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One of the best products, which is the favorite of the families is Spaghetti. In various parts of the world, the demand of usage of spaghetti is increasing exceptionally. The most important element for consumer is to have no microbes. To have high quality of cooking. The primary foodstuffs, which are applied, must have suitable condition in order to have healthy product in terms of microbes. At the present surveys at five factories which are producing spaghetti in some areas in Iran such as Jajrood and Rudehen. There have been 160 sample of water, flour and spaghetti in order to determine microbial pollutions especially clostridium perfringens. The pollution of the water in terms of CL.perfringens includes 8 samples (5%), the pollution of flour includes 3 samples (1.87%) and the pollution of spaghetti includes 10 samples (6.25%), according to the result, we are able to relate the pollution of spaghetti to CL.perfringens on the basis of 85% to water and of the basis of 15% to flour. As the reducing of the total number of microbes from 11.87% to 1.25% in flour and from 9.37% to 0.62% in the mould of flour in spaghetti. The result shows that the optimal condition in the produce doesn’t increase not only by the microorganisms, but also it shows a decrease in the their intensity of its rate.

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Background & Objective: Addiction to opiates such as morphine is one of major public health problems. It has been shown that in addicted animals, administration of antioxidant agents such as vitamin C can reduce the withdrawal symptoms (WDS). The aim of this study was to evaluate the preventional effect of grapefruit juice (Citrus Paradisi Macf.) on withdrawal symptoms in rats. Materials & Methods: In this experimental study, Sixteen male Wistar rats (250-300g) randomly divided into two groups (n=8). All animals were addicted by intraperitoneal (i.p) injection of morphine (the 1-3 days: 10 mg/kg, the 4-6 days: 20 mg/kg and the 7-9 days 40 mg/kg daily) for 9 days. The first group received 2 ml Citrus Paradisi Macf. orally 1 hour before morphine administration. The sham group received 2 ml of normal saline. Naloxone (10mg/kg, s.c) was administrated 45 minutes after of an additional dose of morphine (40 mg/kg) in the tenth day for withdrawal symptoms inducing. Then withdrawal symptoms such as frequency of wet-dog shaking, teeth chattering, defecation and penis licking were evaluated for 30 minutes. Results: All withdrawal symptoms including frequency of wet-dog shaking, teeth chattering, defecation and penis licking were reduced in the Citrus Paradisi Macf. group in comparison with the sham group significantly (p<0.05). Conclusion: Our results showed that presumably antioxidant activity of Citrus Paradisi Macf. can reduce withdrawal symptoms. Although the exact mechanisms of its effect in brain need to be elucidate.

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Background and Objective: To evaluate the effectiveness of Neonatal Intensive Cares Many different data banks have been developed. Furthermore, various scoring systems such as SNAP and CRIB have been validated to designate and compared differences among hospitalized patients in NICU. This study was done to determine mortality rate and prevalence of complications in neonates admitted to Taleghani and Dezyani NICU centers in Gorgan - Iran. Materials and Methods: In this discriptive study a questioniare including sex, birthweight, gestational age, duration of hospitalization, age at the time of discharge or death, complications and other information needed for CRIB scoring system, was completed for 46 neonates with gestational age of less than 37-week old and birth weight of less than 1500 grams. Results: Mortality rate was 37% (17 neonates) with the most common cause being respiratory failure. RDS was associated with a 101-fold increase for the chance of death (OR=1.1, CI=12.9-793.6). This probability was 4.7 fold for delivery-time asphyxia. The mean of birthweight, gestational age and CRIB in living and dead infants were 1201 and 934 grams, 30 and 28 weeks and 3.76 and 11.7, respectivly. Using a ROC curve, a cut off point of 7 was reached to predict neonatal outcome for CRIB scoring. Conclusion: This study showed that the mortality rate was higher than the rate in most centers of the world. The mortality rate was directly related with the increase of CRIB score,especially for scores more than 11.

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Background and Objective: Retinopathy of permaturity (ROP), a lesion in the retina of premature infants with low birth weights, can result in blindness and it is a major cause of blindness in children of developing countries. We were ought to determine prevalence and intensity of retinopathy of permaturity and investigate some related risk factors in NICU of Taleghani hospital.

Materials and Methods: In this descriptive study, from march 2004 to December 2005, the result of clinical examinations and laboratory of 89 premature infants with gestational ages of less than 34week old were recorded in a questionair form. These infants, were examined by a retinologist, at the time of discharge and if necessary every 4 weeks, until retinal vascularization completed. The results of examination were recorded.

Results: Retinopathy of permaturity was detected in 5 neonates all of them in stage 1 and the most percent of prevalence in neonates with birthweights between 1001 to 1250 grams and gestational ages less than 29-week old. All cases were oxygenated and prevalence was more in the group who got oxygen via CPAP.

Conclusion: Based upon this study, the most important risk factors for retinopathy of permaturity were lower birthweight and less gestational age. Moreover, it was one more time emphasized on the effect of oxygenation in developing retinopathy of permaturity.

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Background and Objective: Electromagnutic field of cell Phones may affect the biological systems. This study was done to evaluate the effect of electromagnutic field of mobile phones on blood pressure, heart rate and arytmia on students of Kurdistan University of Medical Science, in West of Iran. Materials and Methods: In a randomized, double-blind clinical Trial, 56 young healthy volunteers with 20-30 years age were divided in two groups: expousure (n=27) and control (n=29). Cell phone was kept in front of the heart. Non functional cell phone was used in the control group. Systolic and diastolic blood pressure, heart rate and basic ECG were recorded. The Parameters were recorded in stage one (before set on cell phone), stage two (the first 5minutes), stage three (6minutes,with silent ringing), stage four (after 17min conection) and stage five (after 35 min conection). In all Stages, it was evaluated by cardiac monitoring (Lead2) for the presence of (sinus arryhthmia, sinus bradycardia, SA block, AV block, PAC and PVC). Results: Systolic and diastolic blood pressure and heart rate did not show to have any significant differences between two groups in any stages. Rate of sinus arryhthmia was higher in expousure group at stages four and five, but only in stage four, this difference was shown to be significant (P<0.05). Conclusion: The findings of this study showed that, electromagnetic of cellular phone cause sinus arryhthmia after 17 minute connection, to prevent the side effect of cell phone, we suggest that, cell phone set distant away from heart and reduce the connection time.

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Background and Objective: Constraint induced movement therapy is an approach that with limitation of the healthy upper limb movement of a person with hemiplegia obligate to use the affected limb. This study was done to determine the modified constraint induced movement therapy on quality of upper extremity skills in affected limb in children with hemiplegic cerebral palsy. Materials and Methods: This single blind randomized clinical trial was carried out on 21 children with hemiplegic cerebral palsy referred to rehabilitation centers in Tehran-Iran during 2008. Samples randomly were divided into experimental (n=11) and control (n=10). Common therapeutic physical practice was carried out for 6 weeks in both groups equally. In treatment group intervention was practiced by constrain induced movement therapy methods for 3 hours daily. Quality of upper extremity skills pre and post intervention based on the quality of upper extremity skills test (QUEST) was evaluated. Data were analyzed by SPSS-16 software, Kolmogrov-Smirnoff, chi-square, T student and repeated measurement tests. Results: Mean age of children in the experimental group (7 girls, 4 boys) and control group children (5 female, 5 male) were 46.55±17.5 and 48.10±19.2 months respectively. Internal analysis of all items in interventional group were significant after 6 weeks of treatment (P<0.05). but in control group only grasp item was significant (P<0.05). Analysis between two groups did not show any significant difference in total and subtitle score including dissociated movement, weight bearing and protective extension. But only grasp subtitle showed significant difference between two groups (P<0.05). Conclusion: This study showed that modified constraint induced movement therapy only affect in quality of grasp.

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Background and Objective: Improving the ability to walk is often a key target for the treatment of abnormal gait in children with spastic diplegic cerebral palsy (CP). One of the goals of orthotic rehabilitation is to improve walking in this field. The aims of this study was to design and manufacture the dynamic neoprene orthoses and evaluate its impact on the gait parameters in children with cerebral palsy. Materials and Methods: This quasi-experimental study was done on 12 children with spastic CP at University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation, in Tehran, Iran during 2010-11. Initially neoprene dynamic orthosis is designed specifithy for each subject, this neoprene dynamic orthosis was used for six weeks and 6-8 hrs daily. For evaluating the walking speed and the gait variation, 10 meter walking test and visual analogue scale have been used. Modified Ashworth’s Scale and electro-goniometre were used to assess muscle spasticity and the flexion degrees of knee joint. Data were analyzed using SPSS-16, Kolmogorov-Smirnov and Paired t-tests. Results: The alteration of knee flexion angle, walking speed and walking distance following dynamic orthosis were -18.31±4.61 (degree), -0.50±1.82 (meter) and 4.18±1.51, respectively. The improvement in knee joint angle and walking following dynamic orthosis was significant (P<0.05), but the walking speed was not significant. Conclusion: This study showed that neoprene dynamic orthosis can improve knee flexion angle and walking distance among children with spastic diplegic cerebral palsy.

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Background and Objective: Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease is the most common cause of liver disease worldwide and it is defined as a disorder of excess fat accumulation in the liver. This study was done to determine the prevalence of fatty liver among overweight, obese and normal children.
Methods: This historical cohort study was conducted on 90 children ages 5 to 13 years old in Taleghani pediatric theching hospital in Gorgan, north of Iran during 2014. Subjects according to Body Mass Index (BMI) classified into obese (95%>BMI), over weight (85-95% BMI) and normal (5-85% BMI). Childern were matched for age and sex. Liver enzymes (ALT Alanine aminotransferase and AST (Aspartate aminotransferase) and lipid profile includingTriglyceride: TG (High Density Lipoprotein: HDL and (Low Density Lipoprotein: LDL were measured and fatty liver evaluated based on sonographic parameters by a radiologist who didnot know children's BMI.
Results: The prevalence of fatty liver was 23.3% in obese children that was non- significantly higher than normal (16.7%) and over weight (16.7%) children. The prevalence of fatty liver was not significantly different between two sexes. AST was significantly higher in children with normal BMI in compared to obese and over weight children (P<0.05). The highest and lowest level of cholesterol was seen in obese and normal children (P<0.05).
Conclusion: This study showed that the prevalence of fatty liver non-significantly was higher in obese children in comparision with normal and over weight children.

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Arachnoid cysts have primary and secondary types. The prevalence of Arachnoid cysts is about 1% of all tumors in cranial cavity. Based on anatomic position, arachnoid cyst can cause different clinical manifestations including hemiparesis, increase intracranial pressure, macrocephaly and isolated headache and stop body growth. The natural course of the disease is not exactly clear. Some of patients have no symptoms during life and some of them may show some symptoms after a while. This case report is about a 10 years boy who had no sign except generalized headache. Anatomic position of the cyst was in right temporal lobe of the brain on the temporal, parietal and the great wing of sphenoid bones. Arachnoid cyst diagnosed through MRI and CT-Scan. Patient treated with ibuprofen for three days and then patient followed up to treat with surgery method when other clinical symptoms appeare in the patient.

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Background and Objective: Dogs are associated with more than 60 types of common diseases with humans, among which parasitic diseases play an important role in public health. This study aimed to estimate the frequency of gastrointestinal helminths fauna among dogs in Gorgan, Iran.
Methods: This descriptive-analytical study was done on 70 dogs (37 male and 33 female) consisting of 40 shelter dogs, 18 pet dogs and 14 guard dogs in Gorgan (Iran) from November 2019 to January 2020. Age, gender and housing places of the dogs were recorded, and dogs' fecal samples were examined for gastrointestinal helminths by flotation method with Sheather's solution.
Results: The eggs of gastrointestinal helminths were detected in 41 dogs (58.6%), including Toxocara canis (29.3%), Echino-taenia (26.8%), hookworms (24.4%), Trichuris vulpis (7.3%) and Toxascaris leonina (12.2%). The highest and lowest rates of infection were related to Toxocara canis (31.8%) in female dogs Trichuris vulpis (5.3%) in male dogs, respectively. Also, in female dogs, 69.7% of the samples were infected with at least one gastrointestinal parasite, and there was a significant relationship between parasitic disease and female gender (P<0.05). Also, the highest infection rate was observed in shelter dogs (61%).
Conclusion: The frequency of gastrointestinal helminths among dogs in Gorgan is high, particularly among female dogs.
 

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Background and Objective: Considering hypertension as the most prevalent comorbidity among patients diagnosed with COVID-19, this study intended to investigate clinical characteristics and in-hospital mortality risk factors among COVID-19 patients with hypertension history.
Methods: This descriptive-analytical study was conducted on 527 hypertensive patients (277 male and 250 female) a mean age of 64.73±13.13 years infected with COVID-19 and hospitalized at Sayyad Shirazi Hospital, Gorgan Iran from February to September 2020. The patients’ data were extracted from the hospital information system and completed by patients’ medical records and telephone calls. The association between the risk factors and in-hospital mortality was identified by employing the logistic regression analysis in three various models, including model 1 (demographic data and patients’ history), model 2 (model 1 plus vital signs and pulse oximetry measurement at hospital admission) model 3 (model 2 plus laboratory findings at hospital admission). Each model individually described the odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) for every risk factor. Furthermore, a corrected area under the receiver-operating characteristics curve (AUC) was estimated to evaluate the model’s discriminatory power.
Results: Among 527 hospitalized patients, 88 patients (16.6 %) died during 6.48 days of hospitalization, of which 47 patients were men. In model 1, opium consumption (CI95%=1.16-3.85, OR=2.11) and cognitive impairment at admission (CI95%=0.98-5.40, OR=2.30) were significantly associated with higher mortality (AUC=0.65). In model 2, after adding vital signs and oxygen saturation, cognitive impairment association lost its association, and only opium consumption (CI95%=1.09-3.19, OR=1.87) and oxygen saturation (CI95%=0.90-0.95, OR=0.93) were associated with in-hospital mortality. (AUC=0.73). In model 3, after incorporating laboratory findings, with an AUC of 0.79 (CI95%=0.70-0.90), each percent higher oxygen saturation at admission was associated with a 7% decrease in in-hospital mortality (CI95%=0.88-1.00, OR=0.93). Although opium consumption and higher creatinine level lead to higher mortality, the associations were not significant.
Conclusion: Regarding the association of oxygen saturation at admission with in-hospital mortality among hypertensive patients diagnosed with COVID-19, the pulse oximetry measurement data upon admission would be crucial in evaluating these patients.

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Background and Objective: Thyroid masses are one of the most common reasons for patients to visit endocrinology clinics. Fine needle aspiration (FNA) is used to reduce thyroid surgery for benign lesions. This study was done to determine the diagnostic accuracy of FNA of thyroid mass(s) compared with histological results in Medical Centers, Gorgan, Iran.
Methods: In this descriptive-analytical study, 102 patients (12 males and 90 females) were diagnosed with a thyroid mass and referred for surgery to Medical Centers, Gorgan, Iran during 2020-21. FNA was performed, and the samples were sent to the pathology department for examination. The result of cytology was recorded in the checklist. According to cytology results, some patients were referred for surgery. Then, the surgical pathology results were compared with the cytology findings. In addition, the sensitivity and specificity of the results of the cytology of thyroid masses were calculated compared to the results of pathology.
Results: FNA, mass size, and the patient’s main complaint had a significant relationship with histological results (P<0.05). According to FNA findings compared to pathology, sensitivity was 74%, specificity was 88.1%, positive predictive value was 88.1%, negative predictive value was 74%, false positive rate was 12%, false negative rate was 26%, and accuracy was 80.4%.
Conclusion: FNA remains a key tool in evaluating thyroid nodule(s). Improving FNA techniques is necessary to increase the accuracy of FNA.