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Sialoprotein is one of the most abundant non-collageneous and phosphorylated glycoproteins in human. This protein plays an important role in the structure of human teeth. The aim of this project is to measure the amount of dentin Sialoprotein in the healthy and decay teeth to evaluate the variation in the teeth structure. In this investigation 50 decay teeth has been collected from patients referred to the clinic. The dentin was separated and placed in liquid Nitrogen. One gram of each dentin was washed with distilled water for 30 mins and subsequently the dentin was powdered, and relocated to the gaunidin-Hcl tris buffer, and incubated at 4°C for 48 hrs. The dentin powder was centrifuged at 3000 g for 20 mine. The supernatant was discarded, and the samples again was centrifuged at 10000 g. Finally one ml of this supernatant transferred to the sepharose column and washed with gaunidin-Hcl tris at 1 ml/min. The fractions obtained by chromatography was monitored by electrophoresis. The amount of decay teeth Sialoprotein was 17.23±1.45 ng/l and in the healthy teeth was 26.39±4.27 ng/l. The results from this study indicate that the Sialoprotein content in patient dentin decreased by about 1.5 time compared normal subjects.

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Background & Objective: Appendicectomy for suspected acute Appendicitis is a common procedure. The rate of normal Appendices unnecessarily removed remains high (15-30%) despite several techniques and investigations used to improve the diagnostic accuracy. Many studies investigated the role of raised C-reactive protein in improving the diagnosis of acute Appendicitis. This study emphasizes the impact of a normal serum C-reactive protein in reducing the rate of negative explorations. Materials & Methods: In a double blind study, blood for the WBC count and measurement of serum C-reactive protein (CRP) was collected pre-operatively from 100 patients just before going to the operating room for appendicectomy. The histopathology of the 100 Appendices was grouped into positive (Acute Appendicitis) and negative (Normal appendix). White blood count (WBC), CRP and the histopathology finding were correlated. Results: In-patients with histopathologically proven acute Appendicitis both the WBC count and serum CRP level were significantly raised (P=0.000 and P=0.000 respectively). Serum CRP level was normal in 16 out of 18 negative explorations (Normal appendix on histopathology). The specificity and sensitivity of serum CRP was 88.8% and 92.6% respectively. Conclusion: Normal pre-operative serum CRP measurement in-patients with suspected acute Appendicitis is most likely associated with a normal appendix. Deferring surgery in this group of patients would probably reduce the rate of unnecessary appendicectomies.

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Background & Objective: Preeclampsia is a common complications of pregnancy it’s about 5-7% in pregnants and it may complicate mother or fetus which ends with death. The purpose of this study was to determine the value of the protein/creatinine ratio in prediction of 24-hour urine total among women with suspected preeclampsia. Materials & Methods: 60 women who were evaluated for suspected preeclampsia at ?24 weeks of gestation were studied prospectively in Deziani Hospital Gorgan. There was no concurrent or preexisting systemic disease. They were undergoing a 24-hour urine collection for the determination of proteinuria. A single voided urine specimen was obtained after completion of the 24-hour urine collection and analyzed for the P/C ratio. Results: The random urinary protein to creatinine ratios is strongly associated with the 24-hour total protein excretion (P<0.05, R=0.75). The best cut off of 0.5 yields a sensitivity of 47% and a specificity of 100%. Conclusion: The random urinary protein to creatinine ratio could replace the 24-hour urine collection as a simple, faster more useful method for the diagnosis of significant proteinuria.

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Background&Objective: Preeclampsia is a common complication of pregnancy it’s a bout 5-7 percent in pregnants and it may complicate mother or fetus which ends with death. The purpose of this study was to determine the value of the protein / creatinine ratio in prediction of 24-hour urine total among women with suspected preeclampsia. Materials&Methods: 150 women who were evaluated for suspected preeclampsia at ?20 weeks of gestation were studied prospectively in Az-zahra and Emam hospital Sari. There was no concurrent or preexisting systemic disease. They were undergoing a 24-hour urine collection for the determination of proteinuria. A single voided urine specimen was obtained after completion of the 24-hour urine collection and analyzed for the P/C ratio. Results: The randome urinary protein to creatinine ratios is strongly associated with the 24-hour total protein excretion (P<0.05, r = 0.37). The best cut off of 0.175 yieldes a sensitivity of 85.9% and a specificity of 66%. Conclusion: The random urinary protein to creatinine ratio could replace the 24-hour urine collection as a simple, faster more useful method for the diagnosis of significant protenuria.

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Background and Objective: In recent years, chitosan and Moringa oleifera Coagulant Protein a natural coagulant were used in order to reduce the problems occure from chemical coagulants. This investigation was done to determine effectiveness of Moringa Oleifera Coagulant Protein and Chitosan as natural coagulant aids in removal of colloidal particles and bacteria from turbid waters. Materials and Methods: In this interventional- quasi experimental study, the experiments were run by using synthetic water having low(10-20NTU), medium(100-120NTU) and high (200-220NTU) initial turbidities. In order to determine optimum pH and dosage of coagulant and coagulant aids, a conventional jar test apparatus was employed. Turbidity reading were carried out using a Hach model 2100P Turbidimeter. The samples were taken from the top four inch of the suspension for turbidity and bacteria removal measurement. Results: Optimum dose of alum for waters with three different initial turbidities were 20, 40, and 20 mg/l, respectively. Optimum pH was between 7-7.5. Moringa oleifera Coagulant Protein and chitosan were reduced the required dosage of alum from 12.5% to 62.5% and from 50% to 87.5%, respectively, in different turbidities and residual aluminum was reduced to standard limit (0.2mg/l). The bacteria removal efficiency were from 90% to 99.9999%. It was found when samples were stored during 24 hours regrowth of E.coli was not observed. Conclusion: This study showed that natural coagulant aids can reduce the turbidity to below 5NTU without filtration in optimum condition.

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Background and Objective: Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is one of the most prevalent (6-10%) endocrine glands disorders among child - bearing women. In addition to the patients, their first degree relatives are exposed to some risk factors such as abnormal lipoproteins. Due to high prevalence PCOS among women and the role of genetic factors in this abnormality, it is necessary to recognize high risk people particularly among first degree relative. Therefore this study was conducted to determine the level of serum lipoproteins in first degree relatives of patients with PCOS. Materials and Methods: This case control study was done on 107 individuals of the first degree relatives of PCOS patients as cases and 107 normal individuals of the first degree of non-PCOS as controls in Shiraz, Iran during 2009. Participants completed a test assessing demographics and blood sample were taken from all participants in order to assay serum lipoproteins including total cholesterol, LDL, HDL and triglyceride. Data was analyzed by means of independent t-test and Fisher's exact test as well as Chi-Square. Results: The means±SD of total cholesterol, HDLc and triglyceride in cases was 191±31.64, 167±4.06 and 191±31.64 mg/dl, respectively. The means±SD of total cholesterol, LDLc and triglyceride in controls was 158.25±18.25, 123±21.33 and 120.42±17.11 mg/dl, respectively. Serum level differences of LDL and triglyceride in cases and controls were significant (P<0.05). The means±SD of HDLc in cases and controls was 40.06±6.95 and 45.9±6.7 mg/dl, respectively (P<0.05). Conclusion: This study showed that the serum level of lipoproteins in the first degree relatives of PCOS patients is significant higher than non-PCOS.

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Background and Objective: Zinc is an essential ion for living and inter the body from different sources. Since Zn⁺⁺ interfere on many cellular process such as biological function such as calcium chanalls, this study was designed to investigate the effect of oral ZnCl₂ on glucose, Insulin, lipoproteins and liver enzymes in male Rats.

Materials and Methods: This experimental study was performed on 48 of Wistar-Albino male Rats randomly allocated into three exprimental and one control groups. Exprimental groups received 50 mg/l, 100 mg/l and 200 mg/l ZnCl₂ in drinking water daily for four weeks but the control group received tap water. After four weeks, animals were anesthetized, sacrificed and blood samples were collected. Glucose, insulin, lipoproteins, aspartat amino transferase (AST) and alanine amino transferase (ALT) were measured. Data were analyzed by SPSS-11, ANOVA and Tukey-tests.

Results: The mean±SD of Cholesterol in group D (85.7±3.2), HDL in groups B, C, D (66.1±2.7, 67±2.18, 68.83±2.69 mg/dl) and LDL in groups B, C, D (2.8±0.9, 14.6±6.3, 13.4±2.8 mg/dl) respectively were significantly decreased compared with Cholesterol (125.5±4.9 mg/dl), HDL (80.5±3 mg/dl) and LDL (30.3±3.2 mg/dl) in group A. Mean±SD of glucose, insulin, triglyceride and liver enzymes did not show any differences among the groups.

Conclusion: This study showed that ZnCl₂ added on drinking water reduce serum lipoproteins in male Rats.

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Background and Objective: Lipoprotein (a) [Lp(a)] is a new cardiovascular risk factor and its concentration increase cardiovascular diseases, while physical activity decrease cardiovascular diseases. This study intend to investigate the effect of eight week walking program on lipoprotein (a) concentration in non-athlete iranian menopausal  women.

Materials and Methods: Twenty two healthy menopause women of 47-55 year of age any specific disorder were enrolled in this study. The subjects randomly divided into experimental and control groups. Anthropometric characteristics including height ,weight, body mass index (BMI), body fat percent and Waist-to-Hip ratio (WHR) and serum lipoprotein on fasting were measured pre and post-walking program. The data were compared using independent t-test, U mann witny and pearson correlation caefficeint was used for assessement of relation between lipoprotein (a) with anthropometric indexes.

Results: According to these results, there was a significant reduction of serum lipoprotein (a) (pre test12.5±4/1 post test 10.5±3md), WHR, BMI and body fat percent prior and after the training in experimental group (P<0.05) while non significant changes was observed in control group. Also, there was non significant relationship between lipoprotein (a) with Anthropometric indexes.

Conclusion: This study revealed that 8-week walking program had useful effects on menopausal women’ serum lipoprotein (a) concentration, WHR, BMI and body fat percent.

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Background and Objective: Cardiovascular diseases are the most significant factors leading to death. This study was done to determine the effect of eight weeks aerobic training on level serum lipid and lipoprotein in non athletic women.

Materials and Methods: This quasi-experimental study was carried out on 30 non athletic women. Subjects were devided into control and experimental groups through gained Vo²max. HDL-c, total cholesterol (TC), LDL-c, VLDL-c, RF (TC/HCL) and subdermal fat percent were evaluted perior and after training for eight weeks as follow: three session in each weeks with one hour aerobic training in each session. Data analyzed using SPSS-14 and independent and dependent T student tests.

Results: The significant reduction of RF, TC and percent of subdermal fat were observed in experimental group after training in comparison with prieor phase (P<0.05). Significant reduction of RF, LDL-C, TC and subdermal fat were observed in experimental group in comparison with contols after training (P<0.05). The increase of HDL-c and reduction of TG and VLDL-c were observed in experimental group compared to control but these differences were not significant.

Conclusion: This study showed that aerobic training reduce total cholesterol, LDL-c, RF and percent of subdermal fat in non athletic women.

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Background and Objective: There is a genetic background for polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Due to increase metabolic disorders, lipoproteins, impaired glucose tolerance, and hypertension in PCOS patients, this study was done to determine the cardiovascular risk factors in first relative member of patients with polycystic ovarian syndrom in Shiraz, Iran. Materials and Methods: This case - control study was carried out on 107 parents and siblings of women with PCOS as cases and 107 non-PCOS parents and siblings of women as controls in Shiraz, Iran during 2007-08. Demographic characteristic, BMI, obesity and blood pressure were recorded for all subjects. Serum lipoproteins including total cholestrol, triglyceride, LDL, HDL and fasting blood sugar were measured in cases and controls. Data were analyzed using SPSS-16.5, independent t-test, Chi-Square and Kappa tests. Results: 35.3%, 26.5%, 11.76% and 5.8% of fatheres in cases were considered as overweight class I, class II, class III of obesity, respectively when compared to controls. This differecne was significant (P<0.05). Waist –hip ratio in mothers in cases (25.6%) and controls (17.9%) were higher than 0.85. Waist –hip ratio among the sisters in case and control groups were 23.5% and 17.6%, respectively (P<0.05). Hypertension was observed in 12.2% of cases and 3.7% of controls. This difference was not significant. High level of triglyceride were determined in 14.94% of cases and 6.5% of controls. A significant correlation was found between BMI and diabete II in case and control groups (P<0.05). Disorder in glucose tolerance test (GTT) in case and control goups were 19.62% and 7.47%, respectively (P<0.05). The obesity was found in 18.7%, 6.54% in cases and controls with disorder in GTT (P<0.05). Conclusion: This study showed that obesity, central obesity, high level of serum lipoproteins and hypertension among first relative member of patients with PCOS are significantly higher than the controls.

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Background and Objective: Obesity and saturated fat diet have a negative effect on plasma lipoproteins. The best therapeutic regiment for the treatment of obesity and reduction of serum lipoproteins is a diet containing non-saturated fatty acids accompanied with aerobic exercise. This study was carried to evaluate the effect of 8 weeks aerobic training and peanut consumption on serum Lipoproteins levels in overweight and obese men. Materials and Methods: This semi-experimental study was done on 36 obese males with age of 41.82±3.4yr, BMI: 32.38±2.50 kg/m2 in North of Iran during 2009. Subjects were divided in three equal groups: aerobic interval training, peanut consumption aerobic, interval training and control. peanut consumption Training group were consumed 50gr peanuts daily. Prior and after training period, serum lipoproteins levels of subjects were evaluated. Data were analyzed using SPSS-16, ANOVA and LSD tests. Results: There was a significant differences between the reduction of total mean serum cholesterol, triglyceride, low density lipoproteins, high density lipoproteins in experiment group II (aerobic interval training and peanut) compare to other groups (P<0.05). Conclusion: Aerobic interval training plus peanut regiment reduce lipoprotein and specifically triglyceride and low-density lipoproteins in overweight and obese men.

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Background and Objective: Trophic factor family plays a key role for neuromuscular system healthy. This study was carried out to determine the effect of one session of resistance exercise on protein content and mRNA expression of NT4/5 in rat slow and fast muscles. Methods: In this experimental study, sixteen adult male rats randomly were allocated into resistance exercise (T) and control groups. The resistance training protocol consisted of climbing a 1-meter–long ladder, with a weight attached to a tail sleeve. Quantitative Real time RT-PCR for NT-4/5 expression and ELISA Kit for protein assay were used. Results: Resistance training significantly decreased mRNA expression and increased protein of NT4/5 in soleus muscle (P<0.05). Significant alteration was not detected in flexor hallucis longus muscle. Conclusion: One session of resistance training can alter protein and mRNA of NT-4/5 in skeletal muscle and this alteration was dependent on muscle type.

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Background and Objective: Fluctuation in the homeostasis system is one of the main causes of heart attacks. There are contradectry reports regarding the effect of regular exercise, particularly resistance training on hemostasis indeces. This study was done to determine the effect of 8 weeks of resistance training on hemostasis indeces and lipid profile in adult men. Methods: In this clinical trail study, 16 adult men were randomly divided into interventional and control groups. Subjects in interventional group participated in a resistance training program including a period 3 days a week for 8 weeks session. Body mass index, level of fibrinogen, protrombin time (PT), partial thromboplastin time (PTT), platelet count, D-dimer fibrinolytic factor, Cholesterol, Triglyceride, HDL and LDL were measured for each subject. Results: After 8 weeks of resistance training, the level of fibrinogen, PT, PTT and platelets count were significantly reduced and D-dimer fibrinolytic factor increased in interventional group in compared to controls (P<0.05). Serum level of Cholesterol, Triglyceride, HDL and LDL had no significant change in interventional group in comparsion with the controls. Conclusion: Resistance training reduces hemostasis indeces in adult men.

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Background and Objective: Paraoxonase-1 is an important factor in preventing lipid oxidation and formation of oxidized low-density lipoprotein. There are conflicting reports on the impact of physical activity on serum level of Paraoxonase-1. This study was done to determine the effect of four weeks of endurance training on serum level of Paraoxonase-1 and lipid profile in non-athlete obese men. Method: In this clinical trial study, sixteen obese healthy non-athletic men randomly divided into intervention and control groups. Subjects in interventional group were practiced endurance running periodic for four weeks, three sessions a week with 65-80% of maximum heart rate. Blood samples collected 48 hours perior the first and 48 hours following the final training. Serum level of Paraoxonase-1 and lipid profile including cholesterol, triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein and high-density lipoprotein were measured by ELISA method. Results: At the end of the training, the serum level of of paraoxonase -1 increased 15.57% (P<0.05) in interventional group and non-significantly reduced in control group (19.25%). The serum level of serum Paraoxonase-1 in interventional group significantly increased compared to controls (P<0.05). The serum level of low-density lipoprotein in interventional group significantly reduced in comparision with controls (P<0.05). Conclusion: 4 weeks of endurance training increased serum level of paraoxonase -1 and decreased low-density lipoprotein in non-athlete obese men.

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Background and Objective: Diabetes mellitus is the most common type of metabolic diseases which is characterized with hyperglycemia due to implicit or relative insulin deficiency. Diabetes mellitus is acutely related to obesity. Agouti-related protein (AGRP) has 132 amino acids and increases appetite in humans. This study was done to determine the effect of eight weeks aerobic exercise on plasma level of agouti-related protein, glycated hemoglobin and glucose in non-active type II diabetic women. Methods: In this quasi-experimental study, 30 female diabetic patients were divided into exercise and control groups. The training program was performed 3 sessions a week in course of 8 weeks, each session was last for 60 minutes, and the controls did not have any exercise. The plasma level of agouti-related protein, glycated hemoglobin and glucose were measured. Results: There was no significant alteration in the level of AGRP, HbA1c and glucose in either exercise or control groups. There was no significant relation between AGRP with glucose, AGRP with HbA1c and HbA1c with glucose in the exercise and control groups. Conclusion: Eight weeks of aerobic exercise is not enough for making any changes on plasma level of AGRP, HbA1c and glucose in non-active type II diabetic women.

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Background and Objective: Flax seed has been shown to play a role in the prevention and treatment of dislipidemia and inflammation, which may enhance the benefits of training. This study was done to determine the effect of 10 weeks of aerobic training with flax seed supplementation on blood lipids profile and C-reactive protein in obese women.

Methods: In this clinical trail study, 45 obese middle-age women were randomly divided into 3 groups. Aerobic training program was performed 50-60 min/d, 3d/wk, for 10 weeks. Subjects in aerobic training with flax seed supplementation were received 6-9 garms, daily of flax seed. Body composition and metabolic parameters were assessed before and after the training period.

Results: Flax seed supplementation significantly improved triglyceride, HDL-cholesterol TC/HDL, body weight, body mass index, waist circumference and fat mass (P<0.05). Flax seed supplementation in combination  with aerobic training significantly improved adiposity indices body weight,body mass index, waist circumference , fat mass, triglyceride, HDL- cholesterol, LDL- cholesterol, LDL/HDL and TC/HDL (P<0.05).

Conclusion: Flax seed is safe and effective for improvement of cardiometabolic health in obse women and combination of flax seed can enhance beneficial effect of training over a ten-week period.

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Background and Objective: Cardiovascular diseases are the main cause of 50% of death in women after menopause. This study was done to evaluate the effect of combined training on cystatin C, high- sensitivity C-reactive protein and some cardiovascular risk factors in sedentary postmenopausal women.

Methods: In this quasi -experimental study, 24 sedentary postmenopausal women (50-65 years) were non-randomly divided into experimental and control groups. Women in the experimental group were received a combined training program including aerobic exercise (65-75% of MHR) and resistance exercise (55-65% of 1RM), 4 d/wk for 10 weeks. The control group did not participate in any physical activity. Body weight, BMI, BF%, blood pressure, levels of cystatin C, C-reactive protein, triglyceride, HDL-C and LDL-C were measured before and after study.

Results: Exercise training showed no significant effect on serum levels of cystatin C, C-reactive protein and cardiovascular risk factors such as HDL-C, LDL-C, triglyceride and blood pressure in postmenopausal women.

Conclusion: Short-term combined training with moderate intensity has no effect on cystatin C levels and other cardiovascular risk factors in sedentary postmenopausal women.

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Background and Objective: Gentamicin can cause cell destruction by generating active oxygen species leading to hepatotoxicity. This study was done to determine the effect of Dianthus carryophyllu extract on the Gentamicin induced hepatotoxicity in Wistar rats.

Methods: In this experimental study, 49 mature wistar rats, were randomly allocated into 7 groups including, control; Sham (saline interaperitonely); experimental group 1 was treated with 100 mg/kg/bw clove essence; experimental group 2 were received 100 mg/kg/bw of Gentamicin; and experimental groups 3, 4 and 5 were received 100 mg/kg/bw of Gentamicin along with 25, 50 and 100 mg/kg/bw of hydro alcoholic extract of Dianthus carryophyllu (clove), respectively for 28 days. Blood samples were taken and serum activities of Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT), Aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and serum concentration of total protein and albumin were measured.

Results: The serum level of aspartate transaminase and Alanine transaminase significantly increased in experimental group 2 in compared to the sham and control groups (P<0.05). Alkaline Phosphatase concentration significantly reduced in experimental groups 2 and 3 in comparision with sham and control groups (P<0.05). Albumin and total protein concentration significantly reduced in experimental groups 2 and 3 in compare to the sham and control groups (P<0.05). In histological examination, cell necrosis, fat accumdation and mononocular cell accumulation reduced in experimental groups 5 in compare to Gentamicin treated group.

Conclusion: Dianthus carryophyllu hydro alcoholic extract is able to protect against enzyme alterations and hepatotoxicity induced by Gentamicin.

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Background and Objective: New markers of cardiovascular disease have more sensitivity and accuracy in predicting cardiovascular events. Considering the effective role of physical activity in preventing and reducing cardiovascular disease, which will be of great help in improving the health of people in the community. This study was done to determine the effect of diving in different depths on the level of C-reactive protein (CRP) and lipid profiles of diver men.
Methods: This quasi-experimental study was carried out on 6 male diver members of the rescue and rescue team of the Red Crescent Society of Kohkiluyeh and Boyer Ahmad province in Iran. Subjects diverted on the first day at a depth of 1 meter, the second day at a depth of 10 meter, and the third day at a depth of 20 meter for 40 minutes. The subjects were at a depth of 10 and 20 meters at a height of 3 meters to the surface of the water for five-minute steepness. Blood samples were taken before and after diving, and CRP and lipid profiles including triglyceride, total cholesterol, low density lipoprotein and high density lipoprotein were measured.
Results: The increase of environmental stress caused by diving in three depths of 1, 10 and 20 meters of the sea  significantly increased CRP level (P<0.05). No significant changes were observed in the levels of triglyceride, total cholesterol, and low density lipoprotein, but high density lipoprotein level was significantly increased (P<0.05).
Conclusion: Scuba diving, due to the transport of respiratory equipment during activity increases
C-reactive protein and lipid profiles.

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Aging is an inevitable process, which is associated with the development of various diseases such as cardiac hypertrophy. Hypertrophy can occur in both pathological and physiological form. Both types can be divided into a variety of eccentric and concentric types. In the present review, we present the effects of aging and exercise on patological and physioligac cardiac hypertrophy, oxidative stress and some of the mitogen-activated protein kinases with using 79 articles which acceable in pubmed and SID indexing which published during 1976-2016. If the age is associated with inactivity, leads to pathological heart hypertrophy. Meanwhile, the role of the protein family of kinases activated with mitogen and oxidative stress is important. Adolescence, if accompanied by low activity, can lead to increase oxidative stress through mitochondrial dysfunction. Oxidative stress can affect the activity of MAPKs. MAPKs have important role in wide variety of biological events, such as proliferation, differentiation, metabolism, mobility, survival and apoptosis. The tipping point of signal transduction and the regulation of these biological events bigin initially by the four MAPK subunits, including extracellular signal regulated kinase (ERK1 / 2), c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase (JNK1, -2.3) kinase P38 (A, B, y, S) and large MAPKs (BMKs or ERK5s). This paper focuses on two types of ERK1 / 2 and P38 that play an important role in the development of cardiac hypertrophy. ERK1 / 2 and P38 amounts change with aging. These changes are associated with the development of pathological hypertrophy. Sports activities can control the pathological pathway of hypertrophy and can lead to physiological hypertrophy. Exercise can control or reduce oxidative stress, ERK1 / 2 and P38 and ultimately can affect cardiac hypothyroidism.