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Urinary tract infection is one of the most common bacteria infections. The incidence of urinary tract infections in school age is more common in girls than in boys. Children have to be screened for asymptomatic bacteriuria before they reach to the state of renal damage. In our district no such study has been made to determine the prevalence of bacteriuria. Urine samples were collected from 642 school girls aged between 6-11 years, and were investigated by doing urine analysis and urine culture. 15 girls had significant bacteriuria, (>10^5 bacteria/ml). 11 children had pyuria (WBC>5), and 6 samples had both significant bacteriuria and pyuria. At the same time there were 5 cases with sterile pyuria. 6 girls had nitrite in their urine samples. All of the urine samples with positive nitrite test had significant bacteriuria. The study shows that there is a positive correlation between pyuria of nitrite and significant bacteriuria. Escherichia-coli is the most common microorganism in schoolgirls with significant bacteriuria. The incidence of screening bacteriuria was 2.3% which most of them were asymptomatic.

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This study has been carried out on the 491 local children whom have been selected on random sampling in 20 villages around Gorgan. The size of the height and weight of NCHS standard has been used for comparison. The results of this study shows that the height and weight of all the children in any age group is below NCHS standard. It take more time to reach to acceptable height than reaching to a standard growth and weight. Children in any age experience delay in height monotonously but it has been recorded than in initial years of life, children experience shorter delay in growth and weight but by increasing the age, the delay in the former indices increased as well. In the whole, the rate of the malnutrition will be worsen after the breast feeding period is stopped.

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One of the effective way to treat and control the neuromuscular organs from injuries of lower limbs in the exercise of backward running. The present research has been set up to determine the effectiveness of this sport and comparing it with forward walking. The aim of this clinical trial is to differentiate between the effectiveness of these two sports on the functional performance tests of lower limbs. To carry out this study 30 normal male has been divided in two groups, in group one forward walking is carried out three 15 minutes session per week for six weeks, and backwards walking has been arranged for group 2 on the same condition. The functional performance tests in this study were vertical jump, single leg hop jump for the distance of 6 meters, in forward and backward running. The findings from this study indicate that there is not meaningful improvement during the six weeks within the 2 different sports. On the basis of these results the 2 procedures of running forward and backward have got the same effect on the increasing the functional performance of lower limbs and both sports can be used active functional rehabilitation.

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Although trace elements such as Iron is an essential nutrient of organisms, it is a toxic substance at high concentration for their growth and also change their metabolic patterns. In order to find out the influence of Iron on gram negative and gram-positive bacteria cells growth, the present investigation has been undertaken. In the series of experiments, B.cereus and E.coli incubated in NB-medium with and without Iron for 5 hours at 37?C. the result showed that addition 5.6 and 11.2 mg/li Fe+² or Fe+³ in medium (Inhibit) growth of B.cereus, but 11.2 mg/li Fe (II) or Fe (III) Inhibits of E.coli growth (P<0.001). These finding suggested that Iron is one of the necessary elements for microorganisms growth, but on the other hand Iron at high concentration has an toxic effect on their growth. B.cereus is more sensitive to toxic dose than E.coli.

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Problem behaviors of adolescence have severe adverse effects on teen age’s family and the society as well. Adolescence delinquency has been correlated with a variety of individual social demographical and biological variables such as locus of control (LOC) and self-esteem (SE). This study was designed to investigate the relationship between SE and LOC and delinquency in male adolescence. This case-control study was carried out with three questionnaires included demographic characteristic, Cooper Smith’s self-esteem scale, Rotter’s locus of control scale. The sample consisted of 35 delinquent adolescence from juvenile detention center (Case group) and 70 students from state’s high school and colleges (Control group). The age of subjects ranged from 15-20 years. The 2 groups were significantly different with respect to SES and LOCS. Also examining the correlations between SE and LOC showed that significant relationship was found between the 2 different groups of students. But no significant relationship was found between these 2 variables in delinquents the results of this study show there is a correlation between adolescent delinquency and locus of control and self-esteem. Therefore nurses can help the parents and those instructors who are responsible for looking after children and adolescent to adjust self-esteem and locus of control of these teen-agers who have not got any problem behavior. Also the locus of control of adolescence with problem behaviors has to be diverted from external to the internal dimension, and increase the self-esteem, and adolescent’s delinquency has to be replace with honesty. It is suggested that the next investigation to be about the relationship between the self-esteem and locus of control severity and items of the adolescent problematical behaviors. The manner of the parents behaves their children in relation to selfsteem and locus of control. It is also suggested to study the effectiveness of possible ways to up grade the self-esteem and to change the routs of locus of control for the problematic behaviors and delinquency.

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Anemia especially those due to Iron deficiency is one of the nutritional problems. Women are more susceptible to anemia during the age of fertility. The main purpose of this study is to determine the prevalence of anemia among 18-35 years old women in the villages around Gorgan. It was carried out in the 20 villages on 415 women. They were chosen by compound sampling. The mean age of the cases was 24.92 years old. Blood sampling and filling the questionnaire were carried out. On the chosen samples ferum Iron, TIBC, was determined using spectrophotometer hematolog tests was carried out using electronic cell counter. The prevalence of Iron deficiency, anemia, and the anemia due to Iron depletion were 37.78%, 25.1% and 13.45% respectively. There was not a meaningful relationship between marital status age with Iron depletion anemia and anemia due to Iron depletion. The conclusion out of this research showed that the anemia and especially anemia due to Iron depletion is one of the main nutritional problems among the women living in the villages around Gorgan.

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Liver is an important organ with major role in carbohydrates, proteins and lipids metabolism. In addition, secretion and excretion of toxic materials occur in this organ. Exposure to a variety of infectious agents such as parasitic, viral, bacterial or toxic materials may lead to liver damage. Today, one of the best way for investigation and diagnosis of liver damage is measurement of some liver enzyme such as Alanine Aminotransferase (GPT or ALT), Aspartate Aminotransferase (GOT or AST). Since, these enzymes exist in other tissues, measurement of other specific enzyme is required. In this study activity of Ornithine Carbamyltransferase (OCT), the second enzyme in urea cycle, in 56 patients with liver problem (Cirrhosis and viral hepatitis) was determined. SGPT, SGOT, Alb, Bil, ?GT and ALP tests were performed. To assess the health and unhealthy liver in both control and sample groups. Our data shows a correlation between activity of OCT with SGOT (R=0.782, P<0.001) and with SGPT (R=0.857, P<0.001). Since OCT enzyme is specific for liver, further investigation of activity of this enzyme in assessment of other liver problems is required.

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Background and Objective: Cryptosporidium is a parasite with worldwide distribution, a significant cause of diarrhea in children and immunodeficient patients. In some country this parasite is either or fourth factor of diarrhea in children. In developing country the prevalence rate of disease is increased but because of specific method recognition in special survey, information about prevalence in our country isn’t completely available. Materials and Methods: From December to March in Zahedan, capital of Sistan and Baluchestan province, 528 patient referred to Ali-Asghar Hospital, parasitology center, in 25 cases of whom Cryptosporidium Parvium was detected (4.7%). Results: The prevalence rate of disease was more in the 1-2 age group. The infants who didn’t use mother milk were significantly more commonly infected and children in nursery school similarly more infected. The majority of cases were detected in summer and spring, although there was no significant relationship between season’s prevalence. Conclusion: Although some C.parvum cases harbored Giardia Lamblia, there was no relation between the two infections.

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Background & Objective: Gastric cancer is the 2nd cause of cancer mortality after lung cancer. Approximately 12% of all cancer death are due to gastric cancer. Tumorgenesis is thought to be a multistep process involving a series of genetic changes in oncogenes and suppressor genes. The most common cancer-related genetic change known in human tumors is P53 mutation, particularly in gastric cancer. This study was done to determine P53 gene mutations in gastric cancer. Materials & Methods: This study was performed on 44 biopsy from patients with gastric cancer during 2002 in 3 hospitals in Tehran. For determination of P53 gene mutations was performed PCR-SSCP methods. Results: The patients group comprised 31 males and 13 females (Average age, 60.8 years Ranging from 34 to 84 years). 36 cases (81.8%) intestinal type, 5 cases (11.4%) were diffuse type and 3 cases no defined. 44 gastric cancers of gastric tissues were screened for the mutations of P53 gene mutations in exons 5-8 using the PCR-SSCP analysis. After polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, 9 patients (20.5%) showed an apparent electrophoretic mobility shift between the cancer and other normal samples. One mutation in exon 5 (11.1%), 2 were detected in exon 6 (22.2%), 3 were found in exon 7 (33.3%) and 3 were detected in exon 8 (33.3%). The mutation rate was 7 of 36 (21.2%) in intestinal type and 2 of (40%) in diffuse type. No significant correlation between P53 gene mutations and age and genus was found. Conclusion: This investigation showed the rate P53 gene mutation (20.5%) in gastric cancer in our society.

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Background & Objective: Fetal weight and gestational age are important factors in evaluation of neonatal safety and basic prediction factors in outcome of pregnancy and satisfactory criterion in decision of management in obstetrice and neonatalogy. Therefore finding a method for pridiction of fetal weight is critical. The present study employs, detect on value of Janson's formula in prediction of fetal weight. Materials & Methods: In this analytic study, 223 pregnant women who had a safe, live, singleton fetus, with cephalic presentation were admitted to labor ward at Dezyani hospital. Medical or obstetrical complication was excluded. Subjects selected by purposive sampling. For collecting data: First, using the same flexible tap measure calibrated in centimeters by using this tap, the fundul height was measured. The fundual height was also taken in Janson's formula and estimated weight was also calculated each cases. The actual weight of post delivery was measured immediately. Data analysis was done by correlation test paired T-test. Results: This study shows mean estimated fetal weight (3730±546) were higher than the actual birth weight (3270±429). Conclusion: This study indicates that Janson's formula is not a good way to estimate fetal weight.

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Background & Objective: The burden of psychiatric disorders in the developed countries has been identified by the screening questionnaires and standard clinical interviews at a high level, but the epidemiological studies of psychiatric disorders in our country are brief and their numbers are few. Providing essential mental health services to the people requires us to be knowledgeable about the present status of psychiatric disorders in the society. The objective of their research was to carry out the epidemiological study of the psychiatric disorders in the 18 years and above individuals in the urban and rural areas of Golestan province. Materials & Methods: 518 individuals selected through randomized clustered and systematic sampling methods from among the existing families of Golestan province and the schedule for affective disorders and Schizophrenia (SADS) questionnaires completed by the clinical psychologist. The diagnosis of the disorders was based on DSM-IV classification criteria. Results: The results of the study showed that the prevalence of psychiatric disorders in the province is 14.69%, which was 18.14% in the women, and 11.47% in the men. The mood and affective disorders respectively with 7.93 and 4.05% had the higher prevalence in the province. The prevalence of psychiatric disorders in this study was 0.97%, neuro-cognitive disorders 1.16% and dissociative disorders 0.58%. In the group anxiety disorders, panic disorder with 4.05% of had the higher prevalence and in the group of affective disorder, major depression, hypomanic and manic disorder with 1.93. Conclusion: This study showed that 7.53% of individuals that were studied suffered from at least one of the psychiatric disorders. The prevalence of psychiatric disorders in the province among the individuals in the age group of 41-55 years with 13.04%, separated or divorced individuals 50%, residents of urban areas 11.03%, illiterate individuals 12.75% and housewives 13.04% was more than other individuals in the sample. Being aware of this matter reveals the responsibility of the health policy makers and programmers, prevention, treatment and medical education more than before in relation to preparing application and executive plans in Golestan province for mental health.

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Background & Objective: Black pepper is frequently used in Iranian traditional medicine as an analgesic (E.g, for toothache). This investigation was conducted to evaluate the response of mice to pain induced by hot-plate and Formalin test either with or without Piperine (One of the active substances of the pepper). Materials & Methods: This randomized experimental study was performed on mice. Hot-plate and Formalin tests were planned to pain measurement. The mice were divided into 2 groups in each arm of study (Hot-plate and Formalin test group). The data of control (Saline) and drug (Piperine) groups were separately compared in each arm of study with student t-test and ANOVA. The difference between each point of data was considered significant at P-value under 0.05. Results: There was not a significant difference in tolerance time of subjects between hot-plate and saline groups. Piperine (25, 50 and 75 mg/kg) along with Morphine (10 mg/kg) causes significant increase to saline group in tolerance time and also significant increase to Morphine group, but in Formalin test Piperine could have significant effect in decreasing the pain induced by of Formalin on mice. These effects are comparable with Morphine. In Formalin test, pain has 2 phases. The first phase is acute and the 2nd one is chronic that begins from 15-20 minutes. Acute pain has central effect and chronic pain has peripheral pathway and Piperine causes decreasing response to Formalin test at the first phase of pain. Naloxone can prevent these effects in all groups. In Formalin test and hot-plate, the effect of Piperine were dose dependent. Conclusion: Piperine can centrally act on the nociception pathway and its effect on Opioid system exhibits as an enhancement Opioid effect. The effects are dose dependent and will be inhibited by Opioid antagonist.

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Background & Objective: Approximately one-third of the world’s population is infected with Mycobacterium Tuberculosis (TB), which is a indicator of high distribution of these bacteria in our environment. The only vaccine currently available against TB is the attenuated Mycobacterium Bovis strain bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG), which used regularly for many years to prevent the Tuberculosis in Iran and many part of the world. The efficiency of this vaccine varies in different populations, and is a matter for discussion. On this basis, the present study has been set up to determine the level of Tuberculin reaction in 4.5 months and in 7 years old children that receive BCG vaccine at birth time, in Golestan province. Materials & Methods: 2700, 4.5 month infant and 2400, 7 years old children in Golestan province were chosen by cluster sampling after the proper permission from the parents, public health centers and educational authorities were taken. The presence of the BCG scar were assessed, and 0.1 ml of 5 tu Tuberculin were injected subcutaneously. The induration was measured 48-72 h after Tuberculin injection. The results were determined as present and compare with T-test. Results: In these study 2559 infants and 2193 child were taken part in the final evaluation. The BCG scar were present in 97.9% of infants and 87.8% of 7 years children, this difference was meaningful. The average induration in 4.5 months babies were 2.29 mm, and in 7 years child was 0.66 mm, this difference was significant (P<0.05). More than 44.7% of babies and 82% of 7 years children didn’t show any reaction after PPD test, this difference was also significant (P<0.05). Conclusion: The level of positive Tuberculin reaction in infants of this province in spite of vaccination was very low, and this level was reduced after 7 years time, this indicate that BCG vaccination at birth did not have any major role in positive Tuberculin reaction. Our results also indicate that the presence of scar can be a good indicator for previous vaccination. In regard to the negative Tuberculin reaction in majority of babies, it is suggested to evaluate the efficacy of BCG vaccine in preventing the TB disease itself, by other method such as studying the TB incidence among children in long term or by determination of cytokines level after Tuberculin injection.

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Background & Objective: No nutrient deficiency is as bad as Iodine deficiency which attributed to a broad spectrum of disorders like goiter, abortion, hypothyroidism, etc. Screening for hypothyroidism must be done before or just after pregnancy. The present study was conducted to evaluate serum TSH and urinary Iodine concentration in pregnant women in Gorgan several years after salt iodization in Iran was implemented. Materials & Methods: From December to March 2004, 97 pregnant women referred for prenatal care to the Deziani Hospital in Gorgan were selected. 2 cc of blood for serum TSH measurement and 2 cc of urine for Iodine concentration measurement were collected. Urine Iodine concentration was measured by Acid digestion and TSH concentration measured by ELISA method. Results: 97 women, 86 (89%) women had normally urinary Iodine, 11 women had Iodine deficiency, 9 women had mild Iodine deficiency (82%) and 2 women (18%) had moderate Iodine deficiency none of them had severe Iodine deficiency. Serum TSH was normal in 90 women and only in 7 women it was more than 4 and none of them had TSH less than 0.3. There were not any significant statistical correlation between age, weight, height, parity, goiter grading, salary, gestational age and urinary Iodine concentration. Conclusion: According to low prevalence of Iodine deficiency in this study Iodine programs were successful in Gorgan and the mean urinary Iodine is high so evaluating of Iodine consumption for preventing of Iodine overload is necessary. Because of complications of Iodine deficiency especially in the 1st trimester of pregnancy regular measurement of urinary Iodine must be done in reproductive ages before pregnancy or just after pregnancy.

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Background&Objective: This study is designed to deteremine the sex differences in volume and surface anatomical parameters in the cingulate cortex of the left cerebral hemispheres in healthy right - handed subjects. Materials&Methods: This cross - sectional descriptive study was performed on 72 human brains (38 males, 34 females). The brains belonged to right - handed subjects who had died of non - neurologic causes. The age of males and females was similar. The brains were removed from the cranium no longer than 24 hours postmortem and were fixed in 4% formaldehyde solution. The right hemisphere of each brain was used for neuropathologic examinations (to confirm the health of the brain) and the left one was used for stereologic analyses. The estimation of the volume, surface areas, and thickness of the cingulate cortex was performed on photographs of 5 mm serial coronal sections of the left hemispheres using unbiased stereological methods (with point and linear grids). The results were analyzed by t- student test. Results: The volumes of the left cingulate cortex in males and females were 10.923.06 and 10.52.30cm3, respectively. The outer surface area was 43.8710.73 cm2 in males and 43.748.68cm2 in females. The inner surface areas in males and females were 34.8711.56 and 36.558.08cm2, respectively. There was no significant difference between two sexes in the volume and surface areas of the left cingulate cortex. The mean thickness of the left cingulate cortex in males and females were 2.880.5 and 2.510.3mm, respectively. The mean thickness of the left cingulate cortex in females was 12.85% smaller than males (P<0.05). Conclusion: Although the volume and outer and inner surface areas of the left cingulated cortex are similar between two sexes, the cortical thickness of this area in healthy right - handed females is significanlty smaller than males. The functional significance of these sexual differences and similarities in human brain is not clear. However, scientists must be aware of them in their morphometrical studies on human brain.

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Background&Objective: It is very important to choos a proper teaching training method to stimulate people to improve the quality and standard of their life. A proper family planing practic is one of such methods. Materials&Methods: This study is a semi-experimental research which was carried out during 2004 with the aim of comparing the two way of either indivisually or group eduction on the subsequent resuts of family planning practice among the sample populations. Sample population all were the women whome referred to the two health centers in Gorgan. 218 women were choosed by simple methods, and were divided in two groups of 109 randomly. The case and control group were trained in group and in indivisual respectively. Results: After the training of was finshed the women were asked their method of family planning of their choice. 3-6 month afterward this study was focused on the women continuation use of their choices. Collected information was recorded using a questionairs. The results were analyzed using statistic tests such as chi-squar in SPSS software. Conclusion: There was not a meaningfull differences in the efficay of either methods in this sample population, therefore it is suggested to use a group training as it is cheaper and the training is possible to be carried out by few health workers.

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Background&Objective: Hirschsprung's disease (H.D) is a congenital disease in which intestinal ganglionic cells are absent and can cause intestinal obstruction .The disease has various clinical manifestations and different length of bowel may be involved. Our aim was to study Hirschsprung’s clinical presentations and its rate of intestinal involvement in hospitalized patients in a 6-year course study in Rasht. The capital city of Gillan province in north of Iran. Materials&Methods: We studied the Hirschsprung’s patients referred to Poursina Referal Hospital between 1995-2001.A cross sectional descriptive- analytic study whose data was collected from patient’s files and questionnaires including demographic data, disease presentations, diagnostic methods, involved segment, surgical procedure types, surgical complications. Finally, the data was analyzed in SPSS10 software. Results: We detected 58 H.D in these 6 years, whome underwent surgery. There were 19 females and 39 males. Age of patients differed from one day to 18 year. Clinical findings were variable as follow: constipation (79.31%), abdominal distention (67.24%), inability to pass mecunium (17.24%), diarrhea (5.17%) and other less common manifestations. Pathologically, we divided our patients into 3 kinds: rectosigmoid, ultra short – segment, total – colonic. Surgeries were performed in three ways as follow Swenson - Soave - Lynn. Early complications, which come within one month after operation, contain anastomotic leakage (10.2%), prolonged constipation (10.2%). There were not any significant differences between these three types of surgical procedures. Conclusion: Majority of patients presented with a chronic course of constipation and abdominal distention. There wasn’t any difference between kinds of involvement and age and type of presentations. There are few associated anomalies in our patients. In some cases, surgical complications were less than other studies so, it is probable that our procedures had fewer complications or they had performed in appropriate time.

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Background&Objective: Low back pain (LBP) is common in youth, although `associated with chronic pain in adults. The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence and risk factors of LBP in school children age 11-14. Materials&Methods: A cross sectional study was carried out on school children aged 11-14 in north of Iran. Using random multistage sampling 5000 children were selected. Demographic, mechanical and lifestyle data as well as the prevalence and LBP characteristics were collected by a questionnaire. Data analysis was carried out using SPSS (version11) software. Results: Of the original sample, 4813 (96.2%) children returned the questionnaire. Point, last month, last 6 months and annual prevalence were 15%, 14.4%, 15.6%, and 17.4%, respectively. LBP was significantly correlated with age (p<0.05), lifting (p<0.05), position and duration of watching TV, doing homework and duration of exercise (p<0.05). Conclusion: The results indicated that the prevalence of LBP in school children is relatively high. Further studies evaluating the effect of different preventive strategies to reduce the prevalence of LBP in school children is strongly recommended.

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Background&Objective: There are different methods including H&E, imonhistochemstry, flu cytometry, AgNOR staining for differentiation reactive hyperplasia from lymphoma. This study was done to determine diagnostic validity of AgNOR staining for differentating non-Hodgkin lymphoma from reactive hyperpalsia. Materials&Methods: Fifty parafin blocks belong to patients with confirmed diagnosis are as below: Thirty five block with lymphoma and fifteen blocks with reactive hyperplasia. AgNor dots among one hundred cells were counted, by two experienced pathologists. The mean of AgNOR dots were calculated. Student T-test used to campare mean AgNOR dots. Results: The mean AgNOR count was 2.2 (range 1.4-3, SD=0.8) in reactive hyperplasia and 6.7 (range 3.9-9.5, SD=2.8) in non-Hodgkin lymphoma. A statistically significant difference was observed between the AgNOR count of reactive hypeerplasia and non-Hodgkin lymphoma (p<0.05). Conclusion: The findings support the validity of AgNOR technique for differentiating and confirming non-Hodgkin lymphoma from reactive hyperplasia.

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Background&Objective: Comorbidity between ADHD (Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder) and major depression has been reported from both epidemiologic and clinical studies of both children and adults. With the use of family study methods, we tested hypotheses about patterns of familial association between attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and depressive disorder among first-degree relatives of clinically referred children and adolescents with ADHD. Materials&Methods: In this case – control study, were 208 probands with ADHD (aged 5-17 yrs) were diagnosed by clinical interview and the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School–Age Children Present and Lifetime version (K–SADS–PL), and they were assessed for major depression with interview and K- SADS. 779 first degree relatives (416 parents, 363 siblings) were assessed with interview and K- SADS (for under 18 yrs) and SADS (for age up to 18 yrs) and Wender (for age up to 18 yrs) for major depression and ADHD. Results: Familial risk for ADHD was similar in the relatives of the ADHD probands. The risk for major depression disorder was three times higher in relatives of probands who had ADHD with depressive disorder than in those of the ADHD probands without depressive disorder. There was a tendency for ADHD probands' relatives who themselves had ADHD to have a higher risk for depressive disorder than ADHD probands' relatives who did not have ADHD (cosegregation). Conclusion: These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that ADHD and major depression disorder cosegregate within families.