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Enuresis is one of the most common and complex problems of childhood and it affects the relationships between children, parents and coevals. It negatively affects these relationships. Studies have shown that in comparison with normal children, Enuresis children have behavioral problems and suffer them. This survey was done with this aim to determined and compare enuresis and non-enuresis children’s behavioral adjustment in Hamadan primary schools. This study was conducted by case-control method and a total of 320 pupils were studied. These subjects were selected randomly by multi-phase sampling. The interview forms were the data collecting means. It was based on children’s behavioral checklist for the school-aged children which had been reported by Russel and Cassel. The survey results showed that there was a difference in scores obtained by enuresis and non-enuresis children from the view point of self, social, physical, home and school and general personality adjustment and high percentage enuresis children had behavioral problems and there was statistical meaningful difference between the scores obtained by two groups.

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Background and Objective: Several studies have reported high prevalence of severe lack of cobalamine and Folate in aged people. The most important causes are: malnutrition, atrophic gastritis and drug use. Age related macular degeneration (ARMD) is a primary degenerative disorder of central retinal area with loss of visual acuity. Recent studies have shown a significant relationship between age related macular degeneration and lack of plasma level of Folate, red blood cells and cobalamine. This study was caried out to investigate the relationship between age related macular degeneration and plasma Folate, Cobalamine and photostress recovery time, in elderly population. Materials and Methods: This case – control study was done on 124 elderly population. The participants were collected from by cluster sampling in mashhad located in the Noth – East of Iran during 2006. The patients underwent eye examination including indirect ophthalmoscopy. Slit lamp examination and photostress recovery time for age related macular degeneration by an ophthalmologist. After blood sampling, plasma Folate, serum Cobalamine, were determined by RIA method (DRG kit). Results:The Mean+-SD of cobalamin and folate in age related macular degeneration patients was 298.848+-288.66 pg/ml and 5.543+-3.58 ng/ml and in normal group was 310.775+-531.38 pg/ml and 5.365+-3.52 ng/ml. There was no significant difference between age related macular degeneration patients and control group. Photostress recovery time was significantly increased in patients with age related macular degeneration (P<0.05). There was no significant relationship between photostress recovery time and Cobalamine and folate level. Conclusion: This study showed that serum cobalamin and folate non significantly is decreased in age related maucular degeneration patients, with increasing photostress recovery time, we can use this screening test for the dignosis of age related macular degenertion.

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Background and Objective: Managed health care is one of the main components of universal health care systems, which recently has drawn more attentions. Therefore, based on the high costs of health system, poor quality of services, reduce efficiency, it is necessary to study and design a model to distinguish managed form unmanaged systems in Iran. This study was done to evaluate the managed health care in contagious and non-contagious diseases in Golestan province, northern Iran during 2016.

Methods: This descriptive-analytic study was done based on data collected from all urban and rural health centers of Golestan province, north of Iran during 2016 using standard checklists. Data were analyzed according to rural and urban area and type of diseses.

Results: Managed health care of tuberculosis was considerd in first rank following by hypothyroidism, leishmaniasis, hypertension, brucellosis and finally diabetes in a respective manner. In addition, managed cares in rural centers significantly had better condition than those of urban centers (P<0.05).

Conclusion: This study showed that managed care in rural areas is better than urbans and the tuberculosis has well condition according to managed health care.

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Background and Objective: Unhealthy lifestyle is the main cause of morbidity, mortality and preventable complications in the elderly. Performing health promotion behaviors are one of the most effective factors in maintaining and improving health. This study was done to determine the health promotion lifestyles in the elderly people.
Methods: This descriptive-analytical study was performed on 110 elderly people aged 60-88 years referred to teaching and medical centers in Gorgan, north of Iran during 2019. Data was collected using Health Promotion Lifestyle Profile 2 (HPLP-II) questionnaire. This questionnaire includes six dimensions of spiritual growth, responsibility for health, interpersonal relationships, stress management, physical activity and nutrition for evaluation health promotion behaviors status. The total score range of the instrument ranges from 52 to 208. A score of 52-103 was considered low level of compliance with health promotion behaviors and a score of 104-155 and scores above 156 was considered intermediate and high level, respectively.
Results: The mean±SD of health promotion lifestyle was 143.52±17.36. There was a significant relationship between lifestyle and demographic characteristics (P<0.05). Spiritual growth and interpersonal relationships had the highest score among the six dimensions of health promotion behaviors.
Conclusion: Health promotion lifestyle in the elderly was low in terms of physical activity and stress management.

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Background and Objective: Middle age is associated with various biopsychosocial changes. Sexual health is one of the most important aspects of health, which is less addressed in middle age. The study aimed to determine the relationship between sexual self-concept and sexual health in middle-aged women in Gorgan, Iran.
Methods: This descriptive-analytical study was carried out on 428 eligible married women (mean age: 46.38±5.46 years) who had electronic records in one of the comprehensive health centers of Gorgan, Iran. Data collection was done in 2019 using a demographic checklist, the Persian version of Snell’s multidimensional sexual self-concept questionnaire, and the sexual health of middle-aged women scale.
Results: The mean score of sexual self-concept was 115.10±26.88 in the positive domain, 18.09±11.22 in the negative domain, and 39.92±11.88 in the situational domain. The mean score of sexual health was 129.18±18.71. There was a significant positive correlation between sexual health and the positive (r=0.67, P<0.001) and situational sexual self-concept (r=0.63, P<0.001). There was also a significant inverse correlation between sexual health and negative sexual self-concept (r=-0.48, P<0.001).
Conclusion: This study showed that the sexual health of married middle-aged women has a direct relationship with the positive sexual self-concept and an inverse relationship with the negative sexual self-concept.