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Background and Objective: Alzheimer’s disease is caractrized by brain degenerative alterations with subsequent learning and memory loss. Learning and memory is closely associated with brain colinergic system. Colinergic fibers originated from minent basal nucleus which is extended to cortex and hippocampus. This study was conducted to investigate sensory processing in the barrel cortex neurons of Rat model of Alzheimer’s disease. Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, 14 male Wistar Rats weighing 250-350g randomly divided into control and experimental groups. Alzheimer’s disease in Rats induceted, by infusion of ibotenic acid (5 µg/µl in each site) into nucleus basalis of Meynert (NBM) using Hamilton syringe and stereotaxic apparatus. The control group was non-lesion Rats with vehicle treatment. Two weeks after NBM-lesion, each animal was tested by passive avoidance learning (PAL), then neural response assessed by extracellular recording. Results: In cases, ibotenic acid infusion into NBM, significantly reduced memory (P<0.05). The results evoked by multiple whisker stimulation in extracellular single unit recording showed that in Alzheimer’s disease model of animals excitatory receptive field (RF) of neurons were extended but inhibitory RF was decreased (P<0.05). In addition the magnitude of neural response following principal whisker deflection decreased in cases (P<0.05). Conclusion: This study indicated that in animal model of Alzheimer’s disease possibly reduce sensory processing and contact discrimination.

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Background and Objective: Alzheimer's disease is an age-related disease that is characterized by dementia and loss of neurons in the brain. It has been shown that brain oxidative stress plays an important role in aging and neurodegenerative disorders. This study was done to evaluate the effect of grape seed extract (GSE) on memory impairment induced by intracerebroventricular (ICV) injection of streptozotocin (STZ) in animal model of Alzheimer's disease.

Methods: In this experimental study, Eighty adult male Wistar rats were randomly allocated into control, sham, grape seed extract (100 mg/kg/bw, 30 days, orally) plus STZ and STZ plus grape seed extract. Animals memory were evaluated using Morris water maze, shuttle box and T maze tests.

Results: Intracerebroventricular injection of STZ caused memory corruption in all tests. Administration of GSE before and after of administration of intracerebroventricular STZ in the Morris water maze test, significantly reduced latency to get to the hidden platform compared to Alzheimer's group (P<0.05). The latency to enter the dark compartment in passive avoidance memory test significantly increased in compare to animal model of Alzheimer's disease (P<0.05). The selection of the right arm of the T-maze test in animals that received grape seed extract before and after of STZ injection significantly increased compared to animal model of Alzheimer's disease(P<0.05).

Conclusion: Grape seed extract has important effect in prevention and improving memory impairment induced by intracerebventricular injection of STZ.

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Background and Objective: Dysfunction and loss of basal forebrain cholinergic neurons and their cortical projections are the earliest pathological events in the pathogenesis of alzheimer disease (AD). This study was done to evaluate the effect of donepezil hydrochloride on reference and working memory caused by mutual electrical lesion of the nucleus basalis magnocellularis (NBM) in animal model of AD.
Methods: In this experimental study, 56 adult male Wistar rats were allocated into 8 group (n=7) including: control (intact), NBM lesion group, which received electrically- induced lesion (0.5 m A, 3s) in NBM, Sham group (the electrode was impaled in to the NBM with no lesion), donepezil groups (lesion + 0.1, 1, 5, 10 mg/kg/bw of donepezil hydrochloride) and vehicle group (NBM lesion+ saline). Acquisition and retention testing were done by using an eight-radial arm maze, in which, the patterns of arm entries in each group was recorded for calculating correct choice, working memory errors, reference memory error and latency.
Results: The spatial learning of animals in the lesion of NBM group significantly reduced in compared to controls (P<0.05). Moreover, no effect on spatial learning was seen in the sham group compared with the lesion group. The post-lesion treatment with donepezil hydrochloride in dose-dependent manner improved the parameters of spatial memory errors in the acquisition and retention tasks in comparision with the lesion group (P<0.05).
Conclusion: Treatment with donepezil hydrochloride, dose-dependently improves cognitive impairment induced by the destruction of the nucleus basalis magnocellularis.

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Background and Objective: Memantine (MEM) an uncompetitive N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist is used for treatment of patients with Alzheimer disease. This study aimed to examine the effect of Memantine on the spatial learning and memory in electrical lesion’s model of nucleus basalis magnocellularis (NBM) in animal model of Alzheimer's disease.
Methods: In this experimental study, 56 adult male Wistar rats were allocated into eight groups: control group; lesion group, which received bilateral electrically lesion (0.5 mA, 3s) in NBM; sham group (the electrode was entered into the NBM with no lesion); Memantine groups (lesion+1 mg/kg/bw of MEM; lesion+3 mg/kg/bw of  MEM; lesion+5 mg/kg/bw of  MEM; lesion+7 mg/kg/bw of MEM) and Vehicle group (lesion+0.2 mL saline). After one week, animals were trained to perform the Y-maze task for five days. Twenty five days after training, a retention test was performed to determine long-term memory.
Results: The bilateral lesion of NBM impaired the spatial learning compared to the control and sham groups (P<0.05). No effect on spatial learning was seen in saline group compared with the lesion group. The treatment with Memantine in  lesion+MEM 3 mg/kg/bw, lesion+MEM 5mg/kg/bw and lesion+MEM 7mg/kg/bw groups significantly improved spatial learning (P<0.05). Moreover, no significant difference of memory was observed between the results in the 5th day of training and the retention test of the 30th day.
Conclusion: Treatment with memantine improves spatial learning defects in electrical leisions model of NBM of Alzheimer's disease in dose dependent manner in animal model.

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Background and Objective: Alzheimer is the most common form of dementia in elderly persons. Oxidative stress is one of the main pathological factors in Alzheimer’s disease. This study was done to investigate the effect of crosin on histological changes of hippocampus and memory impairment which induced by scopolamine in the male rats.
Methods: In this experimental study, 30 male rats were randomly allocated into 3 groups including: control, scopolamine and scopolamine with crosin treated groups. Scopolamine with dose of 3 mg/kg/bw for one week and crocin with dose of 30mg/kg for two weeks were administered, intraperitoneally. The learning and spatial memory parameters were evaluated by Morris water maze test. Then the animals were sacrificed and their hippocampi were removed immediately for histological evaluation.
Results: Scopolamine injection causes significantly increased the number of dark cells in CA1 region of hippocampus in compared to control group (P<0.05). Treatment with crocin decreased dark cells and increased light cells number in CA1 region of hippocampus (P<0.05). Also treatment with crocin decreased memory impairment that induced by scopolamine in rats (P<0.05).
Conclusion: It seems that treatment with crocin has protective effects against neuronal damage of CA1 region of hippocampus and memory impairment that induced by scopolamine.

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Background and Objective: Early diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) seems necessary due to the high cost of care and treatment, the uncertainty of existing therapies, as well as the worrying future of the patient. This study was conducted to AD diagnosis by MRI images using artificial intelligence methods.
Methods: In this research, a computer system for early detection of AD with using machine learning algorithms is presented in the framework of computer-aided process. Conditional random field and Inception deep neural network have been adapted for brain MR images to detect AD. Since hippocampal tissue is one of the first tissues to be affected by AD, hence for the early detection of this disease, the hippocampus was located from other brain tissues firstly and then due to the extent to which this tissue is affected, the diagnosis was made. Conditional random field could accurately extract hippocampal fragments of different shapes in all three brain planes. These components serve as the basis for feature extraction by the deep network. The proposed method was tested on standard ADNI dataset images and its performance was demonstrated. The used Inception network has been trained on the huge ImageNet dataset. One of the important steps is knowledge transfer of the problem under consideration. To facilitate this, data augmentation process was applied according to the shape and structure of the hippocampus.
Results: The implemented method in this research, achieved to 98.51% accuracy for two-class classification of "Alzheimer" versus "Normal control" and achieved to 93.41% accuracy for two-class classification of "Mild cognitive impairment" versus "Normal control", which increased by 2.56% and 8.41%, compared with the rival methods, respectively.
Conclusion: The achieved results of this study showed that the using of artificial intelligence techniques has highly accurate in diagnosing AD according to MRI images.

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Forgetfulness is a disease of the day,the most important example of which is Alzheimer's. Medical science has not yet achieved a definitive treatment for this disease. Examining the existence of examples and treatment of disease from the perspective of the Qur'an proves the miracles of the divine verses in the field of matching with the findings of medical science. The examples and treatment of amnesia disease is by descriptive-analytical method and library method by examining the symptoms of the disease in medicine and verses of the Qur'an in order to find examples and extract the cure from the Qur'an. 4verses of the Qur'an tell about the occurrence of a disease in old age in which the sick person suffers from dementia and loses physical strength. It is possible to treat the disease with the combination of the verses of Surah Hajj and Nahl. In the 5th verse of Hajj,after mentioning the most important symptom of the disease,it is mentioned about reviving the dead earth,which indicates the treatment of the disease and the possibility of returning the brain to a youthful state. In Surah Nahl,it was mentioned as the main medicine in the feeding of fluids from bees. According to tradition,a substance like honey is a basic medicine in the treatment of many diseases,including forgetfulness. Bee products,including honey,gel have a therapeutic application for the treatment of amnesia,which is confirmed by clinical trials. The rejuvenating effects of honey products on free radicals have been proven. The precedence of drug expression over disease is due to its greater effect in prevention than treatment.