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Showing 55 results for Cancer

H.teimori (m.sc), P .mehdipour (ph.d), M Atri (m .d), M.r.mirzai (m.sc),
Volume 3, Issue 2 (9-2001)
Abstract

Breast cancer is one of the most common causes of death due to cancer in women. More than half of hereditary breast/ovarian cancer families could be attributed to mutation in breast cancer susceptibility gene BRCA1. This study was performed on blood samples of 30 women who affected with familial breast cancer. Non-radioactive PCR-SSCP technique was utilized mutation screening in exons 3, 10, 12 of BRCA1 gene. Two shifts in exon 3 and also two in exon 12 was detected, but no shift in exon 10 was found. Due to low number of recognized mutations, the statistical analysis didn’t show a meaningful correlation between mutations and pathological characteristics. Results from this study showed that there was a low possibility of germline mutation in these three exons. Low rate of mutation in this report was concordance with the others.
Ko.hajian (ph.d), M.kashifard (m.d), H.davoodi (m.d), M.abedi (m.d),
Volume 5, Issue 1 (3-2003)
Abstract

Background and objective: The south of littoral of Caspian sea is located on the Asian belt of oesophageal carcinoma, where has the highest incidence in the world. The objective of this study was to determine the epidemiologic aspects of patients with oesophageal carcinoma in the north of Iran. Materials and methods: Based on the existing data of medical charts, we conducted a descriptive study of 668 patients with oesophageal carcinoma who referred to Shahid Rajaei Radiotherapy Center in Babolsar during 1993 to 1999. The data was included age, sex, occupation, residence area, and history of alcohol, smoking, drug consumption, anatomic location and histologic type of tumor. We used T-test and Chi-square test in statistical analysis. Results: The mean (±SD) age of 668 patients was 62.8 (±11) years and the modal age group 60-69 years. The mean age of males was significantly greater than females (63.8 vs. 61.2 years, P<0.05) 54.5% of patients were male and 62.1% of males were farmers, 14.5% clerk, and 7% workers whereas 92.4% of females were housewives. Roughly, 0.7% of patients had a history of alcohol consumption, 19.3% smoker and 7.9% drug users and 50.3% of patients were residence of urban area. The most common histologic type of tumor was squamous cell carcinoma (91.3%) and 7% of tumors were adenocarcinoma. The ratio of men to women of adenocarcinoma was 3 to 1 Also squamous cell carcinoma was more common among men than women The relation between the histologic type of tumor and gender was significant (P<0.05). The most common location of squamous cell carcinoma was the upper third of oesophageal (47.1%) and for adenocarcinoma the lower third (86.4%). Also, we observed a significant relation between occupation and the histologic type of tumor. Conclusion: The results indicated that the frequency of oesophageal carcinoma is increased over the age 50 years. The relation of histologic type of tumor with location and gender are consistent with those reported in the other studies in the western countries, which shows the same pattern of epidemiologic aspects of this neoplasm in the world.
Hr.joshaghani (ph.d), E.koochaki (ph.d), R.amini (ph.d), P.derakhshandeh (ph.d), A.ehsani (ph.d), M.shabani (ph.d), M.kadivar (m.d,
Volume 5, Issue 2 (9-2003)
Abstract

Background & Objective: Gastric cancer is the 2nd cause of cancer mortality after lung cancer. Approximately 12% of all cancer death are due to gastric cancer. Tumorgenesis is thought to be a multistep process involving a series of genetic changes in oncogenes and suppressor genes. The most common cancer-related genetic change known in human tumors is P53 mutation, particularly in gastric cancer. This study was done to determine P53 gene mutations in gastric cancer. Materials & Methods: This study was performed on 44 biopsy from patients with gastric cancer during 2002 in 3 hospitals in Tehran. For determination of P53 gene mutations was performed PCR-SSCP methods. Results: The patients group comprised 31 males and 13 females (Average age, 60.8 years Ranging from 34 to 84 years). 36 cases (81.8%) intestinal type, 5 cases (11.4%) were diffuse type and 3 cases no defined. 44 gastric cancers of gastric tissues were screened for the mutations of P53 gene mutations in exons 5-8 using the PCR-SSCP analysis. After polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, 9 patients (20.5%) showed an apparent electrophoretic mobility shift between the cancer and other normal samples. One mutation in exon 5 (11.1%), 2 were detected in exon 6 (22.2%), 3 were found in exon 7 (33.3%) and 3 were detected in exon 8 (33.3%). The mutation rate was 7 of 36 (21.2%) in intestinal type and 2 of (40%) in diffuse type. No significant correlation between P53 gene mutations and age and genus was found. Conclusion: This investigation showed the rate P53 gene mutation (20.5%) in gastric cancer in our society.
Sh.semnani (m.d), V.kazeminezhad (m.d), N.abdolahi (m.d),
Volume 5, Issue 2 (9-2003)
Abstract

Background & Objective: Colorectal cancer is the most common cancer of GI and 2nd most common cause of cancer death in the world. The purpose of this study was to determine epidemiologic aspect and tumor characteristics of colorectal cancer for patients and compare them in young (<50 yr) and older (>50 yr) patients. Materials & Methods: In this cross-sectional study during 3 yr the samples of malignant colorectal cancer presented in Gorgan endoscopy and pathologic centers were collected. Data evaluated by statistically method. Results: There were 101 cases of malignant colorectal cancer. 61 cases were male and 40 cases were female. The mean age was 56±13.65 yr. 13.9% of patients were <40 yr. The type of tumor in 94% was adenocarcinoma, 2.9% lymphoma and 2.9% undifferentiated carcinoma. The site of involvement in 30 cases were rectum and in 71 cases were colon. The most common symptom was abdominal pain, constipation and rectal bleeding. The time interval between onset of symptom to diagnosis of disease in 58 cases was >6 mth. Family history of cancer in 36 cases was positive. Right colon cancer in young patient was significantly more than older (P<0.05). Positive family history of cancer in right colon cancer was significantly more other than. Positive family history of cancer in young patient was more than other (P<0.05). Conclusion: According to this study, colorectal cancer was high. Therefore, it is necessary to pay more attention to the symptom of young patient and providing a screening program in patients over 50 years old and young patients with positive family history.
Joshaghani Hr, Semnani Sh, Mirrezaee A, Abdolahi N, Besharat S, Behnampour N, Dehbashi Gh, Roshandel Gh,
Volume 8, Issue 3 (10-2006)
Abstract

Background&Objective: Celiac is a digestive disease. In this disease, small bowel is damaged and the absorption of nutrients are adversely affected. These patients do not absorb gluten. There is probably a correlation between esophagus cancer and celiac. The aim of this research was to study the seroepidemiology celiac disease in this area with high prevalency of esophagus cancer. Materials&Methods: This research was a descriptive study, which was performed on blood donors in Golestan province during the year 2005-06. blood samples were taken from 2547 subjects. tTG-IgA determination were carried out using ElISA technique, the titre<4U/ml, 4-10U/ml and >10Um/l were considered to be as negative, weakly positive and positive respectively. EMA antibody assessment were carried out on all sample population with more than 4U/ml, using IFA method. Results: 28 subjects (1.1%) had tTG-Ab positive test, out of this number 18 subjects (0.7%) were weakly positive and 10 persons (0.4%) were considered to be positive. EMA test were positive in 70% of subjects with tTG positive results. There was not any significant meaning between positive tTG test and ethnicity from weakly positive tTG, 15 subjects (83.3%) and 3 subjects (16.7%) were male and female respectively. The entire tTG positive were male subjects. Conclusion: In regard to high prevalency of esophagus cancer in the region and the relation of celiac disease with above cancer, it seems necessary to look more seriously at the celiac disease.
Raghimi M, Ramezani Mojaveri M,
Volume 8, Issue 4 (12-2006)
Abstract

Background&Objective: Cancer of the esophagus ranks among the 10 most frequent cancers in the world. As esophagus cancer belt is coincide with loess deposits belt of the world, So there is possibility of close relationship between loess deposits and certain endemic diseases such as esophagus Cancer. This study deals with Loess deposits with medical geology aspect toward diagnosis and prognosis. Materials&Methods: In this study sampling from loess deposits from East towards West of Golestan province has been done. Collected samples have been undergone diffraction X-ray (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDAX) for determination of minerals, Surface morphology of minerals and chemical analysis for further studies respectively. Results: In mineralogical studies dominated minerals are quartz, feldspar and calcite. Clay minerals are illite and chlorite, which are about 9.3%. The amount of quartz is variable from 56.3 to 45.4. The grains sizes are decreasing from northeast to southwest. Chemical analysis of loess deposits contain Si, Al, K and Ca, which are related to presence of quartz, feldspar, calcite, illite and chlorite minerals. Conclusion: According to medical geology evidences, loess deposits of Golestan province could be considered due to the effects of clay minerals on biochemical cycle, chemical composition of loess deposit for its high silica percentage and direct relationship of grain size with ethiology of esophagus cancer incidence. As variation of esophagus cancer incidence in Golestan province in last 30 years indicates that still high percentage of esophagus cancer incidence which is reported in eastern of province is occurred on loess deposits.
Naghshvar F, Torabizadeh Zh, Emadian O, Zare A, Ghahremani M,
Volume 8, Issue 4 (12-2006)
Abstract

Background&Objective: The breast cancer is the most common malignancy in women. The normal and malignant breast tissue are under the regulatory effects of esteroid hormones and growth factors including HER-2/neu. The purpose of this study, is to determine the expression of estrogene receptor (ER) progesterone receptor(PR) and HER-2/neu among Iranian women with invasive breast cancer. Materials&Methods: The study is descriptive and cross-sectional that was performed on 50 samples of patients with invasive breast cancer in Imam-Khomeini Hospital-Sari (2005-06). After preparing the samples four tissue sections from each sample was obtained then H&E and IHC staining were performed. Results: In our study, the patients were between 28-88 yrs, (mean:52/6). ER and PR and HER-2/neu were positive in 80%, 72% and 57.1% of cases, respectively. Concurrent positive ER and PR was 70%, meanwhile 62.9% of these patient were also positive for HER-2/neu. 20% of the cases showed negativity for both ER and PR and of these 83.4% were also negative for HER-2/neu. Conclusion: In our study ER expression by itself is equal to previous studies in textbooks but PR expression, HER-2/neu and concurrent expression of ER&PR are higher in our study. Interestingly HER-2/neu expression is near to what was previously proposed by Iranian Blood Transfusion Organization and Kerman University of Medical science. It seems that racial and geographic factors are contributed for these diffrences.
Aghebati N, Mohammadi E, Pouresmaeel Z,
Volume 9, Issue 1 (3-2007)
Abstract

Background&Objective: People with cancer commonly experience a range of symptoms, including pain and various types of physical and emotional distress. One of important roles of health care providers is managing these complications. The aim of this study was to the evaluation of Therapeutic Touch on hospitalized cancerous females suffering from pain. Materials&Methods: This quasi-experimental study performed on cancerous females hospitalized in Imam Khomeini hospital at Tehran. It was performed on 3 groups (case, placebo, control) 30 female with different cancers were selected, matched and then divided in 3 groups: the case group received five 20-25-minute session of therapeutic touch, the placebo group 5 ten-minute session with no energy exchange and no intervention for control group. Data gathered by two tools include: demographic questionnaire and Visual Analog Scale of Pain (0-10). Pain severity was measured before and after intervention Data was analyzed by SPSS-11.5 using ANOVA, Repeated measurement analysis variance (Wilks lambda test), qui-square and TUKEY tests. Results: The means of pain score in case, placebo and control groups before intervention was 3.8, 4.1 and 4.16 and after intervention 0.8, 6.4, 4.2 respectively. There was significant difference between 3 groups in pain severity during using ANOVA and repeated measurement analysis variance (Wilks lambda test) (p<0.05). Conclusion: Based on the above findings, Therapeutic touch as a non invasive procedure, and non pharmacologic procedure was recommended for relive pain in cancerous females.
Z Yousefi, N Sharify, S Abrahimzadeh, S Anbiaey,
Volume 9, Issue 2 (7-2007)
Abstract

Background&Objective: The papanicolaou (pap) smear has been used to screen women for cervical cancer since 1940. Unsatisfactory results induce anxiety in patients and doctors. Recently, a number of new technologies have been developed to improve the detection of cervical cancer. Increase the early detection of meaningful pap smear abnormalities, reduce the number of unsatisfactory smears and false negative results and provide fewer ambiguous results one of these method is the new test, include liquid-based to improve the quality and quantity of the cervical pap smear. The aim of this study is to evaluate rate of unsatisfactory smear of cervical cytology in two methods, conventional pap smear (CP) and liquid-Based (L.B).
Materials&Methods: A comparison cross – sectional study was performed from 2004-2005 on 1500 patients referred to the Ghaem hospital and private clinic. From all patients cervical cytology was taken randomly via two methods CP and L.B. Subsequently frequency unsatisfactory cervical cytology in tow methods evaluated. Statistical analysis using the SPSS soft ware was done and t-test and ?2 used for comparative evaluation.
Results: Considering the incidence of unsatisfactory cervical cytology in CP method %0.3 was and in LB method %1 was. Sensitivity of the C.P method was 68.8% and that of the L.B method was 83.1%.
Conclusion: In this study incidence unsatisfactory rate in L.B method was higher than C.P method.
Zabolinejad N, Mirsadraee S, Hiradfar M, Badiee Z, Merikhi Ardabili A,
Volume 9, Issue 2 (7-2007)
Abstract

Background&Objective: Pediatric renal tumors represent approximately 7% of all childhood cancers and are completely different from those occurring in adults. The aim of this study was to make an analysis of clinical and pathological characteristics of these tumors. Materials&Methods: In this descriptive study all of the pediatric patients diagnosed as having renal neoplasm in departments of pathology of Dr Sheikh children hospital and Imam Reza hospital from 1991-2006 were evaluated. Results: 52 patients including 27 boys and 25 girls with mean age of 40.63 months were studied. Tumors involved each kidney in 24 (45.3%) and were bilateral in 5 (9.4%) patients. Abdominal mass was the commonest clinical symptom and sign. Congenital anomalies were presented in 6 (14.6%) patients. Histopathological examination showed Wilms tumor in 46 (86.8%), cystic partially differentiated nephroblastoma in 2 (3.8%), mesoblastic nephroma in 2 (3.8%) rhabdoid tumor of the kidney in 1 (1.9%), metanephric adenofiroma and low-grade tubulopapillary carcinoma in 1 (1.9%) and clear cell sarcoma of the kidney in 1 (1.9%) patient. 11 (20.8%) cases were in stage I, 16 (30.2%) stage II, 13 (24.5%) stage III, 8 (15.1%) stage IV and 5 (9.4%) stage V. Conclusion: Although Wilms tumor is the commonest renal neoplasm in childhood there are also recently described entities such as metanephirc tumors and juvenile renal carcinoma that must be considered in histopathological evaluation of a pediatric renal neoplasm. Role of molecular and cytogenetic methods is increasing for classification and treatment of childhood renal neoplasms.
Mohammad Reza Jalali Nadoushan (md), Ali Davati (md), Shahab Bagherzadeh Shahidi (md),
Volume 10, Issue 2 (6-2008)
Abstract

Background & Objective: The breast cancer is the most common malignancy in women. MDM2 expression is determined in some carcinomas, sarcomas, leukemias,and breast cancer. The purpose of this study was to determine the expression of MDM2 gene in primary breast cancer and it’s relationship with grade, stage and axillary lymph node involvement. Materials & Methods: the study was the cross-sectional one, that was performed on 75 samples of patients with breast cancer admitted in Mostafa Khomeini hospital Tehran, Iran (2000-05). After preparing the samples, a tissue section from each samples was obtained. One of the tumoral sections and one of the lymph node sections were stained by H&E. We determined the type of the tumor, the number of lymph nodes, the stage and the grade of the tumor. We studied MDM2 with polyclonal antibody by IHC. Results: The meanSD of patients were 5412.5 years old. 69.3% of patients had lymphoid involvement. 32% of samples were positive for MDM2. 58.7% of samples were in stage II and the most of patients (42.7%) were in grade III. In this study, there was not any relationship between MDM2 and tumor grade, but there was a relationship between stage of tumor and lymph node involvement with MDM2 gene (P<0.05). Conclusion: This study showed that MDM2 gene is a prognostic factor in breast cancer.
Ahmad Ameri (md), Morteza Tabatabaeefar (md), Seyyed Reza Khandoozi (md), Ehsan Hatami (md), Khosrow Mojirshaybani (md), Asadollah Alidoosti (md),
Volume 10, Issue 3 (10-2008)
Abstract

Background and Objective: Due to high mortality and morbidity of the cervical cancer we decided to compare benefits and advers effects of Gemcitabine plus conventional chemoradiation with conventional chemoradiation with cisplatin alone in Imam Hossein hospital, in Tehran, Iran. Materials and Methods: This double blind clinical trial, was carried out on 34 patients with documented cervical carcinoma during 2006-07 the patients divided into two sub groups: (A)Conventional concurrent chemoradiation with cisplatin(N=18) versus(B) concurrent chemoradiation with cisplatin plus gemicitabine (N=16). The patients with clinical stage of IB2-IVA and normal cell blood count with normal renal and liver function tests included in the study. Irradiation was delivered to all patients through external and internal beams with same dose and schedule. The patients followed for 3 months at least. Clinical response rate and adverse events included Neutropenin, Thrombocytopenia, anemia, diarrhea, nausea, and vomiting compared in two groups with fisher exact test, and t-test. Results: Despite increasing of complete response rate with adding gemcitabine to conventional treatment(81.2% vs. 66.7%), the difference in two groups was not statistically significant. Conclusion: This study indicated that the addition of gemicatabine to conventional chemoradiation with cisplatinrevealed no significant benefits. All adverse events in combination chemotherapy group were greater than conventional treatment.
Shahryar Semnani (md), Sima Besharat (md), Abbas Ali Kashtkar (md, Phd), Ahmad Danesh (md, Phd Student), Nafiseh Abdolahi (md), Gholamreza Roshandel (md), Ahmad Hoseyni (md,mph), Mehdi Sedaghat (md, Mph),
Volume 10, Issue 3 (10-2008)
Abstract

Background and Objective: Esophageal and gastric cancers are among the most common and fatal cancers. These are diagnosed at the latest phase and the prognosis is too poor. Due to the importance and high incidence rate of the upper gastrointestinal cancers in Golestan province, this study was conducted to explore the overall survival rate of these patients in rural area of this region. Materials and Methods: In this descriptive cross-sectional study, a total of 121 pathologically confirmed esophageal or gastric cancers, with rural place of residence, were retrieved from the cancer registry at the health department in Gorgan. After conducting interview with patients or their relatives, analysis of their sociodemographic and clinicopathologic features was performed. The median survival rate was compared regarding age groups and gender using Kaplan-Meier statistical test. Results: Male to female ratio in esophageal and gastric group were 1.2 to 1 and 3.8 to 1, respectively. Short-term survival rates were 54.76% and 26.2% for esophageal cancer and 66.6% and 37.5% for gastric cancer. Collected information regarding patients’ sociodemographic and clinicophathologic factors did not have significant association with patients’ survival in both esophageal and gastric cancers. The mean survival rate in patient with gastric and esophageal cancers according to age and gender was not significant. Conclusion: This study showed that the overall short-term survival rates for upper gastrointestinal cancers are very low in Golestan province. Therefore the need for intervention the need and allocating more diagnosis and therapeutic resources for upper gastrointestinal cancers are required.
Mostafa Hosseini (phd), Younes Jahani (msc), Mahmood Mahmoodi (phd), Mohammad Reza Eshraghian (phd), Yousef Yahyapour (msc), Abbas Ali Keshtkar (md),
Volume 10, Issue 3 (10-2008)
Abstract

Background and Objective: Prostate cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer in men and it is the second leading cause of cancer deaths among men after lung cancer. Therefore, this study was done to assess of risk factors for prostate cancer in Mazandaran province, Iran. Materials and Methods: A matched case-control study was conducted on 104 prostate cancer patients and 104 controls in Mazandaran province during 2005. The addresses of the patients were obtained using the cancer registry information existed in Babol research center in Iran. The data were collected using a questionnaire by in-person interview of cases and their controls and were analyzed using STATA (8.0). Results: Univariate condition logistic regression showed that age, prostatitis, drinking alcohol, using chopoghe, family history of prostate cancer, having other cancer, intensity of activity, time of job activity were found to be the risk factors although higher BMI and execreise were protective for prostate cancer (P<0.20). In multivariate analysis, after adjusting for the effect of the confounders, prostatitis, age, alcohol consumption and family history of prostate cancer were found to the most important risk factors. Conclusion: This study identified prostatitis, age, alcohol consumption and family history of prostate as the independent risk factors for prostate cancer. We suggest that men after the age of 60 should be screened for prostate cancer annually.
Abbas Ali Keshtkar (phd), Shahryar Semnani (md), Gholamreza Roshandel (md), Maryam Aboomardani (phd), Nafiseh Abdolahi (md), Sima Besharat (md), Abdolvahab Moradi (phd), Khodaberdi Kalavi (msc), Saba Besharat (bsc), Honeyeh Sadat Mirkarimi,
Volume 11, Issue 2 (7-2009)
Abstract

Background and Objective: Colorectal cancer is the third common malignancy in the world. Personal habits including life style and nutrition have been proposed as risk factors of colorectal cancer. We conducted this study to assess the nutritional characteristics in colorectal cancer patients in Golestan province of Iran.

Materials and Methods: This case-control study was done on 47 colorectal cancer cases, diagnosed during 2004-05 and 47 healthy controls. A questionnaire containing socio-demographic and nutritional characteristics (FFQ) was filled for each of the participants. Chi square test was used to assess the relationship between variables.

Results: In each of the two groups, 40.4% were females and 59.6% were males. The mean±SD age of age in cases and controls were 52.4±13.4 and 52.1±13.1 years, respectively. Total energy expenditure of higher than 1837.5 Kcal/ day was significantly related to colorectal cancer (OR=3.8 95% CI: 1.2-11.3). Colorectal cancer risk was higher in individual with frying cooking method (OR=3 95% CI: 0. 8-11.1). The risk of colorectal cancer was 6.5 times higher in individuals with fat consumption of higher than 118.5 grams/day (95% CI: 1.5-28.8). No significant relationship was seen between vegetables consumption and the risk of colorectal cancer.

Conclusion: This study showed that high total energy expenditure, high fat consumption and using frying method for cooking are risk factors of colorectal cancer in Golestan prevince in Nothern of Iran.


Mohammad Amin Pourhoseingholi (msc), Ebrahim Hajizadeh (phd), Alireza Abadi (phd), Azadeh Safaee (msc), Bijan Moghimi Dehkordi (msc), Mohammad Reza Zali (md),
Volume 11, Issue 2 (7-2009)
Abstract

Background and Objective: Gastric cancer is one of the most common cancers in the world. Although its incidence is decreasing, it rarely is detected early, and the prognosis remains poor. The aim of this study was to evaluate prognostic factors in gastric cancer using log-normal regression model.

Materials and Methods: This retrospective study was done on 746 patients with gastric adenocarcinoma from February 2003 through January 2007. Gender, age at diagnosis, family history of cancer, tumor size and pathologic distant of metastasis were entered to a log-normal model. Relative risk (RR) was employed to interpret the risk of death.

Results: Results indicated that patients who were upper than 45 years at diagnosis had an increased risk for death (RR=1.01 95% CI, 1.01-1.03), followed by greater tumor size (RR=1.64, 95% CI, 1.07-2.25) and pathologic distant metastasis (RR=2.14, 95% CI, 1.60-2.86) and similar results in multivariate analysis for greater tumor size (RR=2.04, 95% CI, 1.23-3.33) and pathologic distant metastasis (RR=2.01, 95% CI, 1.13-3.56).

Conclusion: This study showed that the early detection of patients in younger and in primary stages and grade of tumor is important to decrease the risk of death in patients with gastric cancer and increase the survival rate.


Shahryar Semnani (md), Sima Besharat (md), Ali Arabali (md), Abbasali Kestkar (md, Phd), Gholamreza Roshandel (md), Nafiseh Abdolahi (md), Naser Behnampour (msc),
Volume 11, Issue 3 (10-2009)
Abstract

Background and Objective: Esophageal and gastric cancers are among the most prevalent cancers in the world which cause a high mortality rate annually. Several risk factors are supposed for them. Water hardness is considered as a protective factor against above cancers. This ecologic study was designed to determine the correlation between water hardness and upper gastrointestinal cancers. Materials and Methods: In this ecological study data on water components in Golestan's urban areas were obtained during 2004-05 and the averages were reported. All cases of esophageal and gastric cancers resided in urban areas which were diagnosed during this period were recruited to estimate the incidence and age standardized rates (ASR). The province was divided into low, intermediate and high incidence, based on 33% and 66% quartiles of both cancers. Pearson correlation coefficient test and regression model were used to analyze the data. Results: The water hardness was in the normal standard range permitted for the drinking water, and did not have any relation with the risk of esophageal and gastric cancers. Conclusion: This study showed that water hardness has no effect on the incidence of esophageal and gastric cancer in this area.
Mehdi Khabazkhoob (msc), Mohammad Ali Mohagheghi (md), Alireza Mosavi Jarrahi (phd), Ali Javaher Foroushzadeh (md), Mohsen Pedram Far (ms), Ali Moradi (msc), Bijan Rezvan (dds), Ali Khalafi (msc), Nikoo Kiasat Fard,
Volume 11, Issue 4 (12-2009)
Abstract

Background and Objective: Cancer is third cause of mortality and morbidity in Iran, after heart diseases and car accidents. This study was aimed to determine the incidence rate gastrointestinal tract cancer during 1998-2001 in Tehran, Iran. Materials and Methods: In this descriptive study, the whole population residing in areas of Tehran, Shemiranat and Eslam'shahr area were supposed to be as the population in risk. Data of cancer recordings were collected from pathology and medical records archives. Those with ICD-10-based diagnosed cancer during 1998-2001, who have been inhabited in above area for at least 1 year, were supposed as canceric cases. The incidence rate of various kinds of cancer were adapted based on age-structure of world population and were calculated by dividing the total rate of this period to 4 in an annual manner. Results: The annual age-specific standardized incidence rate of gastric cancer in men and women were 12.9 and 5.8 per 100000, respectively. The row incidence rate in men and women were 9.2 and 4.1, respectively. Ealderly age groups of both men and women had higher incidence rate of gastric cancer. The annual age-specific standardized incidence rate of colon cancer in men and women were 5.7 and 5.4 per 100000, with row incidence rate of 4.3 and 4.0 per 100000, respectively. The annual age-specific standardized incidence rate of esophageal cancer in men and women were determined as 5.1 and 3.9 per 100000, with row incidence rate of 3.7 and 2.7 per 100,000, respectively. Conclusion: This study showed that gastric cancer is the most common type of gastrointestinal cancers in Tehran. Therefore it is suggested the related risk factors in this area should be determined.
Nickfarjam A (msc), Shokrani P (phd), Emami H (md), Monadi S (msc), Ganjalikhan Hakemi E (msc),
Volume 12, Issue 1 (3-2010)
Abstract

Background and Objective: Several organization such as AAPM (American Association of Physicist in Medicine), ACR (American College of Radiology), ACMP (American College of Medical Physics) and ESTRO (European Society for Therapeutic Radiology and Oncology) recommended the need for periodic quality control procedure in radiation oncology. One of the best methods for quality control is in vivo dosimetry, while radiotherapy is performed. The aim of this study was to design and optimiz a protocol for the quality control of radiation treatment of patients with head and neck malignancy. Materials and Methods: In this case series study midle line dose was measured in vivo in conjunction with portal imaging in 19 patients that were treated using a Co-60 unit, in August and December 2007. Distribution of entrance and exit dose was determined using two diodes, off axis ratios and portal imaging together with a user code written in MATLAB. User code was applied to convert optical intensity of portal film to optical density. Midline dose was calculated in one centimeter intervals using entrance and exit dose with the Huyskens algorithm method. Results: The midline dose was calculated in 165 points. The mean and standard deviation between measured and prescribed dose was about 4.27±3.61%. In 110 points (66.66%), the deviation was less than 5% (2.27±1.37), in 41 points (24.84%) the mean deviation was between 5 and 10% (6.51±1.2) and in 14 points (8.48%) mean deviation was more than 10% (13.37±2.34). The maximum and minimum deviations were found in center of the field (2.6±1.63) and 5cm away from center of the field (7.24±4.86) respectively. Maximum and minimum deviations correspond to the equivalent field of 14cm2 (5.08±3.53) and 8cm2 (2.95±2.13) respectively. Conclusion: This study showed that using a portal detector in conjunction with two diodes is a simple and accurate method for daily quality control in radiotherapy. The data is acquired in this way can be used for evaluating the accuracy of treatment steps including determination of output of a treatment machine, quality control of a treatment planning system and precision of calculations and patient setup.
Kadkhodayan S (md), Homaei F (md), Fattahi Masoom Sh (md), Poorali L (md), Taghizadeh A (md),
Volume 12, Issue 2 (7-2010)
Abstract

Vulvar melanoma is a very rare tumor with the rate of 0.1-0.19/100000. It mostly occurs during post menopausal period. In this case report, our patient was a 43 years old woman, her symptom was a small pruritic lesion noticed two months earlier when she was referred to the clinic. This lesion was a 5mm diameter dark brown and flat on her left labialis minor. Malignant melanoma with 3-5mm thickness was diagnosted following biopsy. Wide local excision with more than 2cm free margin and inguino femoral lymphadenectomy at the site of the lesion was done. The recurrence of tumor was not abserved during four months follow-up.

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مجله دانشگاه علوم پزشکی گرگان Journal of Gorgan University of Medical Sciences
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