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Gardenerlla Vaginalis is a tiny pleomorphic gram negative mostly isolated from secretions of females with bacteria vaginosis. The organism cause infections such as endometritis, salpingitis, urethritis and in pregnant women cause the delivery of low-birth weight babies with less than 2500 grams. This study was done as a descriptive study on 200 pregnant and non-pregnant women in 2 groups, referred to gynecology and obstetric ward of Babol University of Medical Sciences. We gathered information by questionnaires then clinical examination and sampling from posterior fornix was obtained. PH values of the samples were determined, wiff test, wet mount examination and gram staining were practiced and finally the isolated bacteria from media such as HBT, PSDA, etc were examined by proper microbiologic tests to confirm the diagnosis. In this study 24% of non-pregnant and 14% of pregnant women found to be infected with GV. In 30.7% of infected women the rate of colonization of GV was high. However detection of bacterial vaginosis by clinical diagnosis has shown an incidence of 41% in non-pregnant women and 27% in pregnant women. Meanwhile 60% of non-pregnant females had positive pop-smears for GV. It should also be noted that the rate of GV infections has found to be higher during the first trimester than the second or third. Samples from patients with bacterial vaginosis show an associated increase in the number of gram negative of variable gram reaction bacilli with a decrease in the number of lactobacilli. Thus, diagnosis of bacterial vaginosis is preferably recommended to be made using simple methods such as wet mount examination and gram-staining of vaginal discharges.

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Background & Objective: Vaccination is one of the most effective ways in preventing the hepatitis B viruse. This study was done to evaluate the response rate to hepatitis B vaccine in under one-year children in Gorgan, Iran. Materials & Methods: This cross-sectional descriptive study was carried out on 215, children of 7-12 month of age (55.3% male, 44.7% female), in Gorgan, northern Iran during 2006. These subjects already had received the three-time vaccination against hepatitis B. Anti-HBs, Anti-HBc and HBsAg level of these children serum were determined, using ELISA technique. Results: In 30 (14%) subject's serum, there was not detected any antibodies against the viruses. Out of 185 children positive for HBS, 4 cases belong to HBC viruses. As a whole, 86% of the samples, had more than ten international unit of HBS. The meanSD of the titred antibodies in male and female were 158.8412 and 187.5513.83 respectively. The response not to three-times vaccination in male and female were 84% and 89.9% respectively. Conclusion: This study showed that in spit of vaccination, there are cases with virus-contamination. The reasons for absence of any response to the vaccination in some of this children can be due to deficiency in the immune system, improper genetic background which can not be stimulated by that vaccination, inadequate proper conditions for the preservation of vaccine, and the type vaccine used. Also the procedure of vaccine inoculation, the vaccine preservation condition and transportation should be taken into considertion.

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Background and Objective: Tuberculosis is one of the major problem facing of globle health. Drug resistance of mycobacterium tuberculosis to antimicrobial agent has strongly emerged the need for achiving the new drugs. Garlic as medical plants has long been taken under investigation. This study for antibacterial effect was done to determine the morphological alteration of Mycobacterium tuberculosis due to garlic choloformic extract. Garlic extract contains allicine (thio-2-propen-sulfonic acid-s-allil ester) is one of its effective antimicrobacterial substance. Materials and Methods: In a in-vitro study, the standard strain of Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37RV and clinical isolated strain was cultured in the middle broke 7H9 broth with different concentration of garlic extract in different 12, 24, 48, 72 hours. Morphological althertits of mycobacterium inspected with macroscopic and microscopic studies. Results: The garlic exteract caused conversion of rough colonies to smooth and mucoid colonies and in microscopic studies morphologic change of mycobacterium from bacilli form to coccobacilli and cocci was observed. Also 0.67 mg/ml of garlic exteract on 48h period inhibited both of sensitive (standard strain of H37RV) and resistance (clinical strains) Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Conclusion: This study showed that garlic extract in addition to inhibiting growth, change the morphology of Mycobacterium tuberculosis from baccilli to cocoibaccill form and also alter the colony apearance from rough to smooth shap.

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Background and Objective: Colorectal carcinoma accounts for nearly 10% of all incident cancers. The stage of the disease is the most important prognostic factor. The main purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of some presumed prognostic factors on the survival rate of patients with nonmetastatic rectal adenocarcinoma.

Materials and Methods: In this retrospective cohort study, 76 patients (m/f:40/36) with nonmetastatic rectal adenocarcinoma whome were referred to oncology department of Omid Hospital between 2001-06 were evaluated. All patients underwent surgical resection and those with T3-T4 and/or lymph node involvement received adjuvant radiotherapy and chemotherapy. Disease free survival was assessed from the date of diagnosis to the date of recurrence using Kaplan-Meyer method. Log-rank test was used to compare survival curves between groups. Multivariate analysis was performed using stepwise backward Cox Proportional Regression method.

Results: Stages 1, 2 and 3 were detected in 4, 34 and 38 cases. 48 patients had well differentiated tumors. 11 cases presented with obstruction. With a median follow up time of 18 months, 17 patients experienced recurrence. For all cases 3-year survival rate was 68.2%. The 3-year survival rate was significantly better for stage 1,2 compared to stage 3, patient without obstruction compared to those presented with obstruction, cases older than 50 compared to younger patients and patients with well differentiated tumor compared to moderately or poor differentiated tumors (P<0.05). The gender and the site of tumor had not significant effects on survival. In multivariate analysis only stage of the disease remained significant predictor of survival (p<0.05).

Conclusion: This study confirmed that the stage of the disease is the most important predictor of survival. Although younger ages (<50), moderately or poorly differentiated tumor and presence of obstruction at diagnosis were associated with decreased survival in univariate calculations, they lost their significance in multivariate analysis.

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Background and Objective: Ruta graveolens is a plant used in traditional medicine with variety of therapeutic effects. This study was done to evaluate the antimicrobial effect of hydro and alcoholic extracts of Ruta graveolens on 8 species of pathogenic bacteria. Methods: In this descriptive study, standard strains of Enterococcus faecalis, Staphilococcus aureus, Staphilococcus epidermis, Strptococcus pneumonia, Escherichia Coli, Klebsiella pneumonia, Salmonella typhi and Enterobacter Cloace were obtained from Iranian institute of scientific and industerial research center. The effect of hydro and hydroalcholic extracts of Ruta graveolens on the growth of bacteria was determined by disc diffusion and serial macro dilution methods. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) for each extract was determined and the findings were compared with 8 common antibiotics including Co-trimoxazole, Oxycycline, Vancomycin, Erythromycin, Furazolidon, Tetracycline, amoxicillin / clavulanic acid and Ampicillin/sulbactam. Results: Hydro and hydroalcoholic extracts of Ruta graveolens did not show any inhibitory effect on growth of the pathogenic bacteria even in the presence of high concentration (3mg/ml). Conclusion: The extracts of arial organs of Ruta graveolens had no inhibitory effect on growth of the common human pathogenic bacteria.

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Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory immune-mediated disease of the central nervous system. Despite extensive investigations, many aspects of etiology and pathophysiology remain unclear. In multiple sclerosis patients, immune system reacts against autologous proteins in the myelin membrane. Most evidences support the hypothesis that both genetic and environmental factors contribute to disease development. But after the failure of genetic findings to explain the reason for the unequal incidence of MS in identical twins, investigators focused further on environmental factors such as vitamin D deficiency, smoking, living in different latitudes and perhaps the most importantly the role of viruses in people whom are genetically susceptible to MS. There is increasing evidence that viruses may play important role in MS pathogenesis following environmental triggers. Recently, studies focused on the role of herpes virus family, especially Epstein-Barr virus, human herpes virus 6 (HHV-6) and Varicella Zoster virus, as the virus is prevalent in society. This review mainly focused on the identification of important viruses with key role in MS the mechanism behind pathogenesis and describes the animal models of MS. The results of researches are shown strong evidence of the virus or antibodies to viral components in active plaques in MS affected patients, but still cannot be stated with certainty that one or more specific viruses are simultaneously trigger the disease. Further studies are required to prove the pathogenesis of viruses in MS.