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Background and Objective: Fibrinogen, an inflammatory marker as well as a fundamental part of the coagulation cascade, is suggested to play a significant role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and complications of atherothrombotic diseases. This study was carried out to assess the comparison of acute aerobic and resistance training method on plasma fibrinogen concentration in young women. Materials and Methods: This semi-experimental study was done on twenty trained volunteer women students, which was selected objectively, and availability. The subjects were randomly divided into two groups of aerobic (n=10) and resistance training (n=10). Aerobic group performed exhaustive workout program on treadmill intensity 65 to75% of Vo2max on treadmill. The resistance group completed three sets of 5-7 repetitions of six exercises at an intensity corresponding to 80% of 1RM. Following 12 to 14 hours of nightly fasting, venous blood samples (5 cc) were collected pre, immediately after exercise and after 60 min of recovery and analyzed for fibrinogen content. Participants were matched according to anthropometric measurements, age, fat percentage and Vo2max. Data tested by using independent t, repeated measures analysis of variance and post-hoc test least significant difference (LSD) (P≤0.05). Results: In both the aerobic and resistance training groups, fibrinogen levels increased immediately after exercise and remained higher than baseline levels during recovery. This changes were significant only in aerobic group (P<0.05). Resistance training increased significantly the fibrinogen levels immediately after exercise than aerobic exercise (P<0.035). Conclusion: It can be concluded that the exhaustive aerobic exercise may induce slightly increase the fibrinogen levels in comparison with resistance training at intensity corresponding to 80% of 1RM.

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Background and Objective: Cardiovascular diseases are the most significant factors leading to death. This study was done to determine the effect of eight weeks aerobic training on level serum lipid and lipoprotein in non athletic women.

Materials and Methods: This quasi-experimental study was carried out on 30 non athletic women. Subjects were devided into control and experimental groups through gained Vo²max. HDL-c, total cholesterol (TC), LDL-c, VLDL-c, RF (TC/HCL) and subdermal fat percent were evaluted perior and after training for eight weeks as follow: three session in each weeks with one hour aerobic training in each session. Data analyzed using SPSS-14 and independent and dependent T student tests.

Results: The significant reduction of RF, TC and percent of subdermal fat were observed in experimental group after training in comparison with prieor phase (P<0.05). Significant reduction of RF, LDL-C, TC and subdermal fat were observed in experimental group in comparison with contols after training (P<0.05). The increase of HDL-c and reduction of TG and VLDL-c were observed in experimental group compared to control but these differences were not significant.

Conclusion: This study showed that aerobic training reduce total cholesterol, LDL-c, RF and percent of subdermal fat in non athletic women.

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Background and Objective: The quality of life is advesly affected by type 2 diabetes as a serious metabolic disorder. This study was done to investigate the effect of aerobic training and drug intervention on quality of life in women with type 2 diabetes. Materials and Methods: In this randomized clinical trial study, 52 women with type 2 diabetes divided into four groups including aerobic training with full medicinal doses (group I), aerobic training with half medicinal doses (group II), full medicinal doses without training (group III) and half medicinal doses without training (group IV). Subjects in aerobic training groups participated in 8 weeks training program. Duration of each training session was 45 minutes from the beginning and increased gradually until 105 minutes. Full medicinal doses included Metformin (500 mg) and Glibenclamide (5 mg). Half medicinal doses included Metformin (250 mg) and Glibenclamide (2.5 mg), daily. Subjects without training, did not participate in any physical activities. Quality of life was assessed using SF-36 questionnaire. Data were analyzed using SPSS-18, ANOVA and t dependent tests. Results: There was no significant difference regarding quality of life between groups at pre-test. After the intervention, the quality of life in group I significantly increased (P<0.05). In group II, all subscales of the quality of life increased however, only social function was significant (P<0.05). In group III, all subscales of the quality of life decreased however, physical function, emotional and pain were significant (P<0.05). In group IV, the quality of life significantly decreased (P<0.05). Conclusion: Aerobic training with full medicinal doses could improved the quality of life in women with type 2 Diabetes.

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Background and Objective: Obesity and saturated fat diet have a negative effect on plasma lipoproteins. The best therapeutic regiment for the treatment of obesity and reduction of serum lipoproteins is a diet containing non-saturated fatty acids accompanied with aerobic exercise. This study was carried to evaluate the effect of 8 weeks aerobic training and peanut consumption on serum Lipoproteins levels in overweight and obese men. Materials and Methods: This semi-experimental study was done on 36 obese males with age of 41.82±3.4yr, BMI: 32.38±2.50 kg/m2 in North of Iran during 2009. Subjects were divided in three equal groups: aerobic interval training, peanut consumption aerobic, interval training and control. peanut consumption Training group were consumed 50gr peanuts daily. Prior and after training period, serum lipoproteins levels of subjects were evaluated. Data were analyzed using SPSS-16, ANOVA and LSD tests. Results: There was a significant differences between the reduction of total mean serum cholesterol, triglyceride, low density lipoproteins, high density lipoproteins in experiment group II (aerobic interval training and peanut) compare to other groups (P<0.05). Conclusion: Aerobic interval training plus peanut regiment reduce lipoprotein and specifically triglyceride and low-density lipoproteins in overweight and obese men.

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Background and Objective: Oxidative damage associated with the presence of Lead in the brain has been proposed as one possible molecular mechanism involved in Lead toxicity. Aerobic exercise is known to protect the brain through a cascade of molecular and cellular processes. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of 8 week aerobic training on the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in rat's cerebellum exposed to Lead acetate. Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, 40 Male Wistar rats were randomly allocated into four groups: sedentary base, sham (30 mg/kg of ethyloleate), Lead and exercise+Lead (20 mg/kg Lead acetate, intraperitoneally). The exercise program consisted of progressive running training on the treadmill for 15 to 22 m/min, 25 to 64 min/day, and 5 days/week for 8 weeks. BDNF and MDA levels were measured by ELISA and TBARS methods, respectively. Results: Chronic Lead acetate administration enhanced significantly (P<0.05) cerebellar MDA levels in rats compare to base and sham groups but had no effect on BDNF levels. Cerebellar MDA significantly was reduced and BDNF non significantly was increased in Lead acetate+ training group. Conclusion: Regular aerobic exercise with moderate intense may exert role neuroprotective against Lead-induced cerebellar injury by down-regulating oxidative stress and promotes brain health through increases in BDNF.

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Background and Objective: Physical activities affect on antioxidative pathway. Varity, period and intensity of activities are important in health improvement. This study was carried out to determine the effect of short and medium periods of high intensities aerobic training on serum level of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and Catalase (CAT) enzymes in female rats. Methods: In this experimental study, 45 Sprague Dawley female rats were randomly allocated into control, short (4 weeks) and medium (8 weeks) of high intensities aerobic training groups. The exercise program was performed on 5 session in each week with speed of 10-17 meters per minute in slope range (5

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Background and Objective: There are controversial reports about the effect of training on serum level of visfatin and TNF-α Cytokine .This study was done to evaluate the effect of 8 weeks of aerobic training on serum level of visfatin and TNF-α in non-athletic young women. Methods: In this quasi-experimental study, thirty non-athletic healthy women were non-randomly based on the weight, height, BMI index and body fat percentage divided into two control and training groups. In the training group 8 weeks of aerobic exercise on a stationary bicycle 3 times a week was performed. Serum level of visfatin and TNF-α was measured using ELISA method, prior and at the end of 8th week of training while the subjects were fasted for 12-14 hours. Results: At the end of 8 weeks of aerobic exercise, serum level of visfatin and TNF-α significantly reduced in the training group in comparison with controls (P<0.05). Conclusion: Eight weeks of aerobic training reduces visfatin and TNF-α serum level in non-athletic healthy women.

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Background and Objective: Leptin has a key role in obesity and type 2 of diabetes. This study was done to compare the effects of eight weeks aerobic and combined training on serum levels of leptin and glucose in type 2 diabetic men. Method: This clinical trial study was performed on 24 men with type 2 diabetes whom reffered to Taleghani Hospital in Kermanshah, West of Iran during June to August 2012. The patients were randomly divided into 3 groups including aerobic training, combined training (aerobic and resistance training) and control groups. Training protocols included three 1-hour sessions per week for eight weeks. Subjects in the control group did not participate in any physical activities. Serum levels of leptin and glucose were measured 48 hours before and 48 hours after intervention as fasting values in pre-and post-tests. Results: There was no significant difference between groups at pre-test for serum levels of leptin and glucose. After intervention, serum level of glucose in the aerobic group and serum level of glucose and leptin in the combined group were significantly reduced in compared to the controls (P<0.05). Conclusion: Aerobic and combined training with beneficial effects on the sera glucose level are recommended for patients with type 2 diabetes. However, combined training, regarding reducing leptin level seems to be more useful for these subjects.

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Background and Objective: Accumulating evidence indicates a relation between aerobic capacity and glucose concentration, although the molecular mechanisms of this relationship are not fully known yet. This study was done to determine the effect of effect of 12 weeks aerobic exercise training on aerobic capacity and glucose concentration in obese men. Methods: In this quasi-experimental study, thirty two adult obese males were divided into interventional and control groups. Anthropometrical indexes, fasting blood glucose and insulin, resting heart rate and aerobic capacity (VO2max) were measured before and after a 12 weeks aerobic exercise in the interventional and control groups. Beta cell function was calculated by fasting glucose and insulin. Results: Long time aerobic exercise led to significant reduction in glucose (112±10 vs. 85±11 mg/dl), anthropometrical indces, BMI (28.44±2.29 vs. 33.24±5.14), increase in VO2max (26.12±4.11 vs. 32±6.41 ml/kg/min), beta cell function (83±23 vs. 181±35) and in interventional group in comparision with controls. A significant correlation was found between the changes in VO2max with changes in beta cell function and glucose level, these correlations were independent of BMI. There was no significant change in insulin level between intervention and control groups. Conclusion: Increased aerobic capacity or cardiovascular fitness by exercise training improve beta cell function of glucose concentration in obese men.

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Background and Objective: Oxidative stress plays a major role in the structural and functional changes of the myocardium due to diabetes. This study was done to determine the effect of swimming training and arbutin supplement on cardiac antioxidant enzymes and oxidative stress in diabetic rats. Methods: In this experimental study, 42 male Wistar rats were randomly allocated into 6 groups including control, diabetes, Arbutin, diabetes+Arbutin, diabetes+exercise and diabetes+ exercise + Arbutin (combined). Diabetes induced using alloxan (90 mg/kg/bw, intraperitoneally). Arbutin (50 mg/kg/bw, ip) was administered for 5 days a week. The exercise consisted of swimming training at 5 min to 36 min per day, 5 days a week for 6 weeks. Renal Malondialdehyde, catalase level and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity were evaluated in animals. Results: Diabetes significantly increased cardiac Malondialdehyde level and decreased cardiac SOD activity and catalase level (P<0.05). Six weeks of supplementation with Arbutin, swimming training and combined intervention significantly increased catalas level and superoxide dismutase activity compared to the diabetes group(P<0.05). Malondialdehyde level significantly reduced in combined and exercise groups in comparison with diabetic group (P<0.05). Conclusion: Regular training (swimming) and Antioxidant supplement (Arbutin) protect the cardiac tissue against diabetes-induced oxidative stress through their antioxidants capacity and the combination of the two interventions have synergic effect.

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Background and Objective: Diabetes mellitus is the most common type of metabolic diseases which is characterized with hyperglycemia due to implicit or relative insulin deficiency. Diabetes mellitus is acutely related to obesity. Agouti-related protein (AGRP) has 132 amino acids and increases appetite in humans. This study was done to determine the effect of eight weeks aerobic exercise on plasma level of agouti-related protein, glycated hemoglobin and glucose in non-active type II diabetic women. Methods: In this quasi-experimental study, 30 female diabetic patients were divided into exercise and control groups. The training program was performed 3 sessions a week in course of 8 weeks, each session was last for 60 minutes, and the controls did not have any exercise. The plasma level of agouti-related protein, glycated hemoglobin and glucose were measured. Results: There was no significant alteration in the level of AGRP, HbA1c and glucose in either exercise or control groups. There was no significant relation between AGRP with glucose, AGRP with HbA1c and HbA1c with glucose in the exercise and control groups. Conclusion: Eight weeks of aerobic exercise is not enough for making any changes on plasma level of AGRP, HbA1c and glucose in non-active type II diabetic women.

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Background and Objective: Several studies reported the contraventional effects of L-Carnitine on body fat percentages and lipoprotein profile. This study was done to evaluate the effect of six weeks supplementation of L-Carnitine on body fat percentages and lipoprotein profile non-athlete male students. Methods: This quasi-experimental study was conducted on 20 non-athlete male students whom were non-randomly assigned into experimental and control groups. Subjects in both groups performed aerobic exercises for six weeks based on the principle of overload. Over the course of this period, subjects in the experimental group were received 13 mg/kg/bw of complement g L-Carnitine, orally. Controls were received 3 mg/ke/g/bw of starch on daily bases. Blood samples were collected before and after the training period. HDL, LDL-c, VLDL, triglycerides, total cholesterol, body fat percentage and body mass index were recorded for each subject. Results: Aerobic exercise with supplementation of L-Carnitine significantly increased HDL and reduced triglycerides, total cholesterol, body fat percentage and VLDL, but had no significant impact on LDL-c and body mass index. Conclusion: Consumption of slight doses of L-Carnitine in combination with aerobic exercise reduces body fat percentage and lipoprotein profile of non-athlete male students

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Background and Objective: Flax seed has been shown to play a role in the prevention and treatment of dislipidemia and inflammation, which may enhance the benefits of training. This study was done to determine the effect of 10 weeks of aerobic training with flax seed supplementation on blood lipids profile and C-reactive protein in obese women.

Methods: In this clinical trail study, 45 obese middle-age women were randomly divided into 3 groups. Aerobic training program was performed 50-60 min/d, 3d/wk, for 10 weeks. Subjects in aerobic training with flax seed supplementation were received 6-9 garms, daily of flax seed. Body composition and metabolic parameters were assessed before and after the training period.

Results: Flax seed supplementation significantly improved triglyceride, HDL-cholesterol TC/HDL, body weight, body mass index, waist circumference and fat mass (P<0.05). Flax seed supplementation in combination  with aerobic training significantly improved adiposity indices body weight,body mass index, waist circumference , fat mass, triglyceride, HDL- cholesterol, LDL- cholesterol, LDL/HDL and TC/HDL (P<0.05).

Conclusion: Flax seed is safe and effective for improvement of cardiometabolic health in obse women and combination of flax seed can enhance beneficial effect of training over a ten-week period.

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Background and Objective: Different physical activities affect on anti-oxidative system. Varity, period and intensity of activities are necessary in health improvement. This study was carried out to determine the effect of medium period of progressive anaerobic training on serum level of superoxide dismutase and Catalase in female rats.

Methods: In this experimental study, 30 female rats were randomly allocated into control and anaerobic training groups. The training program lasted for 8 weeks with control (without activity) and anaerobic including 3 sessions in a week with speed of 24-30 meters per minute in slope range (515) for 30 seconds.

Results: Serum level of superoxide dismutase was significantly increased in progressive anaerobic training group (109.1±17.3 U/ml) in compare to controls (98.8±12.8 U/ml) (P<0.05). Serum level of Catalase was 51.2±7.2 and 48.4±4.2 U/ml in control and progressive anaerobic training, respectively. This difference was not significant.

Conclusion: The medium period of progressive anaerobic training influences serum level of superoxide dismutase and Catalase in female rats.

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Background and Objective: Several studies have shown that high level of Endothelin-1 and Malondialdehyde lead to an increase in the risk of coronary artery diseases. This study was done to evaluate the effect of aerobic training on Endothelin-1 and Malondialdehyde in inactive elderly women.

Methods: In this quasi -experimental study, 21 inactive elderly women with range of 60-70 year non-randomly divided into experimental (n=11) and control (n=10) groups. The aerobic training including eight weeks aerobic training (with intensity of 50-70 percent of reserve heart rate), 3 times a week, and 60 minutes per session. Endothelin-1 and Malondialdehyde were measured at baseline and at the end of the study.

Results: After eight weeks of aerobic exercise, Endothelin-1 level reduced in intervention group (35.96%) and control group (41.09%) (P<0.05). After eight weeks of aerobic exercise there was no significat difference between intervention and control groups. After eight weeks of aerobic exercise reduce of Malondialdehyde level in intervention and control groups was not significant difference.

Conclusion: Regarding to reducing the serum level of Endothelin-1 in in the control and experimental groups, the aerobic training with moderate intensity did not lead to reduce in levels of serum Endothelin-1 in elderly women.

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Background and Objective: Aging eldely is associated with impaired angiogenesis, glomerulosclerosis and increased susceptibility to nephrotoxic injury. This study was done to compare the independent and combined effect of aerobic exercise and garlic extract on the levels of renal vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) in eldely rats.

Methods: In this experimental study, 35 aged eldely male Wistar rats were randomly allocated into 5 groups including control, sham, garlic (2.5 g/kg/bw), aerobic exercise, garlic plus exercise. The animals exercised by swimming training at 5 min to 60 min per day, 3 days a week over 8 weeks. Animals in garlic plus exercise were received garlic extract (2.5 g/kg/bw) and swimming training. The renal TGF-β1 and VEGF level were evaluated by ELIZA method.

Results: 8 weeks swimming training, garlic supplementation and the combined intervention were associated with a significant increased the renal VEGF and reduced TGF-β1 level (P<0.05). There was no difference between swimming training, garlic supplementation and garlic plus exercise on renal VEGF and TGF-β1 levels in aged rats.

Conclusion: It seems that the protective role of regular swimming training, garlic supplementation and the combined intervention in the renal aging process meight in part be related to their ability to attenuate TGF- β1 and up regulating VEGF.

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Background and Objective: Several studies suggest the corelation between antioxidant capacities and pulmonary function and severity of pulmonary asthma. This study was done to evaluate the effect of aerobic training on total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and pulmonary function in asthmatic men.
Methods: In this quasi - experimental study, thirty inactive and overweight adult males with mild to moderate asthma were divided into intervention (aerobic training) and control (no training) groups. The anthropometric and spirometry indeces (FVC, FEV1, FEV1/FVC) and fasting TAC before and after aerobic training program (12 weeks, 3 time/weekly at 60-75% of HRmax) were measered.
Results: After aerobic training program, TAC was significantly increased in interventional group in comparision with before of training (P<0.05). FVC, FEV1 and FEV1/FVC were significantly increased in interventional subjects in compared to controls (P<0.05).
Conclusion: This study indicated that aerobic training improves antioxidant capacity and pulmonary function in asthma patients. Improved pulmonary function can be attributed to increase in antioxidant capacity induced by aerobic intervention.

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Background and Objective: The synthesis of uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) in adipose tissue plays an important role in providing resistance and prevention of fat accumulation, weight gain and obesity. This study was done to evaluate the effect of eight weeks aerobic training with moderate and high intensities on serum levels of Irisin and UCP1 white adipose tissue in obese male rats.
Methods: In this experimental study, 24 adult obese male Wistar rats (weight: 250 to 300 gr, BMI>30g/cm²) were randomly assigned into three groups including moderate aerobic training intensity, high intensity aerobic training and control group. The aerobic exercise training was included 8 weeks (5 sessions/per-week for 60 min per session). All training groups carried out aerobic training with 28 m/min (moderate intensity), aerobic training with 34 m/min (high intensity) on treadmill. 48 hours after the training period, the level of UCP1 and Irisin protein was measured.
Results: The level of UCP-1 in adipose tissue and serum Irisin in both aerobic training intensities increased compared to control group, but this increase only in aerobic training group with a moderate intensity was singnificant (p<0.05).
Conclusion: Eight weeks aerobic training with moderate intensity leads to increase of UCP-1 in adipose tissue and Irisin levels.

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Background and Objective: The comorbidity of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and hypertension may exacerbate chronic inflammation and regular exercise training considered as an important therapeutic approach for such patients. This study was done to evaluate the eight weeks effects of regular exercise training on apelin and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-a) plasma levels in hypertensive postmenopausal women with T2DM.
Methods: This quasi-experimental study was conducted on 20 postmenopausal women with hypertension and T2DM. Subjects non-randomlly allocated into intervention and control groups. Training program consisted of 25-40 minutes of aerobic exercise at 50-70 percent of maximal heart rate, 3 sessions per week for 8 weeks. The plasma level of apelin, TNF-a and glucose was measured, subsequently.
Results: 8 weeks exercise training was significantly reduced apelin, TNF-a, and glucose levels in the intervention group compared to the control group (P<0.05).
Conclusion: Aerobic exercise can mediate some of its favorable effects on hypertension pathological conditions associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus by reducing plasma apelin and TNF-a levels.

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Background and Objective: Lung volume loss, airway obstruction and air flow limitation, and also hypertension are risk factors for mortality in patients with type 2 diabetes. This study was done to determine the effect of supplementation of saffron and exercise training on blood pressure changes, pulmonary function and spirometric indices in obese and overweight women affected by type 2 diabetes.

Methods: In this quasi-experimental study, forty-eight type 2 diabetic obese and overweight women were non randomly divided into four equal groups including placebo, saffron + training, training + placebo, saffron plus placebo). The saffron group + training and training + placebo groups did aerobic training with intensity of 60-75% of maximal heart rate for 8 weeks (three sessions per week). A daily dose of 400 mg of saffron sprout powder (once a day) was used for two months. The variables were measured in the pre-test, 48 hours and two weeks after the last training session.

Results: Intra-group results showed a significant increase in pulmonary function variables (VO2max, FVC, FEV1, FVC/FEV1, PEF, MVV), and significant reduction in systolic blood pressure and anthropometric indices (weight, BMI, and body fat percentage) in all three groups of exercise, saffron and practice + saffron (P<0.05). However, the results intra-group showed a significant difference in the above variables between the exercise + saffron supplement group in compared to other intervention groups (P<0.05), also, the highest effect was observed in the exercise + supplemental group.

Conclusion: According to the results of this study, saffron with exercise led to significant improvement in pulmonary volume and capacities, as well as a decrease in blood pressure in obese and overweight women affected by type 2 diabetes.