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Background and Objective: The obesity and overweight in the children of many developing countries have dramatically increased. Obesity is associated with numerous health problems. While children spend a significant amount of their time in school daily, the various aspects of children school-life such as academic achievement, social skills and attendance, can be affected by obesity and overweight. This study was done to determine the correlation between obesity and overweight with attention dificit in elementary school girls. Materials and Methods: This descriptive-cross sectional study was carried out on 300 girls student of 7-11 years old, in elementary schools in capital city of east Azarbijan cocated North-West of Iran in 2007. The samples selected based on body mass index and were classified by random sampling in three groups including, normal group, overweight group and obese group. The data, collected by child behavior check list (CBCL). The CBCL have 113 iteams, 9 iteams of them were designed for determination of attention dificit in children. The behaviors were scored on a 3-point ranging scale. SPSS-11.5 software and ANOVA statistical test were used to analyse the data. Results: The results showed that overweight group had greater scores in attention dificit scale than other groups and revealed a significant correlation between obesity-over weight and attention dificit (r=0.177, P<0.05). Conclusion: This study indicated a significant correlation between obesity and attention dificit. Prevention of obesity as a first step for prevention of behavioral problems, seems to be essentieal. The treatment of obesity may be a matter of dealing with behavioral problems in children.

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Background and Objective: Childhood obesity is a significant public health concern due to its impacts on childhood physical and psychological health with subsequent adulthood complication. The aim of this study was to determine some related factors of obesity and overweight in girls' secondary school. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was performed in Gorgan Northern Iran, during 2005-06. The subjects selected by stratified random sampling. Age, height, weight, BMI, daily time of television watching, frequency of physical activity and snack consumption was recorded by parents in a questionnaire sheet during a week. Data were analyzed by using SPSS-11.5 software, chi-square and ANOVA tests. Results: In this study, 6.3% and 41.7% of subjects were obese and overweight, respectively. The mean of BMI of girls was 19.69±4.6 kg/m2. The prevalence of obesity and overweight in Fars ethnic group was more than others (P<0.05). Average spending time for television watching was 2.35±0.98 hours and the same index was higher among the obese and overweight girls but, this difference was not significant. Food consumption during watching television, frequency and duration of physical activity were significantly related with obesity and overweight (P<0.05). Conclusion: This study showed that low physical activity and imbalanced nutritional behavior are related to obesity and overweight among secondary school girls in Gorgan-Northern Iran.

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Background and Objective: The safety of teenagers and young are the major factor in developing a community and they are also the major group at risk of behavioural problems. So, this study was performed to evaluate the prevalence of risky behaviours among different university students in Babol, located in Norther of Iran.

Materials and Methods: This cross sectional study was carried out in a random sample of Babol university students including medical university, university of engineering and Azad University with roughly equal sampling ratio with respect to university and gender. The data was gathered by a designed questionnaire including demographic characteristics, physical involvement with others (violence), cigarette smoking, drug abuse, physical inactivity, overweight and obesity. In statistical analysis the Chi square test was used to determine the association of risky behaviours with demographic characteristics.

Results: The results revealed that in general the prevalence of physical involvement with others (violence) during a recent year was 33.3% current cigarette smoking 13.7%, overweight and obesity 25.6%, physical inactivity 15.3% and drug user during recent year 0.3%. In general, the prevalence of some risky behaviour was more in boys than girls (P<0.001), and it was more in single than married (P<0.001) and in residence of dormitory and rented houses than personal houses (P<0.001) and also in engineering and Azad university in contrast to medical university (P<0.001). For example, the prevalence of cigarette smoking was 25.7% in boys and 3.6% in girls (P<0.001).

Conclusion: This study showed a rather high frequency of risky behaviours among students in Babol city in North of Iran.

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Background and Objective: Obesity and overwight affects on respiratory phyological indeces including pulmonary voulume, spirometery function, mechanical function of air ways neuro-muscular functions and capacity of exchange of gases. The obese and overwight subjects have high risk in reduction respiratory valume syndrome. This study was done to compare the effects of three resistance training programs with different intensities on pulmonary function, physical function and body composition in overweight girls.
Methods: In this quasi - experimental study, thirty overweight inactive girls were non-randomly divided into 3 equal groups (n=10) of resistance training with different intensity based on their 1 RM (light, 55-65%, moderate, 65-75%, and heavy, 75-85%, repsctively). The training progams were done for 9 weeks (3 sessions per week). Each session consists of 5 stations with 3 sets while rest intervals between the repetiotions and stations were 60-90 seconds and 90-120 seconds, respectively. Before and after the end of the training programs, spirometry, body composition, muscular strength and endurance of the upper body and VO2max were measured.
Results: 9 weeks resistance training program with 55-65%, 65-75%, and 75-85% 1RM intensities had no significant effect in the spirometry parameters, body weight, body mass index, upper body muscular endurance and VO2max. Fat percentage in 55-65% group significantly reduced in compared to those of 65-75%, and 75-85% 1RM groups (P<0.05). The upper body muscular strength in group with 75-85% 1RM significantly increased in compared to groups with 55-65% and 65-75% 1RM (P<0.05).
Conclusion: Overweight girls can apply resistance training with 55-65% 1RM to reduce the percent of body fat, and enhance the upper body strength through trainings with 75-85% 1RM. In relation to pulmonary function indices and indices of physical function and body composition, there was no dference between three training programs.

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Background and Objective: Oxidative stress plays an important role in the pathogenesis of some diseases such as atherosclerosis and doing high intensity training may enhance oxidative stress. This study was done to evaluate the effect of eight weeks resistance training on malondialdehyd, total, antioxidant capacity, liver enzymes and lipid profile in overweight and obese women.
Methods: In this quasi-experimental study, 16 overweight and obese women were non-randomly divided into intervention (n=9) and control (n=7) groups. The resistance training included the resistance training (with intensity of 50-80% one repetition maximum) that lasted for 8 weeks and 3 sessions per week. Every session lasted for 60 minutes. Malondialdehyd, total antioxidant capacity, liver enzymes and lipid profile for each subject was measured.
Results: The eight weeks resistance training significantly increased total antioxidant capacity high density lipoprotein and triglyceride in interventional group in compared to controls (p<0.05). The eight weeks resistance training significantly reduced alanine aminotransferase in comparison with control group (p<0.05).
Conclusion: Eight weeks resistance training by reducing malondialdehyd and increasing total antioxidant capacity may reduce the risk of atherosclerosis disease and improving cardiovascular health.

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Background and Objective: Life style with Low activity and overweight increased the risk of cardiovascular diseases. This study was done to evaluate the effect of ginger supplementation on Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) changes and delayed muscle soreness following exhaustive eccentric exercise on overweight girls.
Methods: In this randomized clinical trial study, 22 overweight girls were randomly divided into the two groups including intervention (n=12) and control (n=10) groups. For subjects in interventional group were used a daily supplement of 2 grams of ginger powder, each serving a capsule, containing one gram of ginger powder  and subjects in control group were received  daily two capsules containing starch, for two weeks. Physical activity was performed consisting of two sessions of exhausting activity (negative tilt on treadmill, one session before supplementation and one session after two weeks of supplementation). Blood samples were measured in order to measure changes in LDH in four stages and the use of the pain questionnaire for evaluation of delayed muscular brittleness in both pre and post gingival supplementation. Pain scale (visual analogue scale: VAS) was used to measure the delay fatigue.
Results: The results showed that extrinsic exercise increased LDH and delayed muscle soreness after exercise (P<0.05). Also, taking two weeks of ginger supplementation significantly reduced LDH and delayed muscle soreness in the supplement group in comparison with controls (P<0.05).
Conclusion: Ginger can reduces the muscle gain and delayed onset muscle soreness resulting from eccentric exercise in overweight girls.

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Background and Objective: Dietary acid load affects acid–base homeostasis, which may be associated with overweight and obesity as well as dietary quality index international (DQI-I), mean adequacy ratio (MAR), energy density (ED). This study was done to determine the association between dietary acid load with weight status and dietary quality indices among women.
Methods: This descriptive-analytic study was randomly performed on 306 women aged 20 to 55years. Dietary acid load was calculated by potential renal acid load (PRAL), net endogenous acid production (NEAP) and dietary acid load (DAL). DQI-I, MAR, ED were estimated for the participants.
Results: The probability of obesity (95% CI=0.97-5.50, OR=2.33, P=0.04), as well as abdominal adiposity (95% CI=1.21-4.50, OR=2.4, P=0.005) was significantly increased with tertile of DAL (P<0.05). While even after control of confounder variables, other dietary acid load indices (PRAL and NEAP) showed no significant association between dietary acid load and obesity, overweight or abdominal obesity. Also ,with increasing dietary acid load scores, DQI-I and MAR significantly decreased whereas energy density showed a significant increased across tertile categories of dietary acid load indices (P<0.05).
Conclusion: DAL was associated with increased risk of obesity and abdominal obesity. PRAL, NEAP and DAL were good indicators of diet quality indices.
 

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Background and Objective: Lung volume loss, airway obstruction and air flow limitation, and also hypertension are risk factors for mortality in patients with type 2 diabetes. This study was done to determine the effect of supplementation of saffron and exercise training on blood pressure changes, pulmonary function and spirometric indices in obese and overweight women affected by type 2 diabetes.

Methods: In this quasi-experimental study, forty-eight type 2 diabetic obese and overweight women were non randomly divided into four equal groups including placebo, saffron + training, training + placebo, saffron plus placebo). The saffron group + training and training + placebo groups did aerobic training with intensity of 60-75% of maximal heart rate for 8 weeks (three sessions per week). A daily dose of 400 mg of saffron sprout powder (once a day) was used for two months. The variables were measured in the pre-test, 48 hours and two weeks after the last training session.

Results: Intra-group results showed a significant increase in pulmonary function variables (VO2max, FVC, FEV1, FVC/FEV1, PEF, MVV), and significant reduction in systolic blood pressure and anthropometric indices (weight, BMI, and body fat percentage) in all three groups of exercise, saffron and practice + saffron (P<0.05). However, the results intra-group showed a significant difference in the above variables between the exercise + saffron supplement group in compared to other intervention groups (P<0.05), also, the highest effect was observed in the exercise + supplemental group.

Conclusion: According to the results of this study, saffron with exercise led to significant improvement in pulmonary volume and capacities, as well as a decrease in blood pressure in obese and overweight women affected by type 2 diabetes.

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Background and Objective: Obesity plays an important role in the development of chronic diseases including diabetes, hyperlipidemia, and cardiovascular diseases (CVD). This study was conducted to evaluate the association of the age of onset of obesity with resting metabolic rate (RMR) in overweight and obese women during adulthood.
Methods: This descriptive-analytical study was done on 295 overweight and obese women aged 18-50 years in Tehran, Iran. The anthropometric measurements of all participants were measured. Dietary intake and total daily energy intake were assessed by using a semi-quantitative food-frequency questionnaire (FFQ) which the list including 147 food items. Resting metabolic rate was measured by indirect calorimetric method. In order to measure the physical activity International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) was used. The questionnaire includes 7 items to assess the intensity of activities by the vigorous, medium, and light for at least 10 minutes during the last week.
Results: There was a significant difference between those whose age of onset of obesity was under 18 or over 18, in RMR per body weight (kg) (Beta: 0.16, CI: 0.11 to 0.00, P: 0.03). In addition, it was seen a significant inverse correlation between age of onset of obesity and body weight (Beta: -0.11, CI: -0.30 to 0.00, P: 0.005) and adipose tissue content (Beta: -0.13,
CI: -0.23 to -0.01, P: 0.02). After adjustment for confounders including (age, physical activities, and energy intake), the correlations still remain significant.
Conclusion: Age of onset of obesity was associated with increased weight and fat and decreased resting metabolic rate in adulthood. In fact, people with lower obesity age have higher body weight and fat and lower RMR.

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Background and Objective: Physical activity and the use of herbal supplements can affect liver enzymes. Nano-curcumin is an effective ingredient (deferulovl methane) in turmeric with antioxidant, antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, anti-inflammatory and anti-proliferative properties and can play an important role in preventing liver fibrosis. This study was performed to determine the effect of 6 weeks of high intensity interval training (HIIT) with Nano-curcumin supplementation on liver enzyme levels in overweight female students.
Methods: This clinical trial study was performed on 48 overweight female students of Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Iran with an average age of 21.7±1.32 years and a BMI equals 27.8±2.46kg/m² during 2018. Participants were randomly divided into 4 groups: control, Nano-curcumin supplementation (One 80 mg capsule daily), training and training combined with nano-curcumin supplementation (one 80 mg capsule daily). Training groups performed an exercise protocol of HIIT training with maximum heart rate for 6 weeks (three sessions per week). Blood samples were obtained to liver enzymes measurement (ALT, AST and ALP) before and after the intervention period.
Results: Performing six weeks of high intensity interval training along with taking nano-curcumin supplemen led to a significant reduction in serum level of AST and ALT compared to control group (P<0.05). In the supplement-training group, a significant decrease was observed in serum levels of ALT and AST compared to pre-test (P<0.05). But no statistically significant changes were observed in ALP serum level.
Conclusion: It seems taking nano-curcumin supplement along with high intensity interval training have a favorable effects on improving some of the liver characteristics of overweight female students.

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Background and Objective: Sedentary life and vitamin D deficiency are considered as related factors to increased inflammation and oxidative stress in obese individuals. This study was performed to determine the effect of Pilates training with vitamin D supplement on Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1(MCP-1) level and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in overweight men.
Methods: In this single-blind clinical trial, 56 overweight men were randomly assigned to control, Pilates, vitamin D and combination groups. The Pilates training was performed for 8 weeks with the intensity of 50-75% of reserve heart rate, 3sessions/week. The vitamin D and combination groups received 50,000 units of vitamin D per week. The levels of MCP1 and SOD activity were in the first and 8 weeks after interventions.
Results: Vitamin D status in subjects was lower than normal level. MCP-1 level in Pilates, vitamin D and combination groups significantly reduced and SOD activity increased after 8 weeks (P<0.05), but the combined intervention had a stronger effect on the modulation of MCP-1 level and SOD activity compared to the other two interventional groups (P<0.05). In addition, the effect of Pilates exercises on increasing SOD activity was more than vitamin D intake (P<0.05).
Conclusion: It seems that Pilates training and Vitamin D intake can be exert their protective effects in overweight individuals with abnormal vitamin D status by an increase on the SOD activity and decreasing the inflammatory index of MCP-1. Although these effects developed with combined intervention, Pilate training was associated with greater increases in antioxidant levels than vitamin D.
 

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Background and Objective: Aging and old age are associated with an increase in inflammatory cytokines. Due to their anti-inflammatory properties, constituents of spirulina may be able to reduce or even improve this process. This study was performed to determine the effects of endurance training and spirulina supplementation on the level of inflammatory cytokines in overweight men.
Methods: In this clinical trial, 40 overweight, middle-aged and elderly men were randomly selected and divided into 5 groups: control-normal, control-overweight, overweight + training, overweight + supplement, and overweight + training + supplement. The training program consisting of an hour of walking on a treadmill, stationary bike workout, and climbing stairs was performed at an intensity of 65% of the maximum heart rate, 3 sessions a week, for 8 weeks. Individuals in the supplement groups received a spirulina tablet (500 mg) twice daily in the morning and evening. Blood sampling was performed after 12 hours of fasting at baseline and 48 hours after the last training session. The level of inflammatory cytokines including transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.
Results: The levels of TGF-β, IL-6, and TNF-α were higher in the control-overweight group than in the healthy control-normal group (P<0.05). Training and supplementation significantly reduced the inflammatory markers in overweight men (P<0.05). Moreover, the level of inflammatory markers was significantly lower in the training + supplement group compared with the training group and the supplement group (P<0.05).
Conclusion: Endurance training combined with spirulina supplementation can significantly reduce inflammatory factors in overweight individuals.
 

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Background and Objective: Obesity and overweight, one of which symptoms is chronic inflammation, is associated with changes in tryptophan metabolism, culminating in numerous diseases. Sport training is among the ways to control obesity and overweight. This study was conducted to determine the effect of eight weeks of endurance training on amino acid tryptophan serum levels and body mass of overweight women.
Methods: This quasi-experimental study was conducted on 24 overweight women in two groups of 12 people, including the control and experimental groups. The mean age and standard deviation of the control and experimental groups were 41.16±3.45 and 41.08±2.93 years, respectively. The body mass was measured using the anthropometric device, and blood samples were taken in the pre-test and post-test in a 12-hour fasting condition. The subjects of the experimental group underwent endurance training 3 sessions a week for 8 weeks with an intensity of 60% to 75% of the maximal heart rate reserve. Serum tryptophan level was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method.
Results: Eight weeks of endurance training led to enhancing serum tryptophan levels, reducing fat mass, and reducing body mass index (BMI) (P<0.05), and also resulted in a statistically insignificant increase in fat-free mass in overweight women.
Conclusion: Eight weeks of endurance training could be effective in improving the physiological status and body composition of overweight women.

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Background and Objective: The widespread use of digital devices by children has become a significant threat to global health. This study was conducted to evaluate the correlation among screen time, sleep quality, and overweight in preschool children.
Methods: This descriptive-analytical study was conducted on 100 preschool children (46 boys and 54 girls) aged 3 to 6 years and their parents in the city of Qazvin, Iran during 2019-2020. Data were collected using interviews and the Factors Associated with Screen Time in Iranian Children and Adolescents Questionnaire (Mozafarian et al., 2017).
Results: Seventy-six percent of the children were the firstborn in their families. The mean cumulative screen time for the children was four hours per day. Fifty percent of the parents did not adequately supervise their child’s television screen time at home. A statistically significant positive correlation was found between body mass index (BMI) and television screen time duration (r=0.24, P=0.01). With an increase in the children’s cumulative screen time, a statistically significant decrease was observed in the child’s sleep duration (r=−0.21, P=0.04). Although mothers had a significantly higher mean screen time compared to fathers (P<0.001), children’s television screen time exhibited a statistically significant correlation with their fathers’ television screen time (r=0.23, P=0.002).
Conclusion: The mean screen time for preschool children is high. Furthermore, the mean screen time is associated with children’s decreased sleep duration and increased BMI.