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Background and Objective: Opium usage for sedating/relieving from diarrhea or cough causes a public health problem. In the northeast of Iran (Golestan province), opium is used widely for symptomatic therapy of routine illnesses in young children. It may cause severe intoxication and even death. This study was done to determine the toxification with opium in five years old children in Golestan Privine in Iran. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was performed in collaboration with “Adverse Drug Reaction (ADR) Committee” in Golestan University of Medical Sciences. All members of ADR committee in pediatric centers trained to complete a certain valid questionnaire in children under 5-years-old, which either referred or admitted for opium intoxication (September 2006 to February 2007). Data analyzed by Chi-square and Fisher exact tests. Results: In this survey, 67 opium-intoxicated children were recruited. Minimum age of the subjects was 6 days and maximum was 5-years-old. In 41.3% of subject. The opium was given by the mother with low awakness and 61.2% of in toxicated children reside with rural area. More that 80% of the parant had the educational level below. The highschool diploma in 63.6% of cases the pure form of opium were consumed, diarrehea anxiety, were the two main cause for consuming the opium. In this study four subjects decleard dead due to toxification of the opium. Conclusion: Opium intoxication has a high prevalence among children under 5-years-old in our area. Therefore it is suggested that the intoxicated children accompanied with parant ambigious explanation opium toxification should be taken seriously.

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Background and Objective: Poisoning is a major public health problem and a serious form of the common causes of hospital emergency visits in many countries. Incidence of toxicity based on cultural and economic characteristics of communities are varied. This study was done to determine the pediatric poisoning factors in children.

Methods: This descriptive-cross sectional study was performed on 201 patients younger than 12 years old with posinnig symptoms whom referred to hospitals in Shahroud city of central part of Iran from April 2011 to March 2012. Demogaphic data, posinnig symptoms, posinnig agents, time of hospitalization and outcome of posinnig for each child were recored in quetionare.

Results: Opium was the most common consumed material with (51.2%) while metadon considered to be the major opium. 180 (89.6%) and 21 (10.4%) children were poisoned accidentaly by their parant respectively. The clinical manifestation of the affected children were 15 (7.5%), 11 (5.5%), 93 (46.3%), 26 (12.9%), 19 (2.5%) and 22 (10.9%) without any symptoms, neuro-respiratory, nervous, gastrointestinal, gastrointestinal-respriatory and weakness respectively. Two children were died in the course of this project. There was a significant statistical correlation between the reason for poisoning and age parant education level and type of poisoning. Also, there was a relation between the type of poisoning and place of residence (P<0.05).

Conclusion: This study shows that the most common cause of poisoning among children was opiums.

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Background and Objective: Fish is one of the creatures which have the bio-accumulation of heavy metals. Terapon puta belongs to the order of Perciformes, is a benthic species in the waters of the Persian Gulf. This study was performed to evaluate the bio-accumulation of iron and nickel metals in the muscle of Terapon puta.
Methods: This descriptive-analytical study was performed on 30 pieces of Terapon puta caught in the Jefreh pier area of Bushehr, north of the Persian Gulf during the summer of 2019. Length (mm) and total weight (g) of fish were measured. The concentrations of iron and nickel in fish muscle tissue for human consumption were compared with international standards and calculated according to the US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) method for fish consumption, estimated daily uptake (EDI), and pollutant risk index (CR). After preparation, bioassay and, digestion of fish muscle with concentrated nitric acid, the concentration of iron and nickel (mg/kg) in muscle tissue was measured with ICP-OES.
Results: The mean concentrations of iron and nickel in muscle tissue of fish samples were calculated 36.08±15.72 and 0.39±0.13 mg/kg, respectively. There was a significant difference between the concentrations of iron and nickel in the muscle tissue of the Terapon puta in the sampling area (P<0.05) and these values were lower than the standard and meaningless the muscle tissue of the Terapon puta in the sampling area compared to the FDA standard. The highest concentration of metals was observed in the length class of 20-25 cm and weight class of 230-260 g. Linear regression analysis showed that a strong increase (R²=0.9) between the concentration of iron and nickel with the length and total weight of fish. The daily uptake of both metals was obtained by consuming Terapon puta muscle tissue for consumers below the USEPA reference dose. The concentration of iron in the muscle tissue of Terapon puta was lower than the international standards. Nickel concentration was more than allowable limit according to WHO standards. The carcinogenicity risk index for nickel was acceptable.
Conclusion: Concentrations of iron and nickel in Terapon puta were considered acceptable for human consumption in terms of toxicity. The risk index for Terapon puta was less than one; therefore, the consumption of Terapon puta will not cause adverse health effects for consumers.

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Background and Objective: Poisoning is one of the most common causes of emergency room visits. Opioids and methadone are the causes of unintentional poisoning, especially in children, who have a high burden of emergency referrals in children's hospitals. This study was performed to evaluate methadone poisoning in the pediatric emergency department in Gorgan, North of Iran.
Methods: This cross-sectional study was performed on the records of patients admitted (85 boys and 70 girls) cases due to methadone poisoning in Taleghani Hospital in Gorgan, North of Iran during 2001-19 .The symptoms of patients and the costs of treatment and care of patients were analyzed.
Results: A total of 258 cases of poisoning were registered, of which 155 (60%) were methadone poisoning. Poisoning occurred for 136 cases (87.8%) with methadone syrup and for 19 cases (12.2%) with methadone tablets. The mean of age and age range was 47.94±36.25 months and 4-156 months, respectively. The mean and standard deviation of the time interval from consumption to the time of admission was 164.84±160.11 minutes and the maximum and minimum time interval were 720 and 15 minutes, respectively. 34 cases (22%) were conscious, 110 cases (71.5%) had impaired level of consciousness, seven cases (4.5%) presented with cardio respiratory arrest and three patients (1.9%) presented with seizures and one child (0.1%) was dead. Moises, bradypnea and apnea were seen in 78 (51.3%), 62 (40%) and 7 (4.5%) children, respectively. Six children had a history of hospitalization due to methadone poisoning, of which 2 were the day before, 3 were the month before, and 1 was 2 years ago. Two children were addicted. The mean±SD of the number of hospitalization days were 2.39±1.57 and the minimum and the maximum were 1 and 9 days. The mean±SD of hospitalization cost was 7642249±5341725 Rials. The average consumption of naloxone was 6.83± 10.41mg and the minimum and the maximum were one and 68 milligrams.
Conclusion: The results of this study showed that meiosis is not observed in half of children with methadone poisoning. Therefore, it is recommended that in the case of children with impaired level of consciousness or seizures without a specific reason; methadone poisoning should be concerned as a differential diagnosis by medical staff and this diagnosis should not be ignored only in the absence of meiosis or respiratory dysfunction.