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Background&Objective: Leptospirosis is one of the most common zoonosis in the world,fatality rate of the disease is sometimes high in endemic regions and is transmitted through direct or indirect contact with urine of animals that are carrier of leptospirosis. We studied incidence of leptospirosis in Golestan province in 2004. Materials&Methods: According to coordination with province health center, 20 suspicious patients for leptospirosis were diagnosed by general practioners and referred to 5th Azar hospital. Patients with at least 4 constitutional symptoms (fever, sever headache, conjunctival suffusion, myalgia, arthralgia, icter, malaise) and history of working ir rice farm, exposure to wild or domestic animals or stagnant water were included and MAT for leptospirosis were requested. other causes were ruled out with wright, widal, VDRL, peripheral blood smear. Results: Out of 20 suspicious patients, 12 cases reported. All of them were farmer, had titer>1/100 in MAT. Fever chills, headache were found in nearly all of them. Conjunctival suffusion and increased CPK up to 2 fold than normal was seen in %75 and %66.4 respectively. They were treated by ampicillin or amoxicillin sussessfully. Conclusion: According to the results of this study we suggest to all physician of the area to be concentrated to the disease as an occupational disease in rice farmers. So early diagnosis can prevent many complications of the disease in this group of farmers.

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Background and Objective: Health and social services have broad domain like encompassing healthcare, childcare and youth services, maternal services, senior citizen organizations, community centers and public amenities. Livability can be considered as the characteristics of the urban environment, which makes it an attractive place to live. This study was conducted to analysis of the urban livability of Mashhad in north-east of Iran metropolis based on health indicator.
Methods: In this descriptive-analytical study the maps related to the status of each of objective sub-indicators including Spatial distribution of hospital, clinic, health center, emergency center and toilet based on the limits of Mashhad metropolis's zones (13 zones) were drawn by using the GIS Software. For mental indicator of health including physical health, relaxation, health services and satisfaction of health was used questionnaire. The sample size in all zones of Mashhad was equal 402 persons.
Results: 39% of Mashhad's zones are at health very unfavorable level with respect to the urban livability. The zone 13 of Mashhad metropolis was determined the best zone in terms of health indicator, followed by zones 8 and 11, respectively. In contrast, zones 4, 6 and 3 were determined the worst conditions in terms of health indicator, respectively.
Conclusion: The livability of Mashhad metropolis is not in desirable status base on health indicator. The realization of Livable city in terms of health requires attention to both objective and subjective dimensions and Livability has dynamic, integrated and continuous process.

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Background and Objective: Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is the most common cause of nosocomial infections. Treatment of Staphylococcal infections has become more complicated due to the emergence of methicillin-resistant S.aureus (MRSA) strains. This study was done to determine the frequency of methicillin resistance encoding gene (mecA) and β-lactamase resistance encoding gene (blaZ) in S. aureus isolates from clinical samples using Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) method.
Methods: This descriptive-analytic study was carried out on 59 S. aureus isolates from clinical samples in Gorgan hospitals from January-February 2017 to June-July 2017. All the isolates were identified using gram staining, catalase test, tube coagulase test, growth on Mannitol salt agar medium and the DNase test in the Microbiology Laboratory .Antibiotic resistance was evaluated using the standard disk diffusion.  Iodometric method was used to detect β-lactamase production / activity in this bacterium. PCR test was done to detect mecA and blaZ genes.
Results: All S. aureus isolates (100%) clinical samples possessed blaZ gene, followed by 27 isolates (45.8%) possessed mecA gene (MRSA), which these isolates possessed mecA gene were concurrently positive for blaZ gene. 5% of oxacillin-resistant strains and 3% of cefoxitin-resistant strains possessed mecA gene and 47 isolates (79.4%) carrying blaZ gene were β-lactamase-positive in phenotypic method.
Conclusion: This study showed that in all clinical samples isolated S. aureus isolates which these isolates possessed mecA gene were concurrently positive for blaZ gene.