and ankle joints between type 2 diabetes and healthy subjects. Materials and Methods: This case – contorl study was carried out on 22 diabetic and 22 healthy subjects in Shiraz, Iran during 2010. Speed of walking, repositioning of some angles in knee and ankle joints and balance time (Tandem position) were measured for all subjects. Sensory neuropathy tested using neuropathy total symptom score-6 (NTSS-6). Results: There is no significant difference between two groups due to speed of walking, but mean time of balance in diabetic patients (32.01±38.03) was significantly less than healthy subjects (71.18±65.15). The average error in repositioning of joint angles in diabetic patients was more than healthy subjects (P<0.05). Conclusion: Balance time and walking speed is lower in diabetic patients which can be due to neuropathy.

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Background and Objective: By increasing the number of athletes, sports-related injuries are increased and of those lower extremities injuries are more common. This study was done to evaluate the relation of sole arch index and static balance in female athletes with lower-extremity injury. Methods: This case – control study, was done on 18 female athletes without a history of lower extremity injury which were considered as controls and 18 female athletes with a history of lower extremity injury in past two years which were considered as cases. Static balance and sole arch index were evaluated using stork stand and Chippaux-Smirak index tests. Results: Static balance with open eyes was 16.10 seconds and 26.53 seconds in cases and controls (P<0.05), whereas, there was no significant difference in static balance with closed eyes and sole arch index between cases and controls. Conclusion: Poor static balance with neuromuscular control deficit can consider as lower extremity injury in female athletes.

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Background and Objective: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is the most common progressive neurologic disorder among young adults. This disease leads to lesions regarded to as demylinating plaques which are scattered in the white matter of CNS hence create various neurological problems. This study was done to evaluate the effect of 8 weeks selective training program with instructions focus of internal and external attention on statical balance of MS patients. Methods: In this quasi-experimental study, 23 MS patients were non-randomly divided into, two interventional and one control groups. Training program for two interventional were carried out in 8 weeks, three sessions per week, and each session lasted about one hour. Pre and post test to evaluate the fall risk of subjects using Biodex system was performed in three groups. Results: Statical balance was significantly improved in the two interventional compared to control group (P<0.05). Conclusion: The training program with instructions focus of internal and external attention significantly improves statical balance of MS patients.

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Background and Objective: Diabetic neuropathy is one of the most prevalent complications of diabetic micro-vascular that causing sensory loss of the legs, pain and disorder in proprioception after destroying of the lower limbs nervous system afferents consequently leads in balance disorder. This study was done to determine the effectiveness of reflexology and Yumeiho massages on lower limb pain and keep balance in females with diabetic neuropathy.

Methods: In this semi-experimental study, thirty-four patients with diabetic neuropathyin lower limb non-randomly divided into reflexology, Yumeiho and control groups. Pain and balance were measured using the visual analogue scale, Sharpened Romberg and berg test respectively that were completed at baseline and after 6 weeks. Six weeks of Yumeiho and reflexology massaging were applied over 3 days in week for 30 minutes on the experimental groups.

Results: Pain and balance of patients singnificantly improved in reflexology and Yumeiho groups in compared to controls (P<0.05). There was no significant difference between reflexology and Yumeiho groups.

Conclusion: Reflexology and Yumeiho massages have a same impact on the pain rate and balance of lower limb in women with diabetic neuropathy.

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Background and Objective: The phenomenon of aging is one of the evolutionary stages of life and it is an inevitable part of human society that can lead to poor balance and consequent harm, loss of independence and early death. This study was done to determine the effect of Pilates exercise on functional balance of elderly men.
Methods: This quasi-experimental study was done on 28 elderly men with an average age of above 60 years. Subjects were non-randomly divided into intervention and control groups. Eldely men in intervention group were received Pilates training for 6 weeks, 3 sessions per week. To measure the functional balance was used of the timed up and go test. Pre-test and post-test of was done for functional balance in intervention and control groups.
Results: The functional balance significantly reduced in intervention group (10.11±0.53 sec) in compared to controls (12.61±1.14 sec) (p<0.05).
Conclusion: Pilates training have an important role in improving the performance balance of elderly men.

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Background and Objective: Reducion of efficiency of the muscles after long duration training increases the probability of injury after the occurrence of fatigue. Sprain lateral ankle is one of the most common injuries occurs during sport activities. This study was done to compare the effect of two types of hopping and combined balance - strength training on the balance of static and dynamic balance and strength of selected muscles in soccer men with unilateral chronic ankle instability.
Methods: In this quasi-experimental study 36 soccer men with unilateral chronic ankle instability non-randomly divided into the three groups including: control, hopping and combined balance - strength training groups. Check list was used to collect demographic information, for the measurement the balance of the static, dynamic balance and strength respectively of the tests bass stick and Y balance and manual muscle test were used.
Results: There was significant increasd of the balance of the static and the total result of dynamic balance in the two training groups in compare to controls (P<0.05). The subjects of the group trianing balance - strength in the all directions of the test Y performance were better than training hopping group (P<0.05). After training, the strength of abduction, adduction and inversion of ankle significantly increased in the two training groups in compare to controls (P<0.05). According to invertion test the ankle of subjects in balance - strength training group had beter function in compare to training hopping group (P<0.05). However, other factors such as strength, extension and flexion of the knee and dorsi and plantar flexion of the ankle were not significant between the two intervention groups.
Conclusion: Both the balance - strength and hopping training can be effective in improving the balance and strength soccer men with chronic ankle instability unilateral. However, it seems the training selected balance - strength training due to the comprehensive nature of it and the reason as to strengthen each of these factors for conduit and have a greater effect on athletes with chronic ankle instability to have faster recovery.

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Background and Objective: One of the most common complications of mild cognitive impairment is increased body sway and falls. This study was performed to evaluate the effect of Pilates training on control posture in patients with mild cognitive impairment.
Methods: This clinical trial study was performed on 30 women with mild cognitive impairment who referred to elderly Research Center in Kermanshah city, north-west of Iran during 2019. Subjects were randomly divided into two groups including Pilates Training and control groups. Pilates training group was trained for eight weeks, 3 sessions per week and duration for each session was one hour. The control posture of the subjects before and after the exercise was evaluated.
Results: There was significant difference in obtained scores in the size and distance of the center of pressure area range with open and closed eyes in the intervention group, prior and after training (P<0.05). The mean postural control (the size and distance of the center of pressure area range with open and closed eyes) reduced after 8 weeks of Pilates exercises in the intervention group in compared to control group (P<0.05).
Conclusion: Pilates training is effective in improving postural control in patients with mild cognitive impairment.

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Background and Objective: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is one of the most common progressive neurological diseases affecting the motor pathways leading to muscle fatigue. This study was done to evaluate the effect of eight weeks of aquatic exercises on fatigue, balance and functional training in male patients with multiple sclerosis.
Methods: This clinical trial study was done on 15 men with multiple sclerosis in Zahedan, south-east of Iran. The subjects selected by available and purposeful sampling method participated in research. After primary screening and reconnaissance person of bona fide, subjects randomly divided into intervention group (n=8) with average age 42.62±6.67 height 171.87±2.47 weight 69.62±12.39 and control group (n=7) with average age 30.28±7.11, height 171.57±8.05 weight 66.68±17.26. During study the patients used and follow medicinal drugs according to prescription. Subjects in interventional group were received aquatic exercises program. Aquatic exercises program consisted of 8 weeks, 3 sessions per week. The level of fatigue, balance and functional movement respectively evaluated with fatigue assessment battery for MS, Y balance and side hop jump tests.
Results: The mean of functional movement was significantly increased in interventional group in comparison with controls (P<0.05). The mean of fatigue was significantly reduced in interventional group compared to controls (P<0.05).
Conclusion: Eight weeks of aquatic exercises improves functional movement and reduce fatigue in male patients with multiple sclerosis.

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Background and Objective: Spastic diplegia cerebral palsy is a movement disorder originating from brain injury before, during, or immediately after birth. Exercise plays an important role in motor recovery. This study was performed to determine the effect of high-intensity circuit training on balance and activity daily living in children with cerebral palsy (CP).
Methods: In this clinical trial, 34 children with cerebral palsy were randomly divided into two groups of 17 including occupational therapy (control group) and circuit training group with occupational therapy as interventional group. Berg balance scale and activity scale for kids were used to assess changes in balance and activity of daily living before and after 12 weeks of exercise, respectively. High-intensity circuit training consisting of 3 rounds and each round consisting of 6,
30-second stations and a 30-second break between stations, which were performed three times a week for 12 weeks. Occupational therapy was performed one session per week.
Results: The rate of balance and activities of daily living and its components in the circuit training group with occupational therapy showed a significant improvement compared to control group (P<0.05).
Conclusion: Circuit trainings with occupational therapy can further improve the performance of balance and activity of daily living in children with Spastic diplegia cerebral palsy compared to occupational therapy.